Canopy management practices different type advance training system, Prunning practices , Dwarfing rootstock, PGRs etc

1. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
JABALPUR
TOPIC- Canopy management in high density orchards of temperate
regions
Seminar Incharge :
Dr. S.K. Pandey
Professor and head
Presented By :
Ram Kumar Rai
Ph.D Hort. Fruit Science
En.Roll. 200133001
Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Jabalpur 482 004
Doctoral Seminar -I

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Why canopy management ?
• Principles of Canopy Management
• Objectives
• Tools of canopy management
• Advance training system
• Pruning practices
• Advanced method of controlling tree canopy
• Case study
• Conclusion

3. Canopy:- The part of the tree
composed of leaves and
branches. Plant canopy is define
as the area on the plant directly
cover.
Canopy management :- It is the manipulation of the tree canopy to
optimize the production of quality fruit. In fruit tree it deals with the
development and maintenance of their structure in relation to the size and
shape for maximum yield and quality
Canopy management

4. • An unmanaged canopy will grow all its
fruit 25-30 feet in the air, which is difficult
and just plain dangerous to get at
• Managing a canopy will help to develop a
strong tree that will support heavy crop
load, while increasing fruit production
and improving fruit quality in the long
term.
Why Manage the Canopy

5. Maximum
utilization of
light
Avoidance of
build up micro
climate
Convenience in
charring out the
cultural
practices
Maximizing
production with
quality fruit
production
Principles of Canopy Management

6. Objectives of Canopy Management
To maintain fruit quality and colour
To obtain specific form of the plant
To develop specific geometry within the plant and overall topology
To maintain optimum balance between vegetative and reproductive part
To increase production per unit area
To better management of agronomical practices
To proper use of available resources
To manage pest population and disease

7. Tools of canopy management
Training
Pruning
PGRs
Rootstock
and Scion
Dwarf
cultivars
Summer pruning
Dormant prunnig
Summer tipping
Hedging
Heading cut thinning cut
Auxin
Cytokinens
Gibberellins
ABA
Ethylene

8. Advance training system for high-density planting of Temperate crops :
1. Slender spindle type :
This is a modified miniature central leader tree
The trunk is maintained to height of 8-10ft.
Density 2,000 to 5,000 trees/ha. at 3- 3.5m x 1-1.5m
Branching begins at approximately 24 to 32 inches
3rd or 5th year onwards branches are thinned out to two
permanent whorls
All branches above the 2nd whorl are temporary and
renewed after every 2-4 years

9. 2. Spindle bush system
Suitable for medium-to-medium high density planting
Maintaining cone-shaped tree
It is supported by a post or wire support system
2,000 trees/ha at 2-3m in height and 3-4m x 1-2m apart
First permanent scaffold is maintain 45cm above the
ground level
The 4 laterals should be evenly spaced and not more
than 50% of the leader’s diameter
Prevent limbs from developing opposite each other on
the trunk
Pinch out competing shoots emerging just below the
heading cut

10. 3. Vertical Axis System :
The trees are trained in a narrow pyramidal shape
The leader is trained to grow to 10ft height
Thereafter laterals are periodically renewed by cutting into
2 year old or older growth
Trees are supported by a trellis
Four laterals are spread evenly around the leader
When the new central has grown about 18 inches, remove
the shoots near the tip and leave only the lower branches
to serve as primary scaffolds
For maintaining shape remove all competing vigorous
shoots
1,000 to 2,500 trees/ha at a spacing of 4-5m x 1-2m

11. 4. Espalier
Establish a training system against a wall or
fence
Erect horizontal wires 35-45 cm (15-18 in)
apart
Trees should be planted 3.75m-6m (12-20ft)
apart, according to their vigour
Allow the top three buds to grow out in spring,
then train the top one vertically up a cane, and
tie the others to canes at 45 degrees to the
main stem.
Cut back the vertical stem to within 45cm
(18in) of the lower arms, leaving two buds to
form the next horizontal layer and the top bud
to form the new leader.

12. 5. Cordons
Trees grown as a single stem
The fruits are produced on short laterals
immediately off the central stem
Normally grown at a 45-degree angle for
easy picking
Tie a tall bamboo cane into the wire
supports where each tree's stem will
eventually grow, angling the cane as
appropriate
Shoots produced from the laterals are cut
back to one leaf

13. 6. Palmettes
The palmette is best suited to medium-high
planting densities (700–1,100 trees/ha in peach,
and 1,500–2,000 in standard apple cvs.)
Tree heights ranging from 2.5 m .
The palmette and its variations are generally
limited to wide intra-row spacings (>2.0 to 2.5m)
with a tall tree
There are a number of kinds of palmette
training all with a central leader with scaffolds
in the plane of the row only.
Tiers of scaffolds are chosen each season and
tied to wires

14. 7. Tatura Trellis System
In high density planting, this system of training of
plants is very popular being very yield efficient.
Trees are planted at a spacing of 5x1m or 6x1m.
At the time of planting, one year old plant is headed
back to 20 cm above the ground level.
In next growing season two limbs or branches are
selected in opposite directions and these branches
are trained at an angle of 60 degree from the
horizontal, forming V-shaped canopy.
The canopy is supported by a permanent trellis
The secondary branches are developed along each
primary branches forming fruiting canopy.

15. Pruning practices of Temperate crops :
Know
When to
Prune
Prune in
Summer
Too
Know
Where to
Cut
Know How
to Cut
Prune to
Train
Young
Trees
Spread
Branches
If Needed

16. Pruning Apples and Pears:
Apples and pears bear their fruit from mixed buds mainly on terminals of
short twigs or spurs. Because short spurs on 2-year-old or older wood is needed to
develop a crop, apples and pears must be pruned moderately to develop and maintain
such a spur system.
Pruning Peaches:
Peaches are generally trained to an open center or vase system. After scaffold
limbs and framework is established, pruning should keep the fruiting area below the
desired height (usually about 8’ in Texas and 10-12’ in California) .
Pruning Plums:
Pruning plums is done much like peaches in Texas, but again it is a lighter pruning
Japanese plums and Japanese hybrids are pruned much heavier than domestic plums.
Their fruit is larger and their branches brittle.
Pruning Walnuts and Pecans:
Walnuts and pecans are usually pruned to a Modified or Central Leader with
five or six main laterals distributed up and down the main stem. After this minimal
training, very little pruning is done.

17. Advanced method of controlling tree canopy
1. Use of genetically dwarf scion cultivars
Crop Genetically dwarf cultivars Desirable features
Apple Spur bearing varieties Wijik,
Mc Intoch and Nugget,
Golden Delicious
Bear on short stems,
spurs, grow to 60-70% the
standard cultivar in vigour
and bear more spurs and
yield more
Peach Redhar
Halehaven X Kalhaven
Dwarfing and high yielding
Cherry Compact lambert, Meteor
and North star
High yielding, dwarf

18. 2. Use of dwarfing rootstocks and interstocks
Crop Dwarfing rootstocks
Apple M-9, M-26, M27, MM-111, MM-106, and Ottawa 3
Pear Quince A & C , Pyrus pashia
Peach
Siberian C, St Julien X P.besseyi and Rubira
Plum Pixy, Prunus subordata and Myrobalan B
Cherry Colt, Mazzard F-12/1

19. 6. Use of growth regulators in fruit crops
Significant reduction in shoot length was observed with three sprays of
Maleic Hydrazide (MH 500 ppm at leaf stage followed by 1000 ppm at leaf
stage and 1500ppm at 15 leaf stage.
3. Use of growth retardants
Various growth retardant have been used to restrict the vegetative growth of the
plant. Among them the commercially adopted are AMO 1618, CCC, Ancymidal,
Paclobutrazol, B-9 (Phosphon D) and chloramquat .
4. Induction of viral infection
Though still not popular and emerged as commercially but tree size can be
reduced by inducing viral infection e.g. in apple, virus free rootstocks series East
Malling long ashton (EMLA) are vigorous than their infected counterparts .
5. Use of incompatible rootstock
The use of graft incompatible scion and rootstocks also induces dwarfness in the
composite plant e.g. in pear Bartlett and Quince, Graft incompatibility is overcome by
double grafting with Old Home or Hardy varieties.

20. Canopy management to improve fruit quality of Coe Red Fuji,
Granny Smith and Spartan varieties of apple (Malus domestica)
TREATMENT DETAILS
Variety :
 Coe Red Fuji (V1)
 Granny Smith (V2)
 Spartan (V3)
Training System :
 Espalier (T1)
 Vertical Axis (T2)
 Cordon (T3)
Javid Iqbal Mir, Nazeer Ahmed, Desh Beer Singh, Om Chand Sharma
Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 90 (8): 1397–1401

21. TCSA
cm2 Fruit Weight (g) Yield (kg/Tree) YE (Kg/cm2)
Treatments
V1T1 47.66 185.37 32.31 0.6667
V1T2 40.88 175.95 21.04 0.5200
V1T3 41.66 170.54 23.52 0.5567
V2T1 45.30 210.58 28.46 0.6100
V2T2 38.25 200.51 17.56 0.4500
V2T3 28.25 197.18 15.39 0.5467
V3T1 42.92 192.73 30.17 0.7167
V3T2 31.11 165.60 17.39 0.5467
V3T3 32.39 174.43 14.80 0.4467
Table 1: Performance of apple varieties on different training system in apple
Mir et al., 2020

22. Light parameters
LAI
Treatments
PPFD PPFD DLI
V1T1
172.50 19.88 8.63 0.45
V1T2 194.00 23.58 9.70 0.27
V1T3 179.27 19.97 9.03 0.29
V2T1 182.78 22.36 9.77 0.55
V2T2 198.10 24.21 10.34 0.34
V2T3 180.46 21.35 9.49 0.34
V3T1 207.77 27.00 10.70 0.44
V3T2 227.33 29.43 11.62 0.32
V3T3 200.63 24.61 10.58 0.34
Table 2: Influence of light intensity on different quality parameters in apple
Mir et al., 2020

23. Effect of Pruning, Strapping, Dormancy Breaking Chemical and Irrigation on
Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia L.) Grown Under Eastern Plateau of India
TREATMENT DETAILS :
B.R. Jana
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2016,Vol. 5(10): 783-791
T1 = Strapping + Pruning+ Thiourea (5 %)
T2 = Strapping + NonPrunning+Thiourea (5%)
T3 = No Strapping+Prunning+thiourea (5%)
T4 = Thiourea(5%)+NonPrunning +Strapping
Control = No treatments and Spraying

24. Table 1: Effect of cultural practices and application of dormancy breaking chemical
on fruit yield and quality
Jana BR., 2016
Treatments Flowering(%) Fruit
set (%)
Fruit
weight(g)
Fruit
size
(cm 2)
Yield
(Kg/plant)
T1 51.52 09.81 194.66 50.44 13.13
T2 43.78 08.77 186.50 74.21 19.14
T3 61.07 12.08 236.66 57.19 20.68
T4 39.68 08.49 228.68 53.78 06.97
Control 11.78 08.81 192.86 72.86 02.07
CD at 5 % 10.56 1.82 15.64 3.91 2.48

25. Table 2: Effect of cultural practices and application of dormancy breaking chemical
on fruit yield and quality
Jana BR., 2016
Treatments Flowering (%) Fruitset
(%)
Advanced
flowering
(days )
Avanced
Harvesing
(days)
T1 62.58 73.00 28.33 24.66
T2 43.72 38.75 10.66 8.45
T3 32.45 18.75 14.22 13.66
T4 28.63 16.24 6.33 4.22
Control 14.74 12.67 0.0 0.0
CD at 5 % 11.54 3.14 ----------- ------------

26. Table 3: Effect of cultural practices and application of dormancy breaking chemical
on Fruit’s Physical parameters
Jana BR., 2016
Treatments Fruit weight(g)
Fruit
Volume(c.c
.)
Fruit length
(mm)
Fruit
breadth(mm)
T1 294.16 192.91 73.25 79.17
T2 164.16 142.49 65.17 63.66
T3 146.33 132.08 43.42 48.65
T4 132.58 122.42 59.41 59.00
Control 138.75 130.66 59.58 56.08
CD at 5 % 78.42 40.58 17.96 16.14

27. Conclusions
When the orchard canopy has good light distribution over the tree
canopy and there is a balance between vegetative growth and
cropping, great yield and high fruit quality can be attained. Maintaining
a tight canopy shape, regular limb renewal pruning, and the
establishment of dangling fruiting branches are the best ways to
achieve this. By routinely renewing the fruiting wood on the tree, using
moderate nitrogen levels, and managing crop load, successful
producers will maintain a balance between vegetative growth and
cropping. Growers should aim for 50cm of leader shoot growth in the
first year, 75-100cm in the second and third years, and 50cm in the
fourth year. The significant output should be gained in the second-
fourth years if this is accompanied by minimum pruning and a
precocious rootstock, resulting in limited vegetative growth in future
years.

28. THANK YOU