2. USE OF RECALLED MATERIAL
ISOLATION OF RELEVANT MATERIAL
RECOGNITION
MEMORY FORMATION
CONSOLIDATION OF TRACES
DURABLE TRACE
SHORT TERM STORAGE
PERCEPTION, COMPREHENSION & RESPONSE

3. A. THE B. MEMORY
AMNESIAS DISTORTIONS
1. 1. DISORDERS
PSYCHOGENIC C.
OF RECALL HYPERAMNESIA
2. DISORDERS
2. ORGANIC OF
RECOGNITION

5.  There may be underlying mental conflicts
leading to interference in perception
and comprehension leading to
psychogenic amnesia.
 Amnesia may resolve with resolution of
mental conflicts.
 Psychogenic amnesias may appear
without any organic disease present but
the presentation of organic brain disease
is always modified by psychogenic
factors (Oyebode, 2008).

6. CHILDHOOD
DREAM
DEFENSIVE
ANXETY
KATATHYMIC
DISSOCIATIVE

7.  Freud conceptualized on basis of
repression
Association of memories with arousing
sexual and aggressive impulses
Repressed
Retrieval Forgotten
Feeling of guilt and anxiety

8.  Morgan consider it the difference in the
ways young children and older
people encode and store information

9.  Based on Freud’s interpretation of
dreams again repression is responsible.
 According to Morgan it is due to
differences in the symbol system used
in dreaming and waking, the memory-
symbol network in waking life are
different from those of dreaming so it
is difficult to retrieve dreams in waking
state.

10.  It is considered to be a way of protecting
oneself from the guilt or anxiety that can
result from intense, intolerable life
situations or conflicts.

11.  Occurs due to anxious preoccupation or
poor concentration in anxiety disorder
and depressive illness.
 More severe form in depression resemble
dementia called pseudodementia.

12.  A person has a set of ideas arising from
painful experiences that is distressing to
person when they come in conscious. So
they are repressed to avoid such thing.
 Also called motivated forgetting.
 May occur in normal persons also.
 Different from dissociative amnesia in
that there is no loss of personal identity
and persistence.

13.  There is loss of memory and loss of personal
identity both but they are able to carry out
complex pattern of behavior and to look
after themselves. So marked memory loss
seems to have no effect on personality.
 Also called as hysterical amnesia.
 Often associated with fugue or wandering
state.
 Some amnesics are trying to escape from
consequence of crime they committed.

14.  Organic impairment of memory is
referred to as true amnesia and can
affect different functions of memory.
 There can be impairment of registration,
retention, retrieval or recall, or
recognition.

15.  There is disturbance of perception and
attention and also failure to make
permanent traces.
 RETROGRADE AMNESIA
 Occurs in head injury. There is amnesia for
events occurring before injury. May occur
for from minute to hours in acute condition(
due to disturbance of short term memory)
to years in subacute cases ( due to
destruction of memory traces).

16.  ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
 Occurs due to failure to make
permanent traces. Events occurring after
are not remembered. Examples
Blackouts
Acute delirious patient(fragmentary
memory)

17.  Patient is unable to register new
memories leading to inability to learn
new information (anterograde
amnesia),and the inability to recall
previously learned material (retrograde
amnesia). Apart from this there is
disorientation in place and time,
euphoria and confabulation. Related to
damage to floor and wall of third
ventricle and temporal lobe.

18.  There is disturbance in thinking leading to
inability to change set. So as thinking
progress in a direction it remains in the
same irrespective of new stimulus. This is
called tram line thinking. It distorts
registered material making recall
difficult.

19.  Patients with a progressive chronic
brain disease have an amnesia
extending over many years, though
the memory for recent events is lost
before that for remote events. This
is known as Ribot's law of memory
regression.

20.  TRANSIENT GLOBAL AMNESIA
 This type of amnesia is characterized by a
patient’s inability to learn new
material, by their repeated asking of
questions that have been answered and
being able to recall events that precede
the onset of the episode. Transient global
amnesia occurs in middle aged and
elderly men more commonly than
women.
 Perception and personal identity is normal.

21.  KORSAKOFF’S SYNDROME
 The thiamine (B1) deficiency has a
direct effect on the brain, specifically
on the medial thalamus and possibly
on the mammillary bodies of the
hypothalamus (Victor et al., 1989).The
most common symptoms associated
with this syndrome include
anterograde as well as retrograde
amnesia, confabulations, and a general
sense of apathy but preserved
attention, personality, social
functioning, STM, and nondeclarative
memory.

23.  Retrospective falsification refers to the
unintentional distortion of memory that
occurs when it is filtered through a
person's current emotional, experiential
and cognitive state. Patient modifies his
memories in terms of general attitude.
 Related to degree of insight and self
criticism.
 May occur in normal person, depression,
mania and hysterics.

24.  Retrospective delusions found in some
patients with psychoses who backdate
their delusions in spite of the clear
evidence that the illness is of recent origin.
Fragments of true events are mixed with
delusional counterparts so it may be
regarded as delusional retrospective
falsifications.
 Delusional memories - Primary delusional
experiences( real or experiences of past
events that did not occur but which the
subject clearly remembers) may take the
form of memories. They consist of sudden
delusional ideas and delusional
perceptions.

25.  Confabulation is detailed false
description which is alleged to have
occurred in past. It may be result of
suggestibility as well. In embarrassed
type patient try to fill gaps in memory
as a result of an awareness of a
deficit and fantastic type in which
exceeding the need of the memory
impairment.
 Leonhard labeled it as Pictorial thinking
as formal thought disorder and Bleuler
has called it memory hallucinations.

26.  Déjà vu It comprises the feeling of having
experienced a current event in the past, although
it has no basis in fact. Sense of recognition is never
absolute so misidentification doesn’t occur.
 Jamais vous is the knowledge that an event has
been experienced before but is not presently
associated with the appropriate feelings of familiarity.
 Déjà entendu is the feeling of auditory recognition.
 Déjà pense, a new thought recognized as having
previously occurred, is related to déjà vu, being
different only in the modality of experience. These
experiences occur occasionally in normal persons
but they may become excessive in temporal lobe
lesions.

27.  Misidentification This may occur in
confusion psychosis and in acute and
chronic schizophrenia. Misidentification
may be 1. Positive misidentification
and 2. Negative misidentification
 Positive misidentification -The patient
recognizes strangers as his friends and
relatives. Some patients assert that all of
the people whom they meet are
doubles of real people.

28.  Negative misidentification The patient
denies that his friends and relatives are
people whom they say they are and
insists that they are strangers in disguise.
Leonhard has suggested that negative
identification could result from an
excessive concretization of memory
images, so that the patient retains all the
minute details of the characteristics of
the people whom he encounters. When
he sees the same person again he
compares the new perception with the
exact memory image.

29.  Capgras Syndrome There is hypoidentification. Patient
thinks that particular person (or persons), usually with
whom patient is emotionally linked, is not the person
he claims to be but is really a double; is often
accompanied by depersonalization and occurs in a
paranoid setting. The commonest cause of capgras
syndrome is schizophrenia and less common causes
include involutional depression and hysteria.
 Amphitryon illusion In this patients believe that their
spouses are doubles.
 Sosias illusion In this patients believe that other people
as well as the spouse are doubles (Hamilton 1984) .
 Fregoli syndrome In fregoli syndrome hyperidentification
takes place. The patient identifies(usually his
persecutor) in various strangers, who are therefore
fundamentally the same individual.

30.  Syndrome of Subjective Doubles It is
characterized by delusions of doubles
exclusively of the patient’s own self. The
misidentification can be either hallucinatory or
delusional or hyperidentification.
 Syndrome of Intermetamorphosis In this
syndrome the patient falsely recognizes the
key figure in various others, who are
perceived as taking on the physical
appearance of the person who they are
believed to be. Patient believes that people
around him/her not only alter their
appearances but completely replaces each
other as well both physically and
psychologically.