A Journey fron Openwire to OF Communication

For circulation to Trainees only 1
A Journey
from
Open-wire
to
Optical Communication
By:
R K Gangwar
Dy. General Manager,
BRBRAITT, Jabalpur

Agenda
• Introduction
• Drivers for Fiber Optics Network
• Evolution of Optical Fiber Communication
• What ways can fiber optics used in?
• Trends
• Moving towards All Optical Networks
• Conclusion

Introduction
• The world today exchanges information in the form of
digital voice and data
• The transport network is used to carry this information
from one place to another.
• Transport technologies use a media to carry this
information.
• The increase in number of subscribers and the coverage
area have mandated an evolution of the transport
technologies.

Introduction
• Earlier, the information was sent for shorter distances and
the operators used Open-wire/copper as a media.
• The information-carrying capacity of these open-wire/
copper networks was very low.
• Also, these networks were prone to external disturbances.
• The fiber optic technology came into picture when the
operators felt the need to send more and more voice
information for longer distances with less or no external
disturbances.

Drivers for Optical Networks
• Internet and Web
browsing.
Bandwidth requirement
More users
Response time
• Graphics and
visualization.
• Multimedia application

Drivers for Optical Networks
• Online Medical
image access &
distribution.
• Multimedia
conferencing.
Video: 10-40Mbps HDTV
2-6Mpbs MPEG
• Broadband services
to the home.

For circulation to Trainees only 7BRBRAITT
The National Telecom Policy (NTP) 2012 states the
following.
•Affordable and reliable broadband on demand by 2015.
•Target of 175 Million Connection by 2017.
•Target of 600 Million Connection by 2020 at minimum 2
mbps speed and higher speed upto 100 mbps on demand.
•Recognize Telecom and BB connectivity as a basic
necessity like education and health and work towards,
Right to Broadband
•Synergy between existing on-going and future
Government programs viz e-Gov, e- Panchayat,
MGNREGA, NKN, Aakash, etc. and Broadband roll-out and
sharing of infrastructure.
NTP-A driving Force

Electronic Monitoring of Govt Outlay
Schemes Outlay
(Cr)
NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme)
39,100
IAY (Indira Awas Yojna) 8,800
NFSM (National Food Security Mission) 1,350
RKVY (Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna) 4,115
BRGF (Backward Regions Grant Fund) 4,420
RGGVY (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran
Yojna)
7,000
NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) 13,930
SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) 13,100
MdM (Mid Day Meal) 8,000
IWMP (Integrated Watershed Management Plan) 2021
PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna) 10,000
ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme) 6,705
SGSY (Swaranjayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojna) 2,350
Schemes Outlay
(Cr)
Scheme for Universal Access
and Quality at Secondary Stage
1,305
NHM (National Horticulture Mission) 1,100
Macro Management of
Agriculture Scheme
950
Central Rural Sanitation
Program
1,200
NLRMP (National Land Records
Management Program)
270
TSC (Total Sanitation Campaign) 1,200
APDRP (Accelerated Power
Development and Reform Program)
1,730
RMSA (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha
Abhiyan)
1,354
ARWSP (Accelerated Rural Water
Supply Program)
7,300
TOTAL Outlay = 137,300 Crores

Evolution of Transmission Technology
• Open Wire System
• Co-axial Cable System
• Microwave System
• Satellite System
• Optical Fiber Systems
 1890
 1957
 Mid 60’s
 1980
 1989-90

OPEN WIRE SYSTEM
• Open Wire channel carrier system is a type of
Frequency-division multiplexing system. In this
system twelve voice channels are multiplexed in a
High Frequency Carrier and passed through
balanced pair trunk lines similar to those used for
Voice Frequency connections.
• Analog System
– 3 Channel Carrier System

COAXIAL SYSTEMS
• Analog Coaxial System
– 1.3 MHz Coaxial System (300 Channels)
– 12 MHz Coaxial System (2700 Channels)
• Digital Coaxial System
– 34 Mbps Digital Coaxial (480 Channels)
– 140 Mbps Digital Coaxial (1920 Channels)

• System Capacity- Analog Systems
Micro-Wave Systems
Channel capacity Base band frequency in
KHz
60 channels 12–252
1800 channels 312–8120/316–8204
2700 channels 312–12336/316–12388

• Transmission Capacities Available on Digital UHF and M/W Radio
Systems
Micro-Wave Systems
Nomenclature
Bit rate
Mb/s.
No. of
channels Frequency band
Small capacity 0.704 10 658–712 MHz (UHF)
Small capacity 2.048 30 400 MHz band (UHF)
Small capacity 8.448 120
520–585 MHz (UHF) 622–712 MHz
(UHF)
Small capacity 8.448 120 2 GHz band (M/W) (2.0–2.3 GHz)
Medium capacity 34.368 480 7 GHz band (M/W) (7.425–7.725 GHz)
Medium capacity 34.368 480
13 GHz band (M/W) (12.75–13.25 GHz)
band M/W
Medium capacity 34.368 480 15 GHz band (M/W) (14.75–15.75 GHz)
High capacity 139.264 1920
4 GHz band (M/W) (3.3–3.8 and 3.8–4.2
GHz)
High capacity 139.264 1920
6 GHz band (M/W) (5.925–6.425 GHz;
Lower) (6.430–7.110 GHz; Upper)
High capacity 139.264 1920 11 GHz band (M/W) (10.7–11.7 GHz)

Optical Fiber Systems
• PDH Systems
– 8 Mbps Digital System (120 Channels)
• SDH Systems
– STM-1 System ≈ 155 mbps (1890 Channels)
– STM-4 System ≈ 622mbps (7560 Channels)
– STM-16 System ≈ 2.5 gbps (30240 Channels))
– STM-64 System ≈ 10 gbps (120960 Channels)
– STM-256 Systems ≈ 40 gbps (483840 Channels)
• DWDM System (up to 192XSTM-16/64/256)

Aug 31, 2016
Modes of Connectivity

Ring Fiber Transmission-SDH
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
All Optical Networks
Evolution
ofOpticalNetworking
Evolution of Optical Fiber Communication
Point-to-Point Fibre Transmission- PDH

What ways can fiber optics used in?
• Communication
• Medical
• Other use

Fiber optics used in communication
• Local and long distance telephone service,
internet service, and new technologies
(including VoIP, CATV, HDTV, and security) to
the end user (residential, business, and
institutional)
• CATV(cable television) : provide TV
programs via radio frequency (RF) signals
through optical fibers.
• FTTH: Fiber to the Home Technology

Fiber Optics Sensors
• To measure
– strain,
– temperature,
– pressure and
– displacement
– pH
– humidity
– flow rate
– biomedical sensors etc.

Fiber Optics for Medical use
Fiber optic applications include
– light therapy,
– x-ray imaging,
– lab and clinical diagnostics,
– surgical and diagnostic
instrumentation,
– endoscopy,
– surgical microscopy,
– a wide range of equipment
and instrument illumination.

Other use of optical fiber
• Illumination : Light tubes or light pipes
are used for transporting or distributing
natural or artificial light.
• Optical fiber illumination is used for
decorative applications such as Christmas
trees, signs etc.
• Fiber Optics for Test and Measurement
• Special optical fibers are used for sensor
applications in areas that involve oil-well
monitoring and fire or leak
detection.

• A fairly new and fast growing application
for fiber optics is Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs).
• Utilized fiber optics as the primary
communications conduit between
ground control and the antenna
controlling the UAV, fiber optics provide
a very fast and efficient means for
transmitting a very large amount of data
over long distances.

• Fiber Optics for Aerospace and
Avionics
– The recent adoption of fiber optic
technology in aerospace and avionics
applications has enabled systems
designers to make great strides in
integrated and support-level systems by
leveraging the natural characteristics of
fiber, thus reducing size and weight
requirements, while increasing
performance and bandwidth.

• Fiber Optics for Harsh
Environment
– Harsh environment applications include
conditions in which these products are
exposed to
• extreme high/low temperatures,
• radiation,
• corrosive conditions,
• high electromagnetic interference (EMI),
• high radio-frequency interference (RFI),
• pressure extremes.

Future Optical Network
SDH/
SONET
Data
Center
SDH/
SONET
SDH/
SONET SDH/
SONET
DWDM
DWDM
Access
Long Haul
Access
MetroMetro
All
Optical N/W

Trends
• Access:
– From open wire to wireless
– from copper to fiber.
– From plastic fiber manufacturing to glass fiber
manufacturing
– From multimode to long distance single mode fiber
– From 3 channel to trillions of channels

Trends
• Metro
– from GI/copper to fiber.
– From PCM to PDH
– From PDH to SDH
– From SDH to DWDM
– SDH ring to RPR Ring
• Long Haul
– Open-wire to Fiber
– From PDH to SDH
– From SDH to DWDM
– DWDM to ASON

Technology Trends
• Point- to – Point
• Analog Multiplexing (FDM-3 channel to 2700 channel)
• Digital Multiplexing (TDM)
– PCM (2 mbps)
– PDH (Up to 565 mbps)
– SDH(Up to 40 gbps)
• DWDM (2 Wavelength to 192 Wavelength)
• All Optical Network

Trends in devices
• Electrical Switching (TDM to Packet Switching)
– Electrical Switching (delay)
– O-E-O
• Optical Switching/ Wavelength Routing
– O-E-O
– O-O-O (fast photonic switching)

OPTICAL TEST AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
TOOL KIT
SPLICING MACHINE
OPTICAL TALK SETS
OTDR
POWER METER,
ATTENUATORMECHANICAL SPLICE
OTDR

One network for everything
TodayToday TomorrowTomorrow
Telephone
network
Mobile radio
network
IP-Network
Multimedia Access - Advantages:
• Easy to handle
• Reliable
• Mobile
Internet
Transition to NGN: Third wave

Wireless
Gateways
Internet
POTS
Workstation
Integrated
Services
Over IP
Workstation
Evolving towards All IP Communications
Next Generation Networks (NGN)Present Day Networks
Next Generation Networks – Technology

Core Network
Aggregation Network
Access Network
NOFN
TSPs
TSPs
Rural
Challenge
Bridging the Digital Divide Gaps
 Future proof technology – Optical Fiber

Moving towards All Optical Network
• Presently, optical fiber has become the transmission
medium of choice because it provides:
– large bandwidth {approximately 24 Tera Hertz (THz)},
– low attenuation (< 0.2 dB/Km), and
– low Bit Error Rate (BER) (less than 10-11
).
• In today's networks, electronic devices such as
switches and routers are interconnected by optical
fiber links.

• Electronic Bottleneck
– time-consuming processes of O/E and E/O conversion at
intermediate optical nodes.
– limited Network throughput- as the data processed in
electronic domain
– slow switching and routing speed - information that can
be carried over an optical fiber link is limited by the information
processing speed of the interconnecting electronic devices
– At present, optical transmission links supporting 30 to 40
Gb/s are commercially available and 100 Gb/s products have
been announced.

• All optical Network
– overcome electronic bottleneck
– is a viable technology for future telecommunication and data
networks.
– uses light wave communication exclusively within the network
– all switching and routing within AON network nodes is
performed optically.
– no E/O and O/E conversion - elimination of electronic/optical
conversion reduces delays, increases capacity, and improves
flexibility of networks.
– with respect to their electro-optic counterparts it supports much
higher bandwidth.

• All optical Network
– The switching and routing may be done via mechanical switches,
opto-electronic switches, passive optical routers, or
splitter/combiners.
– optical amplifier are used in stead of using traditional regeneration
process.
– Signals are processed through
• time slots (OTDM-optical time division multiplexing),
• wave shape (CDM-code division multiplexing) or
• wavelength (WDM-wavelength division multiplexing)
–commercially available.

• Three Generation of Networks

Automatically Switched Optical Network
(ASON)
• Its aim is
– to automate the resource and connection management
within the network.
– Fast and automatic end-to-end provisioning
– Fast and efficient re-routing
– Dynamic set up of connections
– Support of Optical Virtual Private Networks (OVPNs)
– Support of different levels of quality of service

Conclusion
• There is no question that fiber optic communication is our
future.
• Fiber optic communication industry has been enjoying
amazing growth for over 20 years.
• All-optical network has been a top topic in fiber optic
communication industry for over a decade now. Its
ultimate goal is to process all signals in the optical domain
without any conversion and controlling to electrical
domain at all.
• There’s still a long way to go.

TThankhank yyou!ou!

A Journey fron Openwire to OF Communication

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