1. (c) Raimo Hälinen 2013

2. Learning and
skills
Business value sought
Value creation
cabability
Unidentified Identified
Unidentified
(How we can
learn?)
Dreams (I)
New technological standards
New technological systems
New technical hardware
New software tools and language
Problem solving (II)
Business problems and technical
solutions
Applied technological solutions
Defined
(How we can
apply, what we
know?)
Technology transfer (III)
Transfering technology from
business area to other branches
Migration process form old
software to new software and new
systems and new hardware.
Technological ecosystems
Business formation (IV)
New business idea
How to create value-added
processes and services
New production and service
consepts
Source: modfied from Ardichvili et al. (2003)

3. Theory
Deductive
reasoning
Data
Inductive
reasoning
The theoretical research cycle describes a genera process, how a research can develop
a theory by starting accepted theory and creating research setting based on theory
and creating testable hypotheses.
Gathering research data using by suitable data-gathering technique, a researcher can
analyze the collected data and produce the results that can be used to inductive
reasoning for develop a new theory, a modified theory or falsify the current theory.
Starting from theory and
developing hyphoteses
Demonstrating and
testing hypotheses Designing study prosess and
how to collect data
Reflecting and
learning.
Drawing conclusions.
Proposing new theory or
adding something new
to current theory or
rejecting current theory

4. Personal traits
creativity
optimism
skills
Social networks
weak ties
action set
partnership
inner circle
Enterpreneurial
alertness
Prior knowledge
Domain one (special interest)
Domain two (industry knowledge)
Knowledge of markets
Knowledge of information technology
Knowledge of services and ways to
organize services
Core process
Perception
Discovery
Creation
Development
Evaluation
Subsequent
business
Vernture formationAbortion
Type of opportunity

5. Theories and
functions
Descriptive Delimiting Generative Integrative
Dubin’s
hypothetico-
deductive theory
The
descriptive
function
explain why
the
phenomena
exists. It is a
causal
explanation.
The delimiting
function puts
boundaries what
is examined.
According to
Whetten who,
when and
where are
relevant
questions.
The function
tends to inspire
new research
thereby
expanding the
existing body of
knowledge.
Whetten’s what
and how
combination
produces
models (theory)
can be used to
produce
testable
proposals.
The function
seeks to
provide a
coherent
unified picture
of often diverse
and at timeless
seemingly
facts.
Whetten’s
what question
tries to answer
how to
integrate
knowledge.
Inductive
grounded theory
Meta-analytical
theory
Social
constructionist
theory
Case study theory
Habermas’ typology: empirical-analytical, interpretive and critical theory
Heinen’s typology: inductive-synthesis and hierarchical theory (hypothetico-decuctuve)
Järvinen P.’s typology: Approachers studying reality: What is reality and utility of innovation, and
mathematical approachers.

6. Source: Tsang and Williams (2012)
Theory
Sample
Particular
instance
Same
population
Different
population
Different
context
Different time
Theoretical
Generalization
Deduction
Inductive
Analogy
Statistical syllogism
Temporal
Generalization
Contextual
Genralization
Cross-population
Generalization
Within-population
Generalization
Location
of the sample
Setting of
the study
Theoretical level
Empirical level

7. Theory Rival theory
Population
characteristics
Case study
findings
Experimental
findings
Sample Subjects
Source: modifed from Yin (1994)
Level-2
inference
Level-1
inference

8. Choronlogy
Representation: Logical sequence
Nature: Set of ordered facts
Role: Analyst
Postion: Absent or separated
Format: Linear
Time flow: unlinear
Biography
Portrait of a life
Based on facts and experience
Selective writer
Present and not separated
Multiple formats
Linear
Thematic
Play
Drama story
Based on facts
Director of the play
Absent or separated
Multilinear to one outcome
Multiple lines to one end-point
Voices
Interactive complexity
Meaningful and consistent social
constructions
Facilitator
Present and not separated
Non-linear, interactive, decentralized
Multiple times
Reduction
Multi-logueMonologue
Complexity Source: Van Der Blonk (2003)

9. Types of experiment Descriptions
Field experiment A study in which an intervention is deliberately
introduced to observe its effects.
Randomized experiment An experiment in which units are assigned to
receive the treatment or an alternative conditions
by random process. (toss a coin or random
numbers)
Quasi-experiment An experiment in which units are not assigned to
conditions randomly.
Natural experiment Cause cannot be manipulated, study that contrasts
a naturally occuring events.
Correlational studies A study that simply observes the size and direction
of relationship among variables.
Source: Shadish, Cook and Campbell ()

10.  Criteria for evaluating the publishability of a research
article includes:
 Is the phenomenon of salient interest to the
information systems community?
 Are the connections to the literature and relevant
theories robust?
 Is the theoretical model appropriate and compelling
enough to provide justification for the propositions or
hypotheses?
 Are the empirical methods appropriate, valid, and
well-executed?
 Are the analyses done competently?
 Are the results interesting?
 Are the conclusions compelling?

11.  Research Notes will have the following characteristics:
 Authors introduce the phenomenon of choice and the dominant
nomological model shaping the prevailing understanding about it.
 The phenomenon should be of salient interest to the information systems
community.
 Authors provide a compelling conceptual rationale for the extensions to
the model in the form of specific mediators, moderators, or predictors.
Since a dominant research model is the starting point, less time is spent in
theoretically justifying the entire model. Instead, the authors should
efficiently explain how and why their proposed extensions are
conceptually or theoretically justifiable.
 Note that some papers might propose several new constructs or
reconfigure the prevailing model in novel ways.
 In such cases, the contribution might be more substantive and the paper
should be submitted as a Research Article.
 Authors provide the empirical evidence for their proposed model of the
phenomenon and explain its significance for research and practice.

12.  Research Commentaries are designed to provide a critical
evaluation and roadmap for future research on an important
information systems phenomenon. Key questions in
evaluating the research commentary include:
 Does the paper highlight an important and under-
recognized phenomenon or perspective?
 Does the article provide a critical, accurate, and insightful
critique of the literature to date?
 Does the article provide insightful directions for future
research?
 Will future researchers benefit from the ideas in the paper?
 Are the prescriptions compelling, insightful and actionable?

13. Explanatory statement
might lead to
Prescriptive statements
Evidence
Case Effect
Prescribed
action Goal
is intended to lead to
can be confirmed byleads to revision of
Artifact
Evaluation
leads to
Kernel
theories
Mid-range
theories
Design
theories
Theory
development
Source: Kuechler and Vaishnavi (2008)