A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations without a human operator.

1. Presented By: RAHUL MISHRA
PRESENTATION
ON
GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR

2. Overview
 What is Google Driverless car?
 History
 How self car works?
 What is Waymo?
 Why this matters?
 Technology
 Cars with self-driving features
 Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
 The pros and cons of self-driving cars
 Self-driving car safety and challenges
 Making cars smarter
 Crashes
 Limitations
 References

3. What is Google Driverless car?
A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a
combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations
without a human operator. To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able to navigate without
human intervention to a predetermined destination over roads that have not been adapted for its use.

4. History
Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 17, 2009, at the company's secretive
X lab run by co-founder Sergey Brin. The project was originally led by Sebastian Thrun, the former
director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View.
Thrun's team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley, which won the 2005 DARPA Grand
Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense. His team consisted
of 15 Google engineers, including Chris Urmson, Dmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony
Levandowski, who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges.
Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate the emerging
technology. Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in
Nevada, which went into effect on March 1, 2012. A Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental
driverless technology was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012.
This was the first license issued in the United States for a self-driven car.
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5. History
In late May 2014, Google revealed a new prototype of its driverless car, which had no steering wheel,
gas pedal, or brake pedal, being 100% autonomous, and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in
December of that year that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.
Called the Firefly, the car was intended to serve as a platform for experimentation and learning, not
mass production.
In 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" to a legally blind friend
of principal engineer Nathaniel Fairfield. The ride was taken by Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa
Clara Valley Blind Center, in Austin, Texas. It was the first driverless ride that was on a public road and
was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort. The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.
In December 2016, the unit was renamed Waymo, and made into its own separate division in Alphabet.
The name Waymo is derived from its mission, "a new way forward in mobility". Waymo moved to
further test its cars on public roads after becoming its own subsidiary.
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6. History
In 2017, Waymo sued Uber for allegedly stealing trade secrets. A court filing in lawsuit revealed Google
has spent over $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015, to be compared with the $1 billion
acquisition of Cruise Automation by General Motors in March 2016, a similar investment by Ford in a
joint venture with Argo AI in February 2017, or the $680 million for Otto's acquisition by Uber in
August 2016. Waymo and Uber settled in February 2018, with Uber granting Waymo $245 million
worth of Uber stock.
Waymo began testing autonomous minivans without a safety driver on public roads in Chandler,
Arizona, in October 2017. The company announced in January 2018 that it would begin its ride-hailing
services in the Phoenix, Arizona, area later in the year.
In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle &
Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo will use vehicle
assembler Magna to turn Jaguar I-PACE and Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans into Waymo Level 4
autonomous vehicles. Waymo subsequently decided to continue retrofitting existing car models rather
than manufacturing a new design like the Firefly.

7. How self car works?
AI technologies power self-driving car systems. Developers of self-driving cars use vast amounts of
data from image recognition systems, along with machine learning and neural networks, to build
systems that can drive autonomously.
The neural networks identify patterns in the data, which is fed to the machine learning algorithms. That
data includes images from cameras on self-driving cars from which the neural network learns to
identify traffic lights, trees, curbs, pedestrians, street signs and other parts of any given driving
environment.

8. What is Waymo?
Waymo LLC is a self-driving technology development company. John Krafcik is the CEO
of Waymo. Waymo is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Waymo originated as a project of
Google before it became a stand-alone subsidiary in December 2016.
In April 2017, Waymo started a limited trial of a self-driving taxi service in Phoenix,
Arizona. On December 5, 2018, the service launched a commercial self-driving car service
called "Waymo One"; users in the Phoenix metropolitan area use an app to request a pick-
up.

9. Mission: Waymo
Waymo’s mission is to make it safe and easy for people and
things to move around. We aim to bring fully self-driving
technology to the world that can improve mobility by
giving people the freedom to get around, and save
thousands of lives now lost to traffic crashes.

10. Why this matters?
Driving today is not as safe or enjoyable as it should be.
• 1.35 million deaths worldwide due to vehicle crashes in 2016.
• 2.4 million injuries in 2015 due to vehicle crashes
• 2 out of 3 people will be involved in a drunk driving crash in their lifetime
• 6% increase in traffic fatalities in 2016, reaching the highest point in nearly a decade
There’s a clear theme to the vast majority of these incidents: human error and inattention.
94% of crashes involve human choice or error in the US.

11. Technology
In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that
improve visibility, and wipers to clear the lidar system. Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving
hardware developed in-house. These sensors and hardware—enhanced vision system, improved radar,
and laser-based lidar—reduce Waymo's dependence on suppliers. The in-house production system
allows Waymo to efficiently integrate its technology to the hardware. In the beginning of the self-
driving car program, the company spent $75,000 for each lidar system from Velodyne. As of 2017, that
cost was down approximately 90 percent, due to Waymo designing its own version of lidar.[
Waymo officials said the cars the company uses are built for full autonomy with sensors that give 360
degree views and lasers that detect objects up to 300 meters away. Short-range lasers detect and focus
on objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around vehicles and track objects in motion. The
interior of these cars include buttons for riders to control certain functions: "Help", "Lock", "Pull over",
and "Start ride"
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12. Technology
Waymo engineers have also created a program called Carcraft, a virtual world where Waymo can
simulate driving conditions. The simulator is named after the video game World of Warcraft. With
Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas, Mountain View,
California, Phoenix, Arizona, and other cities. As of 2018, Waymo has driven more than 5 billion miles in
the virtual world.
Waymo has created partnerships with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Lyft, AutoNation, Avis, Intel, and
Jaguar Land Rover.
The Waymo project team has equipped various types of cars with the self-driving equipment, including
the Toyota Prius, Audi TT, Fiat Chrysler Pacifica, and Lexus RX450h. Google also developed their own
custom vehicle, about 100 of which were assembled by Roush Enterprises with equipment from Bosch,
ZF Lenksysteme, LG, and Continental.
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13. Technology
In May 2016, Google and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced an order of 100 Chrysler Pacifica hybrid
minivans to test the self-driving technology. Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017
and in late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the
fleet. In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of its
planned electric I-Pace cars, at an estimated cost more than $1 billion. Jaguar is to deliver the first I-
Pace prototype later in the year, and the cars are to become part of Waymo's ride-hailing service in
2020.
Waymo partnered with Intel to use Intel technologies, such as processors, inside Waymo vehicles. It has
deals with Avis and AutoNation for vehicle maintenance. With Lyft, Waymo is partnering on pilot
projects and product development.

14. Cars with self-driving features
Google's Waymo project is an example of a self-driving car that is almost entirely autonomous. It still
requires a human driver to be present but only to override the system when necessary. It is not self-
driving in the purest sense, but it can drive itself in ideal conditions. It has a high level of autonomy.
Many of the cars available to consumers today have a lower level of autonomy but still have some self-
driving features. The self-driving features that are available in many production cars as of 2019 include
the following:
Hands-free steering centers the car without the driver's hands on the wheel. The driver is still required
to pay attention.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) down to a stop automatically maintains a selectable distance between
the driver's car and the car in front.
Lane-centering steering intervenes when the driver crosses lane markings by automatically nudging
the vehicle toward the opposite lane marking.

15. Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) lays out six levels of automation,
beginning with Level 0, where humans do the driving, through driver assistance technologies up to
fully autonomous cars. Here are the five levels that follow Level 0 automation:
Level 1: An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) aid the human driver with steering, braking or
accelerating, though not simultaneously. An ADAS includes rearview cameras and features like a
vibrating seat warning to alert drivers when they drift out of the traveling lane.
Level 2: An ADAS that can steer and either brake or accelerate simultaneously while the driver remains
fully aware behind the wheel and continues to act as the driver.
Level 3: An automated driving system (ADS) can perform all driving tasks under certain circumstances,
such as parking the car. In these circumstances, the human driver must be ready to retake control and
is still required to be the main driver of the vehicle.
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16. Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
Level 4: An ADS can perform all driving tasks and monitor the driving environment in certain
circumstances. In those circumstances, the ADS is reliable enough that the human driver needn't pay
attention.
Level 5: The vehicle's ADS acts as a virtual chauffeur and does all the driving in all circumstances. The
human occupants are passengers and are never expected to drive the vehicle.

17. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
The top benefit touted by autonomous vehicle proponents is safety. A U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) and NHTSA statistical projection of traffic fatalities for 2017 estimated that 37,150
people died in motor vehicle traffic accidents that year. NHTSA estimated that 94% of serious crashes
are due to human error or poor choices, such as drunk or distracted driving. Autonomous cars remove
those risk factors from the equation -- though self-driving cars are still vulnerable to other factors, such
as mechanical issues, that cause crashes.
If autonomous cars can significantly reduce the number of crashes, the economic benefits could be
enormous. Injuries impact economic activity, including $57.6 billion in lost workplace productivity and
$594 billion due to loss of life and decreased quality of life due to injuries, according to NHTSA.
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18. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
In theory, if the roads were mostly occupied by autonomous cars, traffic would flow smoothly, and
there would be less traffic congestion. In fully automated cars, the occupants could do productive
activities while commuting to work. People who aren't able to drive due to physical limitations could
find new independence through autonomous vehicles and would have the opportunity to work in fields
that require driving.
Autonomous trucks have been tested in the U.S. and Europe to enable drivers to use autopilot over
long distances, freeing the driver to rest or complete tasks and improving driver safety and fuel
efficiency. This initiative, called truck platooning, is powered by ACC, collision avoidance systems
and vehicle-to-vehicle communications for cooperative ACC (CACC).
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19. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
The downsides of self-driving technology could be that riding in a vehicle without a driver behind the
steering wheel may be unnerving -- at least at first. But, as self-driving capabilities become
commonplace, human drivers may become overly reliant on the autopilot technology and leave their
safety in the hands of automation, even when they should act as backup drivers in case of software
failures or mechanical issues.
In one example from March 2018, Tesla's Model X sport utility vehicle (SUV) was on autopilot when it
crashed into a highway lane divider. The driver's hands were not on the wheel, despite visual warnings
and an audible warning to put his hands back on the steering wheel, according to the company.
Another crash occurred when a Tesla's AI mistook the side of a truck's shiny reflection for the sky.

20. Self-driving car safety and challenges
Autonomous cars must learn to identify countless objects in the vehicle's path, from branches and litter
to animals and people. Other challenges on the road are tunnels that interfere with the Global
Positioning System (GPS), construction projects that cause lane changes or complex decisions, like
where to stop to allow emergency vehicles to pass.
The systems need to make instantaneous decisions on when to slow down, swerve or continue
acceleration normally. This is a continuing challenge for developers, and there are reports of self-
driving cars hesitating and swerving unnecessarily when objects are detected in or near the roadways.
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21. Self-driving car safety and challenges
This problem was evident in a fatal accident in March 2018, which involved an autonomous car
operated by Uber. The company reported that the vehicle's software identified a pedestrian but
deemed it a false positive and failed to swerve to avoid hitting her. This crash caused Toyota to
temporarily cease its testing of self-driving cars on public roads, but its testing will continue elsewhere.
The Toyota Research Institute is constructing a test facility on a 60-acre site in Michigan to further
develop automated vehicle technology.
With crashes also comes the question of liability, and lawmakers have yet to define who is liable when
an autonomous car is involved in an accident. There are also serious concerns that the software used to
operate autonomous vehicles can be hacked, and automotive companies are working to
address cybersecurity risks.
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22. Self-driving car safety and challenges
Car makers are subject to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), and NHTSA reported that
more work must be done for vehicles to meet those standards.
In China, carmakers and regulators are adopting a different strategy to meet standards and make self-
driving cars an everyday reality. The Chinese government is beginning to redesign urban landscapes,
policy and infrastructure to make the environment more self-driving car-friendly. This includes writing
rules about how humans move around and recruiting mobile network operators to take on a portion of
the processing required to give self-driving vehicles the data they need to navigate. "National Test
Roads" would be implemented. The autocratic nature of the Chinese government makes this possible,
which bypasses the litigious democracy that tests are funneled through in America.

23. Making cars smarter
According to automotive trade journal Ward's Auto, there are over 1.2 billion vehicles on the road
today, with the total likely to cross over 2 billion by 2035. With all these vehicles on the road, it's no
surprise that the number fatal accidents is high. According to the World Health Organization, over 1.25
million people die each year as a result traffic accidents. Automotive manufacturers, technology
companies, and regulatory bodies are looking to AI and machine learning to help change that statistic.

24. Crashes
In June 2015, Google confirmed that there had been 12 collisions as of that time, eight of which
involved being rear-ended by another driver at a stop sign or traffic light, two in which the vehicle was
side-swiped by another driver, one of which involved another driver rolling through a stop sign, and
one where a Google employee was manually driving the car. As of July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving
cars have been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads, but Google maintains that, in all cases
other than the February 2016 incident, the vehicle itself was not at fault because the cars were either
being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault. On February 14, 2016 while
creeping forward to a stoplight, a Google self-driving car attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its
path. During the maneuver it struck the side of a bus. Google addressed the crash, saying "In this case,
we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn't moved there wouldn't have been a
collision". Some incomplete video footage of the crash is available. Google characterized the crash as a
misunderstanding and a learning experience. The company also stated "This type of misunderstanding
happens between human drivers on the road every day"
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25. Crashes
Google initially maintained monthly reports that include any traffic incidents that their self-driving cars
have been involved in. Waymo now publishes its own safety reports.
Waymo and other companies are required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents
during testing where the human driver took control for safety reasons. Some of these incidents were
not reported by Google when simulations indicate the car would have coped on its own. There is some
controversy concerning this distinction between driver-initiated disengagements that Google reports
and those that it does not report

26. Limitations
Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, at level 4 autonomy with no
one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians. However,
more testing is needed. Waymo's earlier testing has focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme
density or complicated road systems, but it has moved on to test under new conditions. As a result,
Waymo has begun testing in areas with harsher conditions, such as its winter testing in Michigan.
In 2014, a critic wrote in the MIT Technology Review that unmapped stopped lights would cause
problems with Waymo's technology and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes.
Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police
officer, are signaling the car to stop, the critic wrote. Waymo has worked to improve how its
technology responds in construction zones

27. Waymo 360° Experience: A Fully Self-Driving Journey
https://youtu.be/B8R148hFxPw

28. References
https://waymo.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/driverless-car

29. Thank You