This document provides an overview of prosthetic devices. It discusses the different types of prostheses including upper and lower extremity prostheses. The major types described are trans-humeral, trans-radial, trans-femoral, and trans-tibial prostheses. The document also outlines the typical components of a prosthesis including the socket, suspension, control system, and terminal device. Common materials used in prosthetics like metal, polymer, carbon fiber, and supporting materials are mentioned. Finally, the document discusses the different categories of upper limb prosthetic systems including passive, body powered, externally powered myoelectric, hybrid, and activity-specific prostheses.

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2. PROSTHETIC DEVICES
Presented By:
Rahul Aade
MD/2023-4/051
Department: Medical
Device
MD-520
Medical Instrumentation
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Content
 Introduction
 Types of prosthesis
 Component of prosthesis
 Material
 Upper Limb Prosthesis
 References

4. Prosthetic devices
 A prosthesis is a device designed to replace a missing part of the body
or to make a part of the body work better.
 A prosthesis is an artificial replacement for any or all parts of the
lower or upper extremities .
 It is device that designed to replace , as much as possible , the
function or appearance of a missing limb or body part.
Image from pinterest.com
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5. Prosthetic
devices
1.Upper
Extremity
prosthesis:
• Trans-humeral
• Trans-radial
2.Lower
Extremity
prosthesis:
• Trans-tibial
• Trans-femoral
Types of Prosthesis
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6. Types of prostheses
Trans-Humeral
 it is an artificial limb that replaces an arm that missing above
the elbow.
A trans-humeral prosthesis helps to replace the function of a
missing anatomical segment(s) from below the shoulder to
(and including) the hand.
Trans-humeral Prosthesis image from
indiamart.com
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7. Types of Prosthesis
Trans-Radial
Replaces an arm missing below the elbow.
Cosmetic prosthesis: is for appearance only and does not move.
Body-powered prosthesis: is connected to the body by a series of
cables.
Myoelectric prosthesis: It connects an electronic hand to the muscles in
arm.
Trans-Radial Prosthesis From
northern-orthopedic-laboratory
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8. Types of prosthesis
Trans-femoral Prosthesis
A trans-femoral prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces
any amputated limb above the knee.
The prosthesis is made from a high-quality raw material
known as polypropylene.
It is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing above the
knee.
Trans-Femoral Prosthesis Image
from ResearchGate
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9. Types of prosthesis
Trans-tibial Prosthesis:
It is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing below the
knee.
A trans-tibial prosthesis replaces the function of missing
anatomical segment(s) from below the knee to the floor. Trans-tibial Prosthesis image from
prosthetic-rehabclinic
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10. Components of prosthesis
Socket
Suspension
Control
System
Terminal
device
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Image from sciencedirect.com

11. Socket
The point at which the prosthesis is attached to the wearer’s
own body, these are cast to fit the person’s residual limb as
comfortably and securely as possible.
Today’s prosthetic sockets are made from modern plastic
and silicone materials as they offer a good mixture of
comfort and functionality for the patient.
Some of the first trans-femoral sockets were made from
wood and leather.
Socket image from Arm
Dynamics
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12. Suspension
It is for attaching socket to the body.
Harness:
made of rigid or elastic belts.
Belt suspensions are not a stable solution but can act in
synergy with other suspension systems.
Subatmospheric : suspension , based on the
regulation of negative pressures values within the
socket.
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14. Control system
 Bionic limb: is controlled by the electric signals from the
muscle and/or nerves above the level of the amputation.
 Bidirectional control: is then completed via sensation
restoration through the connection of the remaining nerves or
muscles above the level of amputation to the prosthetic device
sensors.
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Image from mdpi.com

15. Fig : Block scheme of the PNS-based control of a prosthetic system
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16. Terminal device
 This refers to the prosthetic hand at the end of the prosthesis, which
can be a hook, claw, or device that more closely resembles a hand.
 Passive TDs are used primarily for cosmetic.
 Body-powered control allows for voluntary opening (VO) or
voluntary closing (VC) of the TD, but not both.
 Externally powered TDs can have digital or proportional control
and can open or close as desired and offer the advantage of higher
grip force.
Image from researchgate.net
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17. Material
Metal
Polymer
Carbon Fiber
Supporting Material
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18. Material
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Metals:
• A variety of metals are used for prosthetics limbs; Aluminium,
Titanium, Magnesium, Copper, Steel, and many more. They are each
used in a varied amount and for various applications, either pure or
alloyed.
• Copper, iron, aluminium and nickel have all been used for the load
bearing structure in the past, but are currently used primarily as alloys
.
• Titanium It has good strength to weight ratio, good strength to density
ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, low density and it is lightweight .

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Polymers:
 Polymers are not often used for as the main load bearing structure for limbs. They are more common with
phalanges, joints, and other smaller body parts.
 Common polymers used are poly-oxymethylene (POM), which is a hard polymer, pliable polyurethane (PU),
which is much softer, and poly vinyl chloride (PVC),which is used as a coating.
Carbon Fibers:
 The properties of carbon fibers , such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance ,
high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, high specific strength and specific modulus.
 It was determined that it could be strong enough for even a heavy weight amputee.
Supporting Materials:
 Supporting materials used in prosthetics are Spenco, Poron, Nylon-‐reinforced
silicone, Nickelplast.

20. Upper limb prosthesis
Five categories of
upper limb
prosthetic system
Passive prosthesis
Body powered
prosthesis
Externally powered
myoelectric
prosthesis
Hybrid prosthesis
Activity-specific
prosthesis
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21. Passive Prosthesis
Body powered Prosthesis
Externally powered Myoelectric
Prosthesis
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22. Passive prostheses
 devices don’t offer active movement, they improve function by providing a surface for bracing and
carrying items.
 Some designs include locking joints to allow for positioning the arm or bending the fingers to hold an
object.
 Passive prostheses are often made from silicone for a natural, lifelike appearance, and can also be
created from lightweight metals and plastics that offer a high-tech look.
 Assist In balance , stabilization of object(such as holding down paper when writing),and
recreational/vocational activities.
 They look like a natural limb and are the lightest and cheapest, but they do not provide active hand and
joint movement.
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23. Body powered prosthesis
They allow the prosthetic user to control the terminal device via a harness
system that fits around the chest and shoulder.
A strap-cable system holds the prosthesis on and uses the motion of the
person’s shoulder blade and upper arm to operate the hook , hand , and / or
elbow joint.
Some systems use the opposite arm to trigger one particular function; one end
of a strap encircles the opposite arm at the armpit, and the other end connects
to a cable that controls the terminal device (hook, hand, or specialty device for
particular function).
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24. Externally powered myoelectric prosthesis
Externally powered prostheses use a battery powered electric motor to control
the terminal device, eliminating the need of a harness system.
 Sensors, embedded in the socket, pick up an EMG signal on the skin and
transfer it to a processor which controls the functions of the motor.
Provide active hand and joint movement, without needing shoulder or body
motion.
Sensors and other inputs use muscle movement of the residual limb.
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25. Hybrid prosthesis
Hybrid systems are a combination of externally and body powered prostheses.
Are typically used for higher level upper-limb amputation.
 they combines specific features of body power and myoelectric power.
For example, a body-powered elbow might be combined with an externally
powered hand or terminal device.
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26. Activity specific prostheses
Are for people who participate in activities that could damage the residual limb or
everyday prosthesis , or when the everyday prosthesis would not function
effectively.
These prostheses often include a specially design interface, socket, suspension
system, and terminal device.
Activity-specific terminal devices can allow the person to grasp a hammer and
other tools, a golf club, or baseball bat, or hold a baseball glove.
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27.  Adewuyi, A. A., Hargrove, L. J., and Kuiken, T. A. (2016). Evaluating EMG feature and classifier selection for
application to partial-hand prosthesis control. Front. Neurorobotics 10:15. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2016.00015.
 Agnew, W. F., McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G., and Bullara, L. A. (1989). Histologic and physiologic evaluation
of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: considerations for the selection of parameters. Ann. Biomed. Eng.
17,39–60. doi: 10.1007/BF02364272.
 Antfolk, C., Bjorkman, A., Frank, S. O., Sebelius, F., Lundborg, G., and Rosen, B. (2012). Sensory feedback
from a prosthetic hand based on air-mediated pressure from the hand to the forearm skin. J. Rehabil. Med. 44,
702–707.doi: 10.2340/16501977-1001
 Antfolk, C., D’Alonzo, M., Controzzi, M., Lundborg, G., Rosen, B., Sebelius, F., et al. (2013a). Artificial
redirection of sensation from prosthetic fingers to the phantom hand map on transradial amputees: vibrotactile
versus mechanotactile sensory feedback. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 21,112–120. doi:
10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2217989
Adewuyi, A. A., Hargrove, L. J., and Kuiken, T. A. (2016). Evaluating EMG feature and classifier selection for
application to partial-hand prosthesis control. Front. Neurorobotics 10:15. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2016.00015
Agnew, W. F., McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G., and Bullara, L. A. (1989). Histologic and physiologic evaluation
of electrically stimulated peripheral nerve: considerations for the selection of parameters. Ann. Biomed. Eng.
17, 39–60. doi: 10.1007/BF02364272
References
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