The document discusses various types of camera filters, including their purposes and effects. UV filters protect lenses from scratches while having a neutral color effect. Neutral density filters reduce the amount of light entering the lens to allow slower shutter speeds. Polarizing filters control polarized light to saturate colors and darken skies. Close-up filters allow focusing closer than standard lenses. Color filters were used to correct and effect colors with film but digital processing now serves those purposes.

1. A level Media Studies music video production

2.  The most popular type of general-purpose camera for
enthusiasts and professionals is the single lens
reflex (SLR). In digital photography, this type of
camera is called digital single lens reflex (DSLR).
 The SLR camera has a moveable mirror behind the
lens which reflects an image through a five-sided
prism (pentaprism) or pair of mirrors, onto a glass
screen (the viewfinder). This means the photographer
sees exactly the same image that will be exposed on
the recording medium (film or digital CCD).
 When you press the shutter button, the main mirror is
flipped out of the way, so the light passes straight
through to the recording medium as pictured below.
As you do this, you notice the image briefly disappear
from the viewfinder. There is also the familiar sound of
the "camera click" as the whole mechanism works.

3.  In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area (the
image plane illuminance times the exposure time) reaching
a photographic film or electronic image sensor, as determined by
shutter speed, lens aperture and scene luminance.

4.  Long exposure is used to
compensate for the lack of
scene luminance (f0r instance in
low light conditions such as night
photography or photography in
interiors with artificial light.Can
also be used for dramatic effect.
Short exposure is used in optimal light
conditions to “freeze” something which is
moving at great speed (such as a bird flying, a
sportsman running, a dancer, etc)

5. Camera:
Nikon D750
Lens:
Tamron 15-
30/2.8.
Aperture: f/2.8,
15mm,
ISO:
1250,
Shutter speed:
20 seconds
Camera:
Nikon D7000
Lens:
Nikon 10-24 mm.
Aperture:
f/3.5
ISO:
100
Shutter:
30 minutes

6. A sunset photograph of the sea with an exposure time of 15 seconds.The swell from the waves appears foggy.

7. A night photograph taken by moonlight with an exposure time of ten minutes.

8.  Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light,
determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales,
the most recent being the ISO system. A closely related ISO system is
used to describe the relationship between exposure and output
image lightness in digital cameras.
 Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index,
requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a
more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film.
 Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both
digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to
use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via
coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types).
 In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be.
Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or
sensor.

9.  Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to
light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed
a slow film.
 Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography,
the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced
image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types).

10.  In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the
film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when
a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph.
 The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the
exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250.

11.  The camera's film and shutter speed, the lens's aperture , and the scene's luminance together
determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor (the exposure).
 In addition to its effect on exposure, the shutter speed changes the way movement appears in
photographs.Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example
at sporting events.Very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for
effect.[2] Short exposure times are sometimes called "fast", and long exposure times "slow".

12.  In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.
More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical
system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in
the image plane.

13.  In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.
More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical
system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in
the image plane.

14.  In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels.
More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical
system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in
the image plane.
f/32 – small aperture and slow shutter f/5.6 – large aperture and fast shutter

15.  A filter is a glass or resin element which sits in front of your lens and alters the light
entering your camera.They can be used for a wide variety of uses and creative effects.
Although great things can be achieved in the digital darkroom filters still offer many
benefits to the photographer.
 In the age of digital photography, some
people believe that filters are no longer
necessary. Effects which would once have
only been possible using filters can now
be achieved in photo-editing software.
However, there is still a place for filters,
and some of the things they can be used
for can’t be replaced by photo-editing
effects.
 As well as used to alter the amount of
light entering the camera adjusting color
and creating special effects, filters offer
protection to lenses.

16.  UV filters remove ultra-violet light rays which can make shots look hazy, although this has become
less of an issue with modern digital cameras.
 UV filters are cheap to buy and there’s a good argument for saying that every lens you own should
be fitted with one.
 As they have a neutral influence on color or light levels, UV filters are a great way of protecting the
valuable elements at the front of lenses. If a filter is scratched, it’s much cheaper to replace than a
lens.

17.  A neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of
all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can
be a colorless (clear) or grey filter, and is denoted by Wratten number 96.
 The purpose of a standard photographic neutral-density filter is to reduce the amount of
light entering the lens. Doing so allows the photographer to select combinations
of aperture, exposure time and sensor sensitivity that would otherwise produce
overexposed pictures.

18.  For example, one might wish to photograph traffic or a waterfall at a slow shutter speed to
create a deliberate motion-blur effect. The photographer might determine that to obtain
the desired effect, a shutter speed of ten seconds was needed.
 On a very bright day, there might be so much light that even at minimal film speed and a
minimal aperture, the ten-second shutter speed would let in too much light, and the photo
would be overexposed. In this situation, applying an appropriate neutral-density filter is the
equivalent of stopping down one or more additional stops, allowing the slower shutter
speed and the desired motion-blur effect.

19.  Polarizers control the amount of polarized light entering a lens,
and can be used to saturate colors and darken skies. Polarizing
filters can reduced to remove reflected light from glass or water,
and have many practical uses for the photographer.
 Rotating the front of a polarizing filter regulates the effect, so they
offer great flexibility. Polarizers are a must-have for landscape
photographers, and they be used to create stunning blue skies and
beautiful clear shots of lakes and rivers.

20.  Some lenses offer a macro facility for close-
up photography, but close-up filters are a
great alternative for entering this fascinating
world. Close-up filters come in a variety of
magnification levels, and allow you to focus
more closely than a standard lens allows.
Before buying a macro lens, consider using
close-up filters as this will save you a lot of
money.

21.  By reducing the amount of light entering the lens,
neutral density filters offer a great range of options to
the creative photographer. Neutral density filters
come in a range of densities, and the greater the
density the less light can pass through. When working
in bright conditions, neutral density filters allow the
photographer to use long exposures for creative
effects. For example, the movement of water and
clouds can be illustrated with a blur of motion.
Graduated neutral density filters allow the
photographer to balance the difference in brightness
between the land and the sky.

22.  Color filters were popular in the days of film, for
correcting colors and creating special effects.
They can still be useful and/or fun to play with,
but for most applications they have been made
redundant by digital processing.
 Some filters can be screwed to the front of
lenses, so you will need different sizes if you use
a variety of lenses. Square filter systems offer
greater flexibility, and use special adaptors
which attach to the front of lenses.