4. CIRI-CIRI PASARAN PERSAINGAN
SEMPURNA (PPS)
Maklumat
sempurna
Jenis
barangan:
SAMA
(homogen)
Halangan
keluar
@masuk:
BEBAS
Bil. penjual
(&
pembeli):
RAMAI
Setiap
pembeli
/penjual:
penerima
harga (price-
taker)
5. Rajah 5: Keuntungan adalah kawasan
antara harga (P) & Kos purata (ATC)
(a) Firma yg mendapat keuntungan
Kuantiti0
Harga
P = AR = MR
ATCMC
P
ATC
Q
(kuantiti memaksimumkan untung)
Profit
i.e. Supernormal π
5
6. Rajah 6: Keuntungan adalah kawasan
antara harga (P) & Kos purata (ATC)
(b) Firma mengalami kerugian
Kuantiti0
Harga
ATCMC
(Kuantiti meminimakan kerugian)
P = AR = MRP
ATC
Q
Rugi
i.e. Subnormal π
6
7. Firma mendapat keuntungan lebih
normal dlm j/pendek
Kuantiti0
Harga
kuantiti
untung
maksima
harga
DD=AR
MR
ATC
kos
purata
keuntungan
MC
7
18. Persaingan Bermonopoli vs PPS
kuantiti0
harga
DD
(a) Firma persaingan bermonopoli
kuantiti0
Price
P = MC P = MR
(keluk
DD)
(b) Firma PPS
MC
ATC
MC
ATC
MR
Skala
effisien
P
kuantiti
Dikeluarkan
Kuantiti dikeluarkan =
Skala effisien
18
19. Spectrum of Market
Structure
Perfect
Competition
Pure
Monopoly
Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Duopoly Monopoly
The further right on the scale, the
greater the degree
of monopoly power exercised by the
firm.
Less competitive (greater degree
of imperfection)
More competitive
(fewer imperfections)
19