Electrical maintenance and its relationship to safety
Electrical Hazards on Airport
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17. HEINRICH THEORY An illustration of Heinrich’s Theory - Safety Pyramid [1] Activities Electrician receives fatal shock Electrician falls from ladder due to jerk reaction from shock Electrician receives minor burn from electric shock Electrician receives minor shock while connecting light fixture Electrician connects light fixture with circuit energized 1 Fatal 30 Lost Time Injuries 300 Recordable Injuries 30,000 Near Miss / First Aid 300,000 Hazards Unsafe Acts / At-Risk Behaviors General Safety Hazards
33. STATISTICS Taylor, A J et al. Inj Prev 2002;8:306-312 Proportion of fatal occupational electrocutions in the United States 1992-99 by month.
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39. ELECTRIC ARC Potential energy exposure – from Duke Power Heat Flux Fault current and energy generated 91,5 26,9 20000 66,8 19,6 15000 43,4 12,8 10000 34,3 10,1 8000 25,5 7,5 6000 16,8 5 4000 8,3 2,5 2000 Cal/cm 2 Cal/cm 2 (amps) Multi phase Arc enclose in box Single phase in open air Fault current
83. Alma • Gaspé • Granby • Harrington Park (NJ) • Îles-de-la-Madeleine • Jamaïque • Laval • Lévis • Longueuil • Montréal • Paris • Québec • Rimouski • Rivière du-Loup • Saguenay • Saint-Hyacinthe • Trois-Rivières
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Hinweis der Redaktion
There delegate, I'm happy to be here with you today. Sorry for my French. First , I would like thank Frenchie And Dave to give me the opportunity to speak in front of you and second I would like to give a you a little bit of background of why I was interesting in developing such topics. Some of you are aware that in 2004 a second electrician got killed at a Canadian airport, also one in St-Louis airport was killed. I start my own investigation to respond to ’’ WHY’’ in these days with all the procedure and the equipment, we still have electrical incident and people get killed. Having said that, my goal is to get everyone of you involve in raising electrical safety awareness at your work no matter what profession you are in. This presentation is the tip of an iceberg that I discover when putting together all my notes gather over years. I know that there is a lot more to say about other topics. My wish is to have some individual that will want to pursue work toward more safety in electrical installation. I will be more than happy to participate at any panel, committee or future presentation to continue this work.
Terrible accident September 30 2004, Montreal airport Electrical contractor got electrocuted during a start-up to loop an ILS (Instrument Landing System) electrical circuit Accident causes: Padlocking procedure and safety ground was not implemented correctly Working methodology was dangerous Montreal community was shock! From CSST
OSHA (occupational safety and health Administration’s)
ULTIMATE GOAL IS REALLY TO GET RIDE OF INCIDENT! ZERO TOLERANCE .
Consciousness What Where Why HOW
‘ ’ One who has skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training on the hazards involved .’’ NFPA 70 E 2004 ‘’ Means, in respect of a specified duty , a person who, because of this knowledge , training and experience , is qualified to perform that duty safely and properly. ‘’ Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulation Part 1
OFTEN TALK ABOUT ACCIDENT THAT RESULT FROM INJURIES BUT REALLY INCIDENT INCLUDE ACCIDENT. AN ELECTRIC SHOCK IS AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT. IT MUST BE REPORTED, EVEN IF IT IS NOT CREATING AN INJURY
SE CONCENTRER SUR LE TRIANGLE Bare with me for a couple of slide. It is not technical but will help you to understand what are the concept behind safety
An electrician and his apprentice were task to add a new load on a switchgear. DÉCRIRE RAPIDEMENT SCHÉMA. CLIC jusqu’après photo. WHAT HAPPEN? The electrical wiring diagram was not up to date . It then confuse the apprentice WHEN he was connecting the load
It’s like a domino game! WE WILL TALK LATER ON FACTORS HEREDITY AND SOCIAL
NEED TO GET RIDE OF THE LADDER
WE USUALLY PUT PLASTER INSTEAD OF UNDERSTANDING WHAT REALLY HAPPEN TO SEARCH FOR THE FOUNDATION OF THE PROBLEM.
By this drawing, if general safety hazards was 1 fatal to 300 recordable Injuries, then we have a factor of 30. Here for electrical it is 1 for every 10. ERIC, LA FIGURE GENERAL ET PLUS MINCE CAR NOUS AVONS MIS LA MÊME BASE DE '' RECORDABLE INJURIES'' Orange triangle was then put at the same base of recordable injuries.
3 ASPECTS THAT NEED TO BE UNDERSTOOD FOR THE SAFETY PROCESS Overlapping circles to show need for three factors
WE USUALLY WORK ON FIRST TWO (PEOPLE AND EQUIPMENT) AND WE THINK THAT THE THIRD ONE IS FOR MANAGEMENT. WRONG TAUGH! CONTROLS AND MEASUREMENT OF PROGRESS IS REALLY IMPORTANT. WE WILL DISCUSS MORE THE MANAGING SYSTEMS IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT SECTION
FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE AS WE SAW Unqualified and competence
SINCE LAST 40 years
LOOK FOR THE WET AND DRY CONDITION AND YOUR SUCEPTIBILITY OF YOUR BODY TO ELECTRICITY. A MULTIPLIER OF 1 TO 10 EXIST BETWEEN DRY AND WET CONDITION. THEN YOU ARE BETTER TO WATCH OUT ! CHARLES DELZIEL EXPERIMENT Concluded: ‘’The maximum current at which a person is able to release a conductor by commanding those muscles directly stimulated by shock.’’ ‘’ LET-GO’’ currents : - Man 9.0 ma, - Woman 6.0 ma, - Children 4.5 ma.
CURRENT VERSUS HUMAN BODY REACTION
At all time review your electrical diagram to look for other sources to be discharged - Caution : Automatic reclosing of device
Pay attention that 2 time more for non-electrical personnel voir cercle en rouge See Note, important not in the count are Arc-Flash injury but in burn INJURIES
Last 20 for light The rest (9) for : airport, neon, street
Last 20 for light The rest (9) for : airport, neon, street
Process to ionized the air. 100 psi death of person 1 MW also a stick of Dynamite but rate of expansion 1000 time faster than arc-blast (1 x 10 -3 ) Ralph H. Lee developed a theoretical model for calculation of Arc-Flash energy in 1982. He assess relation between energy produce by arcing faults, the working distance , and the potential hazard to expose workers
2 types Electro thermal burns is a direct contact with the body Electric arc generate so much energy that, by radiation we get burned. 1400 F (760 C) Burning Clothing Temperature 700-1400 F (371-760 C) Clothing Ignition Temperature 1800 F (982 C) Metal droplet
Flash Hazard Analysis - IEEE 1584 Guide 9 key steps Collect system and installation data Determine system modes of operation Determine bolted fault current Determine arc fault current Find protective device characteristic and arc duration Document system voltages and equipment class Select working distances Calculate incident energy Calculate flash protection boundary NFPA 70E provide also a method for flash calculation Establish flash protection boundary and personal protection equipment
TOUCH SAFE MEAN NOT ACCESSIBLE TO HUMAN HAND, NEED AN ACTION OR A TOOL TO GET ACCESS. Moteur est souvent connected via the nut and bolt instead of using terminal block
THE ADJUSTEMENT OF SETTING, WOULD NORMALLY BE LOWER SINCE THE FIRST INTENTION WAS TO PROTECT CABLE FOR MAX CURRENT OF CABLE BUT THE CABLE SIZE WAS TO COMPENSATE FOR VOLTAGE DROP. RL voir document de Steve pour mettre courbe
Will cover first 2 in this section. Safe work practice will be cover briefly in the next chapter
THE OBJECTIVE OF PPE IS TO PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST THOSE ELEMENTS
1910.132 general requirements, 133 eye and face, 134 respiratory, 135 head, 136 foot, 137 electrical protective device, 138 hand,
Refer back to body insulation, this increase it. Air inside, squeeze it to air in each fingers also immerge in water. ASTM D120-02a Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves Developed by Subcommittee: F18.15 1. Scope 1.1 This specification covers manufacturing and testing of rubber insulating gloves for protection of workers from electrical shock
Selection of PPE for outdoor condition is critical since material is susceptible to temperature Specification must be used for cleaning of PPE and also need one for repair.
DO not wear: Exposed zippers, button and other matal fastener also not wear rings, wristwatch, bracelet or similar object Brand name: Nomex, Indura, Kernel, Firewear
Selection of PPE for outdoor condition is critical since material is susceptible to temperature Specification must be used for cleaning of PPE and also need one for repair.
For your application refer to NFPA 70E, This is just to give you an overview. The table is much more completed in the standard. Look at last line of table. ILS live need flash suit! (category 4) CB pour Circuit breaker Hazard/Risk Category tel que previous slide
4 1 Fire Resistant (FR) Shirt and Pants 1 8 2 Cotton Underwear plus Cat 1 2 40 4 Multi-layer Flash Suit over Cat 2 4 25 3 Fire Resistant (FR) Coverall over Cat 2 3 N/A 1 Untreated Natural Fiber 0 Min. Arc rating of PPE (cal/cm 2 ) Number of layers Description Clothing Cat
1910.132 general requirements, 133 eye and face, 134 respiratory, 135 head, 136 foot, 137 electrical protective device, 138 hand, Lots and lots of development for various
IEC 1010 Overvoltage installation categories (600V or 1000V) CAT I to IV Test lead Impedance of instrument
Think about it when you it on circuitry
IMPORTANCE TO HAVE READING OF YOUR GROUNDING SYSTEM IN VARIOUS CONDITION MOISTURE TEMPERATURE SEE FACTOR Soil condition, resistivity with 15.2% moisture Soil resistivity affects directly the design of a grounding system Protective Jumpering (20E)
PROTECTIVE JUMPERING DEVICE NEED TO BE MAINTAIN AND CHECK FOR RESISTANCE VALUE Future Wire color, inspection Protective Jumpering Image??? MAT à voir Step potential and touch potential
Over complicate, too much forms, over years tendacy to accumulate to respond to management, you may have to review it, good example out there exist Safety program six basic element Management must have complete commitment to the program; Effective training for all degrees of hazards and a baseline for the training must be established; Effective and complete safe electrical work practices must be established; Documentation must be kept for all activities; Electrical safety engineering support must be made; Oversight for the electrical safety program must be establish.
LEGAL STUFF! Case history will help us to understand and react for procedure to be reviewed, manufacturer specification or construction be modified, worker protection improvement, … ALSO SERVED HAS EDUCATION MATERIAL
REVOIR ETS ASFAL et (ref 12)
Department of Labor - OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction. Lots of info and very complicated since interrelation among them OSHA General industry PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1910.137 .260 PROHIBIT CLOTHING THAT INCREASE THE EXTANT OF INJURY REVOIR ETS ASFAL et (ref 12)
ANSI pour american national safety institute ASTM american society for testing and materials
ANSI pour american national safety institute ASTM american society for testing and materials
for item 4 ALSO SEE RL REFERENCE 50A
Quality of incident data Influence educator and trainer Writers of codes, standards and regulation Decision make establishing safety related goals and objective Manufacturer influence there product Designer, engineer and electrician Revoir 50F
ANSI pour american national safety institute ASTM american society for testing and materials
ANSI pour american national safety institute ASTM american society for testing and materials
OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration NEC National Electrical Code NESC National Electrical Safety Code will cover that in standards section
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