This presentation contains the history & first car era and evolution of automobiles based on the following i) vehicle superstructure ii) Fuel supply system iii) Steering systems iv) Suspension systems v) Braking systems vi) Drive units vii) Safety features viii) Autonomous vehicle
1. Journey of Modern Cars
- Accelerating Through Past
Prepared by
L.Karthikeyan, AP/Mechanical
M.Ashok kumar, AP(SG)/Mechanical
Dr.S.Rajakarunakaran, Prof & HoD/Mechanical
Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam
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2. Journey of Modern Cars
- Accelerating Through Past
Source:
https://blog.mahindrafirstchoice.com/new-
generation-cars-vs-late-1900s-cars/
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3. a. History & First car era
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7. Specification of first car engine
Source: https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/24-681/handouts/mesh-based%20modeling/first-car.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_track
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine
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9. 1. Vehicle superstructure: Source:
https://carpart.com.au/blog/educa
tional/where-can-i-buy-car-body-
parts-in-australia
Functions
Accommodation for driver & passengers
Protection against wind & weather
Degree of Comfortness
Requirements
Strong enough
Max. torsional stiffness
Max. Structural strength
Main Parts
Bonnet
Curved windscreen
Wind screen pillar / Body sill / Door pillars
Boot & Floor panels
Materials
Steel/cast iron/ Aluminium/ Copper/Zinc/glass/Polymers
Styling forms & role of stylist
Attractive / functional
Visual impacts/ Ergonomics Source: http://wired-tree.gianfrancochiarelli.it/
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10. Car body types:
Sedan
Hyundai accent/ Mercedes A – sedan/
Honda civic
Hatchback
Suzuki swift/ Volkswagen golf
Sports-utility vehicle (SUV)
Honda Vezel/ Toyota land cruiser
Multi – purpose vehicle (MPV)
Renault triber/ Mahindra Marazzo
Coupe
Mercedes CLS/ Audi TT coupe
Pickup type
Ford raptor/ Ford ranger
Convertible
BMW Z4/ Porsche 911 Carrera
Cabriolet
Reference: https://www.motorist.sg/article/722/the-different-types-of-car-body-styles-explained
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11. Wood beginnings to Fiber body
Source: https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/from-
smartphones-to-cars-rush-to-build-evs-catch-up-with-tech-
companies-41620198912729.html
Source: https://www.fuelexpress.net/blog/general-
information/evolution-car-body/
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12. Aerodynamics: (New wave of car design)
Deals with a solid body moving through atmosphere and the interaction which takes place.
Depends on varying wind speeds and wind direction.
Size & shape of the vehicle
Source: https://carbuzz.com/news/evolution-of-
aerodynamics-origins-of-the-first-supercars
Source:http://wwwmdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_onl
y/aero/fprops/introvisc/node11.html
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13. Features incorporated to aerodynamics?
Large corner radii on the front section
Low level front skirts
Fairings above and behind the driver’s cab
Aerodynamically shaped mirrors
Enclosed steps
https://blogs.3ds.com/simulia/exam
ination-future-truck-aerodynamics/
https://allfitautomotive.com/blog/car-lip-spoilers-
the-advantages-and-disadvantages-blog/
https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/usa/article/detail/T0081980
EN_US/bmw-performance-carbon-fiber-aerodynamic-
components-for-m3?language=en_US
https://thenewswheel.com/what-is-that-tiny-
button-on-the-car-door-handle/
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16. Evolution of Fuel Injection
Source: https://rojakdaily.com/btw/article/10556/proton-x50-s-1-5t-engine-vs-15tgdi-engine-what-s-the-difference
https://makeagif.com/gif/en-bosch-gasoline-direct-injection-Yh-nCR
PFI – Port Fuel Injection GDI – Gasoline Direct Injection
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17. 3. Steering systems
https://resource-center.meineke.com/when-
power-steering-goes-out/
A small effort at the steering wheel is multiplied into a larger
effort at the steering linkage
The steering ratio - A typical rotation 16:1 (In order to turn the
front wheels by one degree the steering wheel has to rotated
16 degrees.
Light sports car – 12:1
Large heavy automobile – 20:1
Small commercial cars – 17:1
https://www.quora.com/When-pinon-teeth-increase-in-the-rack-and-pinon-steering-mechanism-what-happens
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18. Evolution of Steering systems:
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-03346-9_20.pdf
http://www.diciitbbs.com/technology/
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19. Evolution of Steering systems:
Hydraulic Power Steering
Electric Power Steering
Electronic Power Steering
https://www.knowyourparts.com/technical-resources/electrical/electronic-power-steering/
http://www.diciitbbs.com/technology/
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20. 4.Suspension systems:
To safe guard the passenger and goods against road
shocks.
To prevent the road shock from getting transmitted to
the vehicle body.
To preserve the stability of the vehicle while in
motion.
To provide proper road hold when driving cornering
and braking.
To maintain proper steering geometry.
To keep the body perfectly in proper level while
traveling on an uneven path.
To bear the torque and braking reaction.
To provide suitable riding and cushioning properties
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/326229566734234078/
Un sprung weight < Sprung weight (better riding)
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21. Brief History?
Horse carriage – Double leaf spring with dead axle
Beginning of twentieth century
1903 – Morse from Germany fitted a car with shock absorber
1920 – leyland uses torsion bar
1922 – independent front suspension on the lancia lambda
1932 – independent suspensions come to play
1934 – Citreon of france launched its car 7CV (Front drive & Ind Susp)
1949 – Triump Mayflower introduces combined coil & dampers
1950 – Ford adopted strut independent front suspension on MK 1
Citreon uses hydro pneumatic suspension
Today's high speed, sleek automobile owe a lot to the development that took place like the tiny hammer
blows of an artist that chisel out a piece of art
https://www.weaverwagons.com/wagons/p
arade-trail-wagons
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22. Types of suspension springs:
• Steel springs
• Leaf springs
• Tapered leaf springs
• Coil springs
• Torsion bar
• Rubber springs
• Compression springs
• Compression-shear springs
• Steel reinforced springs
• Progressive springs
• Face shear spring
• Air springs
• Bellow type springs
• Piston type springs
• Plastic springs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring https://grimmermotors.co.nz/car-coil-
springs-repair-replacement/
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/81/16/20/8116203
ab213c78476774651eb312936.jpg
https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/mechani
cal_components/springs/air_springs
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23. 5.Braking systems:
Vehicle to rest in a shortest possible distance
To stop the vehicle
To control speed (When and Where required quickly and
efficiently)
To control the speed in slope (Descending)
To keep the vehicle in the required position after
bringing it to rest even when the operator is not present
https://carsafetyphysics.weebly.com/history-of-
brakes.html
https://www.yourmechanic.com/article/how-drum-
brakes-work
https://www.atlantictireonline.com/4-types-of-
car-brakes/
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24. Recent trends in braking:
Disc brake with ABS
https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/01/media-post-
advantages-and-disadvantages-of-anti-lock-brakes/
ABS With Traction control
http://www.khandallahgarage.co.nz/abs-traction-stability-control.php
Electronic brake distribution (EBD)
https://autobuzz.my/2018/02/14/electronic-brake-force-distribution-ebd/
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27. 7.Safety features:
1900-1960’s
1903 – Wiper blades
1911 – Rear view mirrors were used for the first time
1914 - Turning indicators / ‘Auto-signalling arm’
1927 – Laminated glass, or safety glass
1934 – General Motors performed the first ever crash test.
1947 – The Tucker Sedan was the first car with padded dashboards
1949 – The first ever crash test dummy was created by Samuel W.
Alderson
1951 - Walter Linderer created the airbag
1952 – Mercedes Benz engineer Bela Barenyi invented the crumple zone
concept
1953 – Jaguar and Dunlop make a breakthrough with more reliable
Caliper-Type disc brakes
1959 – Volvo introduce Nils Bohlin’s three-point seatbelt
Ref: https://www.theaa.com/breakdown-cover/advice/evolution-of-car-safety-features
https://www.spinny.com/blog/index.php/indias-
automobile-safety-standards/
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28. Safety features:
1960-1970’s
1963 – The inertia-reel seatbelt was introduced by Excelsior Motor Company, allowing the seatbelt to re-adjust to
the passenger’s preference. Intermittent wipers are also introduced.
1966 – The Jensen FF became the first car to feature the anti-lock braking system that was previously used in
aircrafts.
1968 – The first Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards in the US make it mandatory to have collapsible steering
columns, side marker lights, and front-seat shoulder belts in all vehicles.
1990’s Electronic systems being installed in our cars.
1991 – Volvo introduces its side impact protection system,
1994 – Volvo introduces side impact air bags
1995 – Mercedes-Benz and Bosch introduce electronic stability control (ESC)
https://www.theaa.com/breakdown-cover/advice/evolution-of-car-safety-features
https://www.volvocars.com/en-
th/support/manuals/xc60/2020w17/safety/airbag
s/side-airbags 28
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29. Safety features:
After 2000’s:
(Five-star safety rated car with computer technology)
Blind spot information system
Autonomous emergency braking system
Anti-skid system
Forward collision warning
Pedestrian detection system
Lane departure warning system
Safety exit Assist
Adaptive head lights
Facial recognition
https://gomechanic.in/blog/modern-car-safety-features/
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30. What is 5 star rating of car? Global NCAP crash test
Star ratings indicate the level of safety a vehicle provides for occupants and
pedestrians in the event of a crash, as well as its ability — through technology —
to avoid or minimize the effects of a crash.
NCAP safety ratings are determined based on a series of internationally
recognized, independent crash tests and safety assessments – involving a range of
destructive physical crash tests, an assessment of on-board safety features.
Vehicles are evaluated against four key areas:
• Adult Occupant Protection (AOP)
• Child Occupant Protection (COP)
• Vulnerable Road User Protection (VRU)
• Safety Assist (SA)
To achieve the maximum 5 star ANCAP safety rating, a vehicle must perform to
the highest level across all crash tests and assessments.
https://www.ancap.com.au/safety-ratings-explained
https://www.globalncap.org/
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31. 8. Autonomous vehicle:
Summary of levels of driving automation for on-road vehicles according to SAE
Capable of sensing its environment and operating human involvement
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/advanced-driver-assistance-systems 31
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33. Dated : 30/09/2021
1. Registration Number :
L-108017/2021
2. Name, address and nationality of the applicant : L.KARTHIKEYAN , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT,
TAMILNADU-626117-626117
INDIAN
3. Nature of the applicant's interest in the copyright of the work : AUTHOR
4. Class and description of the work : LITERARY/ DRAMATIC WORK THIS WORK DESCRIBES
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN CARS AND ITS
TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
5. Title of the work : JOURNEY OF MODERN CARS - ACCELERATING THROUGH
PAST
6. Language of the work : ENGLISH
7. Name, address and nationality of the author and if the author is
deceased, date of his decease
: L.KARTHIKEYAN , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
M.ASHOK KUMAR , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
S.RAJAKARUNAKARAN , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
8. Whether the work is published or unpublished : UNPUBLISHED
9. Year and country of first publication and name, address and
nationality of the publisher
: N.A.
10. Years and countries of subsequent publications, if any, and names,
addresses and nationalities of the publishers
: N.A.
11. Names, addresses and nationalities of the owners of various rights
comprising the copyright in the work and the extent of rights held
by each, together with particulars of assignments and licences, if
any
: L.KARTHIKEYAN , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
M.ASHOK KUMAR , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
S.RAJAKARUNAKARAN , DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJAPALAYAM, VIRUDHUNAGAR-626117
INDIAN
12. Names, addresses and nationalities of other persons, if any,
authorised to assign or licence of rights comprising the copyright
: N.A.
13. If the work is an 'Artistic work', the location of the original work,
including name, address and nationality of the person in possession
of the work. (In the case of an architectural work, the year of
completion of the work should also be shown).
: N.A.
14. If the work is an 'Artistic work' which is used or capable of being
used in relation to any goods or services, the application should
include a certification from the Registrar of Trade Marks in terms of
the provision to Sub-Section (i) of Section 45 of the Copyright Act,
1957.
: N.A.
15. If the work is an 'Artistic work', whether it is registered under the
Designs Act 2000 if yes give details.
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16. If the work is an 'Artistic work', capable of being registered as a
design under the Designs Act 2000.whether it has been applied to an
article though an industrial process and ,if yes ,the number of times
it is reproduced.
: N.A.
17. Remarks, if any :
Diary Number : 19664/2021-CO/L
Date of Application : 16/08/2021
DEPUTY REGISTRAR OF COPYRIGHTS
