HETEROSIS IN COTTON

1. Heterosis & Exploitation in Cotton and
Rape seed R.P . Maurya
M.Sc. Ag. G&P.B 3rd
sem.
Deptt . of G & P.B04-12-2017 R.P.M 1

2. CONTENTS
COTTON
• Introduction
• Botany Of Crop
• Heterosis
• Hybrid seed production
• Future Prospects of cotton
RAPE SEED or MUSTRAD
• Taxonomic classification
• Floral biology
• Triangle of U
• Breeding objective
• Hybrid seed production
• Current status of heterosis
• Sources of CGMS
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3. Introduction
• Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or
protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants
• It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of more than
80countries.
• Cotton is the king of fibers, usually referred as white gold
• The plant is shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions
around the world, including the America, Africa ,and India.
• The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in
Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa.
• Cotton was independently domesticated in old and new
world
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4. Used in cotton
• The chemical composition of cotton
cellulose -91.00%
Water- 7.85%
Pectin's- 0.55%
waxes, fatty substances -0.40%
mineral salts- 0.20%
• Long cotton fiber are spur into thread for textile
• Short cotton fibers a, provide cellulose used for, cellophane ,rayon
photographic film, nail polish, solid fuel rockets, chewing gums etc
• crushed cotton seed yields a useful vegetable oil and the meal from
crushed seeds are used as a cattle feed, fish bait, and organic fertilizer.
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5. AREA, PRODUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY
• India is the only country in the world where all the four cultivated
species are grown on commercial scale.
• In India area is coverageis
• 45% - hybrids,
• 30% - upland cotton and
• 24.7% - diploid species
• G.barbadense is grown on a very little area (0.3%) in the state of
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
• G.Herbaceum is limited to the states of Gujarat and Karnataka.
• G.hirsutum and G.arboreum are grown in all the major cotton growing
states in India
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6. In INDIA
Maharashtra stands first in area
41.92 lakh ha
Gujarat stands first in production
125 lakh bales
Tamil Nadu stands first in productivity
1214 kg/ha
Total Production in India
30.15 million bales
Total area under grow cotton in India
11.8 million ha Source : Cotton corporation of India
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7. •
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9. ORIGIN AND HISTORY
• Cotton has been cultivated in the Indus Valley of more then 5000
years. The excavations of Mohen-jo-daro indicates a high degree
of art in spinning and weaving with cotton at time.
• It finds mention in the Rig-Veda
• Cotton spread from India to Egypt and then to Italy
Genus Gossypiumis originated in Central Africa
G. arboreum and G. Herbaceum origin in Asia
G. barbadense origin in Egypt
G. hirsutum origin in America Ancestor : G.herbaceum (AA) and
G.raimondii (DD)
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10. SPECIES OF COTTON
• The genus Gossypium which belong to the family malvaceae and the
tribe Gossypieae.
• Although the genus has approximately 50 species, including 43
diploids and 6 allotetraploids.
• Only four of them are cultivated and remaining 46 species are
distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics of the world in wild
form.
• The wild species of Gossypium are important source of useful traits
such as special and superior fiber properties.
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11. Characters of breeding value found in different species.
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13. Cultivated species
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14. Gossypium herbaceum
• Genome : A1
• Ploidy level : 2n=2x=26
• Distribution : Afghanistan
• Key character for identification
Bushy annual.
Bracteoles flaring widely from the flower bud, usually broader than long, upper
margin usually serrated into 6-8 teeth.
 Capsule small, round with 3-4locules
• Some varieties: G 67, K-7, kalyani, Sanjay etc
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15. Gossypium arboreum
• Genome :- A2
• Ploidy level :- 2n=2x=26
• Distribution :- Indo-Burma, China and Arab
• Key character for identification
Bracteoles closely investing the flower bud ,entire or with
3-4 coarse teeth near the apex, longer than broad.
Capsule round to tapering with 3-4 loculi.
• Some varieties: Shyamali , Western-1, D46-2-1,231-R.
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16. Gossypium hirsutum
Known as upland cotton or Mexican cotton is the most widely planted species
of the cotton ,constituting worldwide some 90% of all production for this
species;
• Genome : (AD)1
• Ploidy level : 2n=4x=52
• Distribution : America
• Key character for identification:-
Flower yellow and petal spot usually absents
• Some Varieties : Laxmi and Gujarat 67 320F, H14,
Indore-1, laxmi, Krishna,Narbada.
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17. •
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18. Gossypium barbadense
it contributes about 8% of total cotton production.
• Genome : - (AD)2
• Ploidy level :- 2n=4x=52
• Distribution: -America
• Key character for identification:
Corolla yellow, size 4.5-5.5 cm, petal spot present
• Some Varieties:- Sujata , Andrew etc.
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20. Floral biology of cotton
COROLLA :-
• Bright yellow
• 5 petals
ANDROECIUM:-
• Numerous stamens
• Anthers arranged in five rows on staminal tube
• GYNOECIUM
• Pistils consists of 3-5 carpels
• Ovary develops into a capsule or bole
• Each locule have 8-12 ovules
• 5-9 ovules matures
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21. Stages of cotton development
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22. POLLINATION
• Self Pollinated crop because pollen is shed directly on stigma
•Cross pollination due to insects
•Cross pollination ranges from 5-25% sometimes exeeds50% Hence
cotton is an often cross pollinated crop
•Fertilization is completed in 36-40 hrs after pollination
•6 to 8 weeks from first flower to ripe fruit
•Fruit is boll
•Young fruit or fruit bud is called a square
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23. Heterosis
• First reported by Mell in 1894 in F1 hybrid between G.
hirsutum and G. barbadense.
• Hua et al . (1963) reported heterosis in F1 between upland
and Sea island Cotton.
• Miller and Lee (1964) produced 22 top cross hybrids of G.
hirsutum species and found that the magnitude of
heterosis was high for lint yield, medium for boll size and
low for lint outturn and various fibre properties.
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24. • Chandrakant T. Patel was mainly responsible for hybrid
cotton revolution in India. He is known as Father of Hybrid cotton
• Hybrid -4, the first commercial hybrid, was released
By him in 1970.
Hybrid -4 = (Gujarat-67 X American Nectarless )
at Gujarat Agricultural University
• India was the first country to commercially
Cultivated intra hirsutum hybrid
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25. • Two years after the release of “H4”, the world’s first interspecific
hybrid between G.hirsutum and G.barbadense was released from
the cotton Research Station, UAS Bangalore
“Varalaxmi”.
Interspecific :(G.hirsutum x G.barbadense)
• Laxmi x SB 289E = Varalakshmi
• Initially, Varalaxmi was released for cultivation in Karnataka state, but
later on spread to other states such as TN, AP and Maharashtra
under irrigated areas.
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26. Hybrid seed Production
 There are two methods of hybrid seed production
• 1-Conventional Hybrid
• Three steps in conventional hybrid
• A- Identification and growing of male and female parent
• B-Emasculation of female parent
• C- Pollination of female parent with identified male parent.
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27. Emasculation and crossing techniques
•Hand emasculation
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29. ISOLATION DISTANCE
The cotton hybrid seed production plot should have 30
m isolation distance on all sides from other fields.
The isolation distance between parents should be
minimum 5 m.
The other field standards to be met for certification
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30. 2-Male-sterility based hybrids
A-Genetic male sterility
• GMS lines are inheritance and controlled by one or two pairs of
nuclear recessive or dominant genes.
• Weaver (1968) has been identified in Gregg MS 399(G . hirsutum)
conditioned by two pair recessive gene ms5ms5 ms6ms6
• Quisenberry and kohel identified a ms2 line in monogenic recessive gene
• Male sterile and male fertile plants in the ratio of 1:1 (male sterile:
male fertile plants
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32. B:-Cytoplasmic Genetic Male sterility
• 1) Maintenance of MS' A 'line : A' CMS lines X 'B'
isogenic line for pollen fertility
• 2) Maintenance of 'B ‘line ) : Selfing since pollen is fertile
• 3) Maintenance of ‘R’ line : Selfing since pollen is fertile
• 4) Hybrid seed production : A X R
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33. IMPORTANT VARIETIES and HYBRID
Central Zone
• G.hirsutum - Khandwa 2, Khandwa 3 and Vikram
• G.arboreum - Maljari and Jawahar Tapti
North zone
• G.hirsutum - LH 900, F846, Vikas and F 1378
• G.arboreum - G.27, LD 491,and Lohit
South Zone
• G.hirsutum - Kanchana, LK 861, L 603
• G.arboreum - Srisailam, Mahanandi are currently under cultivation
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34. CURRENT STATUS
• In India Total area = 12.65 mha
Out of this Bt cotton occupeice 11.6 mah
i.e 94.75 % of cotton area
(ISAAA report on GM crops 2014-15)
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35. FUTURE PROSPECTUS
1. Development of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
(CGMS) based hybrids for irrigated and rainfed
conditions.
2. Development of hybrids and varieties suitable for
machine picking.
3. In North zone, upland cotton varieties resistant to leaf
curl virus for northern zone.
4. Development of cotton cultivars suitable for
late sowing.04-12-2017 R.P.M 35

36. 6. High yielding and good quality varieties and hybrids of
naturally coloured cotton.
8. There is demand from some countries like Germany and
U.K. for organic cotton. Hence, there is need to develop
varieties and hybrids of cotton suitable for organic
cultivation.
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38. RESEARCH AGENCY IN WORLD AND INDIA,
Central Institute for Cotton Research
Nagpur
International Cotton Advisory Committee
(ICAC),Washington D.C
All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement
Project (AICCIP) 1967 - Nagpur
Central institute for cotton research and
Technology Mumbai
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39. Heterosis in rapeseed & mustard
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40. INTRODUCTION
• RAPE SEED AND MUSTRED is an important group of edible oil
seed crops , next only groundnut in India
• The oil content varies from 37-49%
• Oilseed cake is used for cattlefeed and manure
• Cropped area 24.7% and contribution 22.9%to the oilseeds
production
• Four species cultivated in India but mainly B . juncra 85%(Raj
,U.P, Assam, M.P , Bihar, Orissa and W.B )
• B . napus and B. carinata is limited area under irrigated area in
Punjab Haryana Raj , U. P.
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41. Taxonomic Classification
• Family: Brassicaceae( Cruciferae )
• Genus: Brassica
Sr No Species Common Name Local Name
1 Brassica juncea Indian mustard Rai or Laha
2 B.juncea Rugosa Pahari Rai
3 B.nigra Black mustard Banarasi Rai
4 B.campestrisvar. yellow mustard Turnip rape Yellow Sarson
5 B.campestris var brown mustard Turnip rape Brown Sarson
6 B.campestris var Torai Indian rape Toria/Lahi
7 B.rapa White mustard Ujli Sarson04-12-2017 R.P.M 41

42. Triangle of U
• The theory was first published in 1935 by Woo Jang-choon (a Korean-
Japanese botanist who was working in Korea (where his name was
Japanized as "Nagaharu U").
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43. Brassica juncea Brassica nigra Brassica compestris
Brassica rapa Brassica carinata Brassica carinata
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44. Floral biology of mustard
• Flower of mustard and rapeseed are normally cream yellow
and deep yellow in colour
• In case of mustard flowering occurs 30 – 35 days after sown
except B. napus
• Stamens are founded in in 2 bundles
• 4 short stamen in one bundle and 2 long stamen in another
bundle hence, it is called as tetradinomous
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45. Floral biology of mustard
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46. Current status of heterosis in mustard
• Heterosis up to 40 to 70% in seed yield of hand made
of single crosses has been reported in B. napus
• Patnaik and Murti (1978)reported 42.5% heterosis
B.compestris var. brown sarson
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47. POLLINATION CONTROL MECHANISM
• A Self-incompatibility:-
Banga et al . etc. 1987 Introgression of S-alleles from B. rapa by interspecific
hybridization has been achieved in B . Napus
Mackey 1977 achieved in B .juncea
SI based hybrids of B . napus have been released in CANADA &
CHAINA
• B MALE STERILITY :- S. Prakash ·V. L. Chopra cytoplasmic male-sterility
system has been developed in mustard (Brassica juncea) following
repeated back crossings of the somatic hybrid Moricandia arvensis.
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48. • C . Genetically engineered male sterility GEMS :-
Mariani et al. 1992 Transgenic male sterility plants of
Brassica napus variety Drakkar were linked to the “bar” gene
coding for PPT acetyl transferase and were resistant to
herbicide PPT.
• D Chemical hybridizing agents :-
Banga et al 1986 used chemical DPX 3778,ETHREL,
and GA3 for induce pollen sterility .
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49. Sources of CGMS in brassica
• Raphanus based or Ogura
• Bronowski –shiga- thompsons system
• Nigra based system
• Diplotaxis muralis system
• Tournefortis system
• Juncea system
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50. Hybrid seed production
• In brassica using three line system A line, B line and R line
• Ratio 6 ; 2 or 4 : 2 with 4 border rows
Isolation distance :
In case of self pollination spp.
50 meter foundation seed
25 meter certified seed
For incompatible spp.
• 100 meter foundation seed
• 50 meter certified seed
Rouguing
3 rougings are reqired
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51. Varieties Of Rapeseed And Mustard
• Toria Varieties:-
T- 36 (Yellow), Sangam , T 9 (Black), Gaurani (B54)
• Yellow Mustard Varieties:-
T-151, Vinay (B-9), K-88.
• Rai Varieties:-
T-59 (Varuna), Kranthi, Krishna, Rohini (KRB24) Vaibhav
(PK1481), Laha (101)
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52. References:-
1. Singhal N.C. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN FIELD CROPS
2. Banga and Banga ,Hybrid Cultivar Development
3. Mukharjee B.K. The heterosis phenomena, Kalyani Publishers
4. Central Institute for Cotton Research portal ( Nagpur)
5. ISAAA.org
6. Online Resources
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