Empfohlen
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Was ist angesagt? (20)
Ähnlich wie Daniel Rodriguez - High yielding wheat in the northern region
Ähnlich wie Daniel Rodriguez - High yielding wheat in the northern region (20)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
Daniel Rodriguez - High yielding wheat in the northern region
- 1. High yielding wheat in the northern region Ariel Ferrante, James Mclean, Joseph Eyre, Martin Bielich, QAAFI Centre for Plant Sciences Barbara George-Jaeggli, Andrew Skerman, Jan Wood, Greg McLean DAF Daniel Rodriguez
- 2. Take home message • Need to match nitrogen supply to water supply • Testing for mineral nitrogen at sowing and adjusting rates accordingly pays in terms of both profits and risks • N supply determines how efficient you will be at using available water • Mind the trade offs between N rates, profits and risks ISW + ICR Total available water x N supply Water use efficiency = Grain yield and protein content
- 3. Decision points 1. Are N fertilisers needed? ! soil tests + modifiers: rotation, fallow length, ISW, cultivar, SOI, gut 2. How much is needed? !What are the likely profits & risks? 3. What is the best way to get it? ! Fertilisers, rotation with legumes, green manures
- 4. Yield gaps Yieldlevel Determined by climate, planting date, cultivar and water supply 80% of Yw Average farm yield Exploitable yield Achievable yield Exploitable yield gap Yw
- 5. Leaf and tiller emergence Leaf area index Light interception Crop biomass Crop yield HI Maturity type, tillering capacity.25 Sowing time, density, N, P Weeds, pests, diseases Leaf angle distribution Water or N stress tolerances Water stress, N stress, diseases, frost Water stress, N stress, diseases, pests, frost, lodging RUE WUE Grain # Grain weight Thermal time #leaves # leaves LAI LAI LightInt. Light Int. Biomass Biomass Yield H arvest Index R U E Thermal time #leaves # leaves LAI LAI LightInt. Light Int. Biomass Biomass Yield Water use W U E Thermal time #leaves # leaves LAI LAI LightInt. Light Int. CGRCS Grain#
- 6. S Em Ant PMHd H TimeDRFI TS Floret initiation Floret death Grain set Leaf initiation Spike growth Stages Grain fillingSpikelet Initiation Grain filling stage Leaf initiation Stem growth Reproductive stageVegetative stage Ear growth Stem growth Shoots/m2 Florets/ear Grain weight Yield formation Yield = grain number x grain weight Grain number = ears/m2 x Grains/ear Grain number
- 7. Yield is primarily a function of grain number while grain size is secondary r2 = 0.83 n = 845 Grain number (m-2 ) 0 10000 20000 30000 Yield(kg/ha) 0 5000 10000 15000 r2 = 0.10 Grain size (mg) 0 20 40 60 80 Yield formation Yield = grain number x grain weight Grain number = ears/m2 x Grains/ear
- 8. Yield formation Grain number = ears/m2 x Grains/ear Zhang et al 2010 • We need 1 ear/m2 for every 1mm available water to realize their water- limited potential yield up to 6 t/ha Water used (mm) = ISW + ICR Dalby • 230mm May – October • 100mm at sowing
- 9. Anthesis Physiological maturity Wheat Maize Sowing Crop cycle Grainnumber Soybean Sunflower unstressed control100% Calviño & Monzon 2009 Yield formation Grain number = ears/m2 x Grains/ear
- 10. after flowering sowing to stem elongation stem elongation to flowering Yield formation Where to invest? Sadras, 2014
- 11. Pre-crop management Long term history Sequence Fallow 3+ years 1 year 0.5 years In-season Management Genetics • Sowing date • Variety • Density • Tiller / residue • Fertilisation • Plant protection Increase soil water capture and storage Crop vigour / reduce evaporation losses Canopy management / harvest index • Soil structure • Soil fertility • Weed seed bank • Diseases • Nitrogen • Water • Weeds • Weed control • Stubble • Grazing Management influence Kirkegaard and Hunt, 2010
- 12. In-crop management Kirkegaard and Hunt, 2010
- 13. Yield and nitrogen demand Nitrogen supply determines water use efficiency Total crop water supply determines grain yield WUE(kg/mm) N supply (kg N /ha) Grainyield(kg/ha) Water supply One third Two thirds Full
- 14. N investment decision known Dalby (Black vertosol – Bongeen) Steps 1. Measure soil water at planting e.g. 144mm 2. Measure soil NO3-N at planting e.g. 60kg N/ha 3. Decide on how much to invest in N fertiliser e.g. 100kg N/ha 4. Expected Yield = 15kg/mm * (144mm + 155mm) ~ 4.4t/ha WUE(kg/mm) N supply (kg N /ha) 160kg N/ha Dalby airport median rainfall May-Sept = 155mm http://www.australianclimate.net.au/ CliMate
- 15. N investment based on target yield and protein content (DAF method)Grainyield(kg/ha) Water supply One third Two thirds Full Dalby (Black vertosol – Bongeen) Steps 1. Measure soil water at planting e.g. 144mm 2. Measure soil NO3-N at planting e.g. 60kg N/ha 3. Select target yield and protein 4. Calculate N demand N (kg N/ha) = (Yield * % Protein * 10 / 5.7) * 1.7 N (kg N/ha) = (4.4t/ha * 11.5% * 10/5.7 )* 1.7 = 150 N fert (kg N/ha) = N demand – ISN = 90kg N/ha Fraction of N in wheat protein Multiplier from field trials
- 16. Smart N decisions by Howard Cox howard.cox@daf.qld.gov.au
- 17. • There are differences between cultivars in terms of yield and protein yield • At present prices each % increase in protein above 11.5% is equivalent to only 30kg of wheat 0 200 400 600 800 0 2 4 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 r2=0.60; P= 0.0029 y= -0.01x+18.0 Suntop( ) r2=0.31; P= 0.0592 y= -0.01x+16.8 Spitfire( ) Gc1 Gc2 Gc3 Gc4 Gc5 Gc6 Suntop Spitfire IrrigatedRainfed Protein(%) yield (g m-2) 0 5 10 15 20 Spitfire Suntop Protein(%) N150N0 N300 Rainfed N150N0 N300 Irrigated N0 N150 N300N0 N150 N300 Spitfire Suntop Yield and protein
- 18. usand US$ ha-1 ) 3 4 5 A B Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Nitrogencostorwheatprice(AU$t -1 ) 0 1000 2000 Ratio 0 2 4 6 nitrogen cost wheat price nitrogen:wheat ratio C D Yield(tha -1 ) 2 4 6 SP Ymax Pmax Umax MC Profits and risks: Dalby Item Cost Wheat Price(2015/16) 250$/t Variable cost 164$/ha (excluding N fertilizer) Fertilizer 1.24$/kg !
- 19. Profits and risks: Dalby Same N fertilisation every year irrespective of initial conditions 100kgN/ha
- 20. Profits and risks: Dalby N fertilisation decided based on soil water at sowing 100kgN/ha 70-80kgN/ha
- 21. Profits and risks: Dalby N fertilisation decided based on mineral soil nitrogen at sowing 100kgN/ha 70-80kgN/ha 50-60kgN/ha
- 22. Take home message • Need to match nitrogen supply to water supply • N supply determines how efficient you will be at using available water • Testing for mineral nitrogen at sowing and adjusting rates accordingly pays in terms of both profits and risks • Mind the trade offs between N rates, profits and risks ISW + ICR Total available water x N supply Water use efficiency = Grain yield and protein content