Come join the area's leading power quality experts as we demonstrate and replicate common power quality issues, problems and solutions in today's industrial and commercial electrical environments.

1. GENERAL POWER QUALITY www.P3-Inc.com

3. POWER QUALITY GOOD POWER BAD POWER

5. Conventional Industry Standard

6. IEEE Std 1100-2005 Conventional Industry Standard

7. What is good Power? IEEE is the most often quoted “Source” for definitions of Power IEEE stands for “Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers” IEEE defines Good Power as: Clean, pure power exhibits constant voltage and frequency, perfect sinusoidal waveshapes, and is free of harmonics, noise, and transients . Conventional Industry Standard

8. What is Bad Power? IEEE defines Bad Power as: Power that includes voltage variations, voltage swells, voltage sags, overvoltages and undervoltages, harmonics, transients, traveling waves, and power failures. Conventional Industry Standard

9. Over-voltages Under-voltages Sags Swells Harmonics Noise Transients Grounding The power quality BIG 8

10. Sags IEEE-1100 Swells IEEE-1100 Over-voltages IEEE-1100 Under-voltages IEEE-1100 Harmonics IEEE-519 and IEEE-1100 Noise IEEE-1100 Transients IEEE-C62.41 and IEEE 1100 Grounding IEEE-142 and IEEE 1100 The power quality BIG 8 Conventional Industry Standard

11. IEEE-1100-2.2.67: A… reduction in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for durations from a 0.5 cycle to 1 Min. Voltage Sag Conventional Industry Standard

12. Voltage Sag Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

13. Voltage Swell IEEE 1100-2.2.78: An increase in… voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1.0 min. Conventional Industry Standard

14. Voltage Swell Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

15. Over-voltages IEEE-1100-2.2.56: Increase in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for a period of time greater than 1 min. Conventional Industry Standard

16. Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

17. Under-voltages IEEE 1100-2.2.56: Decrease in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for a period of time greater than 1 min. Conventional Industry Standard

18. Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

19. Utility Standards Utility standards are defined by the various State Utility Boards. Most require the utility must adhere to this standard: 1. Voltage limits as stated by IEEE/ANSI C84.1 Conventional Industry Standard

20. IEEE/ANSI C84.1 Standard Voltage Voltage Range A Voltage Range B 120 114-126 110-127 120/240 114/228-126/252 110/220-127/254 208Y/120 197Y/114-218Y/126 191Y/110-220Y/127 480Y/277 456Y/263-504Y/291 440Y/254-508Y/293 13200Y 12870Y-13860Y 12504Y-13970Y “ Electrical supply systems shall be so designed and operated that most service voltages will be within the limits for range A” “ When…Range B… voltages occur, corrective measures shall be undertaken within a reasonable time to improve voltages to meet Range A requirements.” Conventional Industry Standard

21. IEEE-1100-2.2.83: A subcycle disturbance in the ac waveform that is evidenced by a sharp, brief discontinuity of the waveform. May be of either polarity and may be additive to, or subtractive from, the nominal waveform. Transient Conventional Industry Standard

22. Transient Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

23. Transient 8x20 µs Short Circuit Current TIME 3,000 10% 50% 20 µs 8 µs 0 90% Impulse / Combination wave Transient A M P E R E S

24. Transient 8x20 µs Impulse Location Category System Exposure Voltage (kV) Effective Impedance B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 Low Medium High Low Medium High 2 4 6 6 10 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 Current (kA) 1 2 3 3 5 10 Peak Values Conventional Industry Standard

25. Transient peak r Voltage Waveform B3 — 0.5 µs, 100 kHz Ring Wave V peak T = 10 µs (f = 100 kHz) 60% of V 0.9 V peak 0.1 V peak 0.5 µs t Ring Wave Transient

26. Transient Standard 0.5 µs - 100 kHz Ring Wave Location Category System Exposure Voltage (kV) Effective Impedance A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 Low Medium High Low Medium High 2 4 6 2 4 6 30 30 30 12 12 12 Current (kA) .07 .13 .2 .17 .33 .5 Peak Values Conventional Industry Standard

27. IEEE 1100-2.2.49: Unwanted electrical signals that produce undesirable effects in the circuits of the control- systems in which they occur. Noise Conventional Industry Standard

28. Noise Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

29. Harmonics A harmonic is the term used for current flow on your facilities power system at frequencies other than 60Hertz.

30. Harmonics Low Harmonic Waveform Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

31. Harmonics Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

33. Typical Harmonic frequencies: 3 x 60 = 180HZ 5 x 60 = 300HZ 7 x 60 = 420HZ 11 x 60 = 660HZ 13 x 60 = 780HZ

34. Power Factor

41. 0V 680V 680V Section of Wire Magnetic Field Produced around wire

42. 0V 680V 680V Section of Wire Magnetic Field Produced around wire

44. Remember… Total Power is a combination of Active Power and Reactive Power . This is how they combine : Active Power (kW) Reactive Power (kvar) Total Power (kva) Active Power (kW) 2 + Reactive Power (kvar) 2 = Total Power (kva) 2

45. As Reactive Power increases Active Power stays the same however Total Power increases greatly. Active Power (kW) Larger Reactive Power (kvar) Larger Total Power (kVA)

50. Power Factor Capacitor Storage of Magnetic Fields Produced in your Facility Power Correction Capacitor 0V 680V 680V Section of Wire

51. Gaining capacity with Power Factor Capacitors If we increase Power Factor, what happens to KVA? = 1000 kW 1500 kVA .6 Power Factor = 1000 kW 1050 kVA .95 Power Factor

52. Gaining capacity with Power Factor Capacitors 1500 kVA on a 480 3 phase system is 1800 AMPS 1050 kVA on a 480 3 phase system is 1200 AMPS Could we use this gain of 600 amps? Absolutly!

53. Harmonics

54. What is a Harmonic? A harmonic is the term used for current flow on your facilities power system at frequencies other than 60Hertz.

55. What exactly is a Harmonic?

56. Linear use of power Volts Amps 0V 680V 680V 0A 200A 200A

57. Equipment that uses power in a linear fashion

58. Non-Linear use of power Volts Amps 0V 680V 680V 0A 200A 200A

59. Equipment that uses power in a NON-linear fashion Fluorescent Lights and Ballast's Copiers and other Office equipment Variable Frequency Drives All equipment that uses an AC to DC power supply Computers

60. 3 x 60 = 180HZ 5 x 60 = 300HZ 7 x 60 = 420HZ 11 x 60 = 660HZ 13 x 60 = 780HZ Typical Non-Linear frequencies that cause problems:

61. Why does Non-Linear current flow cause problems In my facility?

62. 0V 680V 680V Section of Wire Magnetic field produced around wire

63. Combination of Linear and Non-Linear power 0A 200A 200A Section of Wire

65. IEEE 519-1992 -Current Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion I SC / I L TDD 1-20 5% 20-50 8% 50-100 12% 100-1000 15% 1000+ 20% I SC= Maximum short circuit current I L= Maximum demand load TDD= Total Demand Distortion Conventional Industry Standard

66. Example: Typical Office Building 1200A 208Y/120 service 30K AIC The Maximum IEEE Harmonic distortion is: 30,000 AIC / 960 = 31 31 on the IEEE chart is 8% Current Harmonics

67. IEEE 519,1992 -Voltage Maximum Harmonic Voltage Distortion Voltage THD 69kV and below 5% THD=Total Harmonic Distortion Conventional Industry Standard

68. Installation involving Harmonic Cancellation Transformers in a typical four-story office building 480 Volt Main Switchgear Total Harmonic Distortion 2.8% 1 st Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 5.1% 2nd Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 5.4% 3rd Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 5.9% 4th Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 7.7% Harmonic levels on each floor are above the IEEE 519 maximum allowed level of 5%. The 7.7% level on the forth floor resulted in a distorted voltage waveform.

69. After installation of only one Harmonic Cancellation Transformer on the 4th floor the following readings were logged: 480 Volt Main Switchgear Total Harmonic Distortion 1.7% 1 st Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 4.0% 2nd Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 4.3% 3rd Floor Panel with regular transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 4.8% 4th Floor Panel with new transformer Total Harmonic Distortion 3.2% New Harmonic Cancellation Transformer Total Harmonic Distortion on the 4th floor dropped from 7.7% to an acceptable IEEE519 level of 3.2%. This also had an effect on the rest of the building power lowering the Harmonic levels as shown.

71. Transient Voltages And Surge Suppression Devices

73. TVSS SPD Sept. 2009

74. Voltage Spikes and Surges are known as: Voltage Transients, or just Transients. +170V Normal 120 Volt 60Hz AC Voltage Sine Wave -170V 0V +170V 120 Volt 60Hz AC Voltage Sine Wave With Transients -170V 0V

75. SPD Lightning/Surge Arrestor UL 1449 3 rd ed. Addressed by ANSI/IEEE 1100 No longer addressed by UL Not addressed by ANSI/IEEE 1100 Proper Design will limit voltages to ANSI/IEEE 3.4.3 Levels No standard for limiting Voltages SPD Lightning Surge Arrestor Conventional Industry Standard

76. What causes these Transients? Lightning Strikes Power Line Problems Motors Fluorescent Lights and Ballasts Copiers and other office equipment Welders and other industrial equipment

77. The Source of the Transients are from two areas. Internal in your Facility Motors Ballasts Office Equipment Industrial Equipment External to your Facility Lightning Power Company Problems 80% 20% Conventional Industry Standard

78. GE ® Study on Transients Generated by Switching Results of switching off a 2-bulb, four foot fluorescent fixture 24 transients in excess of 1200 volts Source: General Electric Instrumentation and Computer Service Laboratory 2000 1000 -1000 0 Volts* No Protector ® 10:1 Probe -10 µsec +10 µsec * Voltage scale corrected for probe attenuation factor Time -2E-5 -20 µsec 2E-5 +20 µsec OE-5 0

79. IEEE example of Transients Generated by Capacitor Switching

80. IEEE example of Transients Generated by energizing a transformer

81. Transient caused by switching a 120 volt 1500 Watt plug in heater Actual P 3 Power Quality Study

82. IEEE example Transients caused by Harmonics

83. IEEE example Transients caused by Motor switching

84. T ransients Oscillatory Transient (Ring Wave) Impulse Transient Time (mS) -7500 -5000 -2500 0 2500 5000 7500 14 12 10 0 80 60 40 20 0 -1.5 -1.0 -.05 .00 .05 1.0 1.5 2.0 100 Time

87. Contact Failure from lightning strike Problems with Equipment

88. Problems with Equipment

89. Problems with Equipment

90. Integrated Circuit Schematic From Innovative Technology, Inc

91. Electron Microscopic Photo Catastrophic Cumulative From Innovative Technology, Inc

92. The Protection Circuit Switchgear Motor Control Centers Lights Phones Computers Etc. 480V Incoming Power Neutral Ground 6000V Voltage Spike 600V Maximum Clamp by SPD SPD

95. MOV Degradation New MOV Fully Functional Slight degradation from use Total Degradation Less Peak Surge More Let Through Voltage

96. Many TVSS units DO NOT include ALL MODE PROTECTION Surge Protection Design Built for Endurance & Peak Surge Capacity Line to Ground 3 modes Neutral to Ground 1 mode Line to Neutral 3 modes Phase A B C N G 5 6 7 4 1 2 3 6 4 5 7

101. The two basic types of TVSS units

102. The two basic types of TVSS units

103. The two basic types of TVSS units

104. The new UL 1449 3 rd Edition Specification

105. Locations for SPD Types Type 1 Before service disconnect Type 2 (Type 1 permitted) After service disconnect Type 3 (Type 1 and 2 permitted) 30 feet of conductor between service disconnect and SPD Type 4 Component Level

109. The new UL 1449 3 rd Edition- Summary TVSS SPD Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor Surge Protection Device SVR VPR Surge Voltage Rating Voltage Protection Rating NDC- In Nominal Discharge Current Category A,B,C Type 1,2,3,4 Location A-1,2,3/B-1,2,3/C-1,2,3 Locations Out In

110. The new ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Standard

111. The new ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Standard 8x20 µs TIME 10% 50% 20 µs 8 µs 0 90% 0.5 µs, 100 kHz Ring Wave V peak T = 10 µs (f = 100 kHz) 90% peak 10% peak 0.5 µs peak 60% of V

114. UPS Systems

115. IEEE 1100 Section 7 tells us: The correct UPS System can solve 7 of the 8 power problems that cause failure or malfunction of equipment in your facilities. Conventional Industry Standard

116. Conventional Industry Standard Overvoltage Undervoltage Sag Swell Transient Noise Long term outage Frequency variation Surge Protection Device Noise Filter Isolation Transformer Voltage Regulator Stand By Off Line UPS Line Interactive UPS Generator True On Line Double Conversion UPS N N N N Y ? N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N ? ? N N N N Y Y ? Y N N ? ? N N N N Y ? N N N N N N ? N Y Y N N N N ? ? Y Y Y Y Y Y ? Y

117. There are three basic types of Uninterruptible Power Supply systems available: 1. Stand by (Off line) 2. Line interactive (Off Line) 3. True On line Double Conversion

118. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Stand By UPS System The stand by UPS system (sometimes called Off-line system) operates in the following manor: While the normal power provider is operational the equipment wired to the UPS system receives power from this normal power provider. When this normal power is lost (blackout) the UPS system activates (turns on) and supplies power to the equipment that needs uninterruptible power until the normal power returns. The way this UPS system creates power is by converting the DC power from batteries to AC via an inverter. The activation (turn on) time for the inverter and internal switch from normal power to inverter power is typically 8-16 milliseconds.

119. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Stand By UPS System The stand by UPS system (sometimes called Off-line system) operates in the following manor: While the normal power provider is operational the equipment wired to the UPS system receives power from this normal power provider. When this normal power is lost (blackout) the UPS system activates (turns on) and supplies power to the equipment that needs uninterruptible power until the normal power returns. The way this UPS system creates power is by converting the DC power from batteries to AC via an inverter. The activation (turn on) time for the inverter and internal switch from normal power to inverter power is typically 8-16 milliseconds.

120. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Stand By UPS System The stand by UPS system (sometimes called Off-line system) operates in the following manor: While the normal power provider is operational the equipment wired to the UPS system receives power from this normal power provider. When this normal power is lost (blackout) the UPS system activates (turns on) and supplies power to the equipment that needs uninterruptible power until the normal power returns. The way this UPS system creates power is by converting the DC power from batteries to AC via an inverter. The activation (turn on) time for the inverter and internal switch from normal power to inverter power is typically 8-16 milliseconds.

121. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Stand By UPS System

122. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Stand By UPS System

123. Stand by (Off Line) UPS Benefits : Inexpensive Small Footprint Disadvantages : Not Designed for Critical Loads No Power Conditioning Load Exposed to Surges, Sags, and transients Not Generator Compatible Switching Necessary to go from Utility to battery Power. Discontinuous Power during Switch to Battery Less Battery Life (Used more often) Poor Maintainability without maintenance Bypass

124. Equipment that needs uninterruptible power Power from normal power provider Batteries and DC to AC Inverter Voltage Regulator Typically A Buck Boost Transformer Line Interactive UPS System Line interactive (Off Line) UPS systems add extra features that give us, at a minimum, two advantages over the Stand By UPS system. One, they usually include some type of voltage regulator between the normal power provider and your equipment that needs uninterruptible power and two, they have activation times around 4-8 milliseconds.

125. Line Interactive UPS Benefits : Less Costly than True on Line Technology Some Power conditioning Disadvantages : Not Designed for Critical Loads Limited Power Conditioning Load Exposed to Surges, Sags, and Transients Not always Generator compatible Less Battery Life (Used more often) Poor Maintainability without a maintenance bypass

126. Power from normal power provider Equipment that needs uninterruptible power AC to DC Rectifier Batteries DC DC to AC Inverter True On Line UPS system Double Conversion The On Line UPS is the best option when your equipment cannot loose power for even a split second. With an On Line system power is constant and there is no activation time. The On Line system uses batteries and a DC to AC inverter just like to other two units mentioned above, however, it also uses something called a rectifier. The addition of the rectifier along with the batteries and inverter enable the On Line UPS to give constant power to your equipment that needs uninterruptible power. The inverter that supplies power to your equipment is always on. The inverter gets its power from either the normal power provider (via the rectifier) or the batteries. With power to your equipment being supplied constantly from the inverter you receive clean regulated power at all times. In many cases this On Line technology is the only answer to your sensitive equipment power needs.

127. Power from normal power provider Equipment that needs uninterruptible power AC to DC Rectifier Batteries DC DC to AC Inverter True On Line UPS system Double Conversion

128. Power from normal power provider Equipment that needs uninterruptible power AC to DC Rectifier Batteries DC DC to AC Inverter True On Line UPS system Double Conversion

129. True On Line Double Conversion UPS Benefits : Designed for Critical Loads Superior Power Conditioning Isolates Load from Surges, Sags, and Transients Generator Compatible Extended Battery Times available with Full Time inverter Extended Battery Life (Only used during emergencies) Easy to Maintain with maintenance Bypass Switch Disadvantages : More Expensive than lessor technologies Bigger Footprint

130. The True On Line UPS is the best solution if the Uninterrupted operation of your equipment is critical .

131. End