Created by Camila (Christina) Davis

1. LIBRO GRAMATICA
2nd Semester
Camila Davis

2. TABLA DE CONTENTOS
 Imperfect  Conditional
 Preterito  Superlative
 -Car , -Gar , -Zar  Formal Commands
 Spock
 Prepositions
 Cucaracha
 Snake/Snakey  Demonstratives
 Modal
 Adverbios
 Progressivo
 Present
 Past
 Futuro
 Irregular

3. IMPERFECT
Preterito Regulares AR ER/IR
Yo Aba Ia
Tu Abas Ias
El/ella/usted Aba Ia
Nosotros Abamos Iamos
Vosotros Abais Iais
Ustedes Aban Ian
Preterito IR SER VER
Irregulares
Yo iba era veia
Tu ibas eras veias
El/ella/usted iba era veia
Nosotros ibamos eramos veiamos
Vosotros ibais erais veias
Ustedes iban eran veian

4. EL PRETERITO (-CAR,-GAR,-ZAR)

5. EL PRETERITO (SPOCK)
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron
FUI I
FUISTE ISTE
FUE IO
FUIMO IMOS
S IERO
FUERO N
N

6. EL PRETERITO (CUCARACHA)
 Andar Anduv-
 Estar Estuv- Decir Dij-
 Poder Pud- Traer Traj- e
 Poner Pus- iste
 Querer Quis- Conducir Conduj- o
 Saber Sup- Producir Produj-
imos
 Tener Tuv- Traducir Traduj-
isteis
 Venir Vin-
*ieron
 * the “j” verbs do not have an “i” in the ustedes
form

7. EL PRETERITO (SNAKE/SNAKEY)
 Stem-changers in the preterite
 Only changes in 3rd person
 Accent over the preterite ending on appropriate letter
 Stems that end in a vowel:
 Change the I to y
 (same rules apply when using as progressive
preterite stem change)

8. SNAKE / SNAKEY CONT.
 Dormir  Leer
 Dormí  Leí
 Dormimos  Leimos
 Dormiste  Leiste
 Durmió  Leyó
 Dumerieron  Leyeron

9. MODAL VERBS

10. LOS ADVERBIOS
 Change to feminine
 Only 2nd uses mente
 Example:
 Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente

11. PROGRESSIVE TENSE
 Ando/iendo/yendo
 Use
to say you are currently in the act of doing
something
 Esta comiendo fruta
 (she is eating fruit)

12. PAST PROGRESSIVE
 To say someone was doing something
 Estaba hablando siempre
 Why imperfect rather than the preterite?
 Because an action that is progressive is also
continuous, and continuous actions require
the imperfect.

13. FUTURE
 To say you will do something
 Infinitive + é
ás
á
emos
éis
án
 Example: Esta noche etudiaré
 I will study tonight

14. FUTURE (IRREGULAR)
Decir Dir
Hacer Har
Poner Pondr
Salir Saldr
Tener Tendr
Valer Vendr
Poder Podr
Querer Querr
Saber Sabr

15. CONDITIONAL
 Used when something is wondered or that is
probably true (Describes a PAST action)
 Would, could, could have been, etc
 Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated
action in the past, the imperfect is used.
 EXAMPLES:
 Elalumno dijo que estudiaría una hora más.
The student said that he would study one more hour.
 ¿Qué hora sería?
What time could it have been?
 Estaría en su casa.
He must have been at home.
 Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.
We were probably busy when you called.

16. CONDITIONALS CONT.
 Uses:
 To express speculation about the past
 To express the future from the perspective of the past
 To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may
not occur
 To indicate what would happen were it not for some certain
specific circumstance
 For polite use to soften requests
 To ask for advice
 For reported speech
 To express what would be done in a particular situation
 To express an action which is contrary to fact
 Note: This last example uses a verb tense called the
imperfect subjunctive (tuviera).

17. SUPERLATIVE
 The extremes; the most or least of a certain
quality (smallest , tallest, smartest)
 Elmas… El menos…
 Los mas… Los menos…
 La mas… La menos…
 Las mas… Las menos…
 Example
 Maya es la chica mas intellegente en su clase.

18. FORMAL COMMANDS
 The imperative form of a verb
 Formal commands are in Usd./Ustedes form
 Put in “Yo” form
 Change to opp. Vowel
Irr:
TVDISHE
 EXAMPLE:
S
Compr Compr Compr
ar o
e

19. PREPOSITIONS
Cerca (de) Entre
Only use de when a
Delante (de) A la izquierda specific location follows
(de) the expression
A la derecha (de) Al lado (de)
Detras (de) Lejos
*Abajo Debajo (de) Encima (de)
*Arriba Dentro (de) Fuera (de)
Prepositions are used to describe where
things are located in comparison to another
object
*these are never followed by
“de”

20. DEMONSTRATIVES
• Used in place of the adjective and the noun
• Adjectives = no accent
• Pronouns = accent
• “Neuter Demonstratives”
• Do not refer to a noun of a specific gender
• Esto – Eso - Aquello
Aqui Alli Alla
Este Ese Aquel
Esta Esa Aquella
Estos Esos Aquellos
Estas Esas Aquellas