Definition, Concept and History of Climate Change; positive & negative feedback cycles; GHGs; Global temperature and carbon dioxide; hottest years, enhanced natural disasters, #UNFCCC; #Kyoto_Protocol; #Paris_Agreement; SDGs; Roles of municipal and regional authorities; Institutional arrangements for climate change in Pakistan; Pakistan Climate Change Policy 2012; Pakistan Climate Change Act 2017.

1. IMPACT OF DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF
PAKISTANI SOCIETY ON ADMINISTRATION AND
SERVICE DELIVERY
‘CLIMATE CHANGE’
25TH SENIOR MANAGEMENT COURSE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, PESHAWAR
MAR. 11, 2019
PROF. S. SHAFIQUR REHMAN
ADVISOR QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM, HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER
PAKHTUNKHWA

4. DEFINITION, CONCEPT AND HISTORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 Svante August Arrhenius, the 1st Swedish Nobel Laureate who earned Nobel Prize for
his work in Chemistry in 1903, was the first person to establish, that the atmospheric
temperature depended on the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere and
claimed that doubling of GHGs may lead to rise of 5 °C temperature, in 1896.
 ‘Global Warming’ was first used by Wallace Broecker of Lamont-Doherty Geological
Observatory of Columbia University in his article “Climate Change: Are we on the brink
of a pronounced Global Warming?” in 1975.
 It refers to gradual increase in Earth’s average atmospheric temperature over land and
sea owing to the rising concentration of Green House Gases in the atmosphere from
emissions produced by extensive combustion of fossil fuels largely attributed to energy,
industry, and transport sectors beside agriculture and livestock.

5. CONTINUED…
 Climate Change denotes the effects of global warming by way of long-term
changes in Earth’s climate in the form of enhanced evaporation and
precipitation, heat waves, droughts, shift in temporal & spatial patterns of
precipitation, floods, rapid melting of glaciers and ice sheets, sea-level rise,
hurricanes/tornadoes, food security, extinction of certain species, and
epidemics etc.
 It is a change in the usual weather found in a place such as how much rain a
place usually gets in a year or usual temperature for a month or season. It is
also a change in Earth's climate i.e. change in Earth's usual temperature or
where and when rain and snow usually fall on Earth.

19. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

20. BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION REPORT
 In 1983 the UN Secretary General, Javier Perez de Cuellar, invited the
Norwegian Prime Minister, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, to form and chair the
‘World Commission on Environment and Development’ to identify common
environmental worries such as population growth, global warming,
deforestation, species loss, toxic wastes etc., and develop an action plan in
matters pertaining to development and environmental protection.
 The WCED was dissolved in 1987 after it published its report and
recommendations titled “Our Common Future” that underlined the need for a
global strategy and international collaboration to achieve sustainable
development.

21. THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL, JUNE 1992
 Recommendations and Action Plan proposed by the Brundtland Commission were placed
before the participants of ‘Earth Summit’ or ‘UNCED’ from 172 world nations at Rio de janeiro,
Brazil, in June 1992.
 Two documents were produced by the Rio Earth Summit (i) Rio Declaration, which outlines 27
principles, and (ii) a 300 page plan to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century or
‘Agenda 21’.
 Besides, the world leaders present on the occasion also signed certain important and far
reaching international treaties including the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and Rio Forest Principles.

22. UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
 One major outcome of the Earth Summit (1992) was adoption and signing of
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992), which
entered into force in Mar. 1994. Pakistan ratified the Convention in June 1994.
 The major objective of the Framework Convention was to stabilize greenhouse
gas emissions at a level that would prevent dangerous human induced
interference with the climate system.
 Regular sessions of Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC are held
annually to manage their affairs, frame policy guidelines, and discuss
international protocols and agreements for consideration.

23. KYOTO PROTOCOL 1997
 On Dec. 11, 1997, at the 3rd CoP held in Kyoto, Japan, an international
agreement linked to the UNFCCC the ‘Kyoto Protocol’ was adopted, which
commits its member states by setting internationally binding emission
reduction targets.
 The Protocol recognized that developed countries are principally responsible
for the high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more
than 150 years of industrial activity, and placed a heavier burden on
developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated
responsibilities.
 The intense political lobbying against Kyoto agreement by the US, China,
Russian Federation etc., delayed its enforcement for eight years and finally on
Feb. 16, 2005 the agreement entered into force.

24. THE COPENHAGEN CLIMATE CHANGE SUMMIT, COP 15. DEC. 7-18,
2009
 Another very crucial development in policy making to combat climate change
was Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, held in Copenhagen, Denmark,
from 7-18th Dec. 2009, in the 15th session of COP. It was attended by
delegates from 196 countries, with more than 100 heads of states or
governments, and along with observers, civil society members and media to
total participants reached over 24000 people.
 The Copenhagen Conference brought the climate change issue to the highest
political level for framing a joint political will but ultimately failed to produce
any binding accord for want of more specific details.

25. THE PARIS AGREEMENT 2015
 The failure of Copenhagen Summit to unanimously adopt a final binding
international agreement in COP 15, was turned into success 6 years later
during COP 21, at Paris, France, from Nov. 30 to Dec. 12, 2015, in the form of
the “Paris Agreement”.
 The draft of the agreement was signed by 197 parties and unanimously
approved by all countries of the world. The Paris Agreement is significant in
bringing all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to
combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to
assist developing countries to do so.
 On 5 October 2016, the threshold for entry into force of the Paris Agreement
was achieved. The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.
Indeed a great achievement!

26. PARIS AGREEMENT BINDS GOVERNMENTS TO:
 Put the world on track to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to
below 2°C;
 Aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts
of climate change;
 Peak global emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that it will take longer for developing
countries;
 Undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science.
 Come together every 5 years to set more ambitious targets as required by science;
 Report to each other and the public on how well they are doing to implement their targets;
 Track progress towards the long-term goal through a robust transparency and accountability
system.

27. CONTINUED…
 strengthen societies' ability to deal with the impacts of climate change;
 provide continued and enhanced international support for adaptation to
developing countries.
 recognizes the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and
damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;
 acknowledges the need to cooperate and enhance the understanding, action
and support in different areas such as early warning systems, emergency
preparedness and risk insurance.

29. ROLE OF CITIES, REGIONS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES
 The agreement recognizes the role of non-Party stakeholders in addressing
climate change, including cities, other subnational authorities, civil society, the
private sector and others.
 They are invited to:
 scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions;
 build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change;
 uphold and promote regional and international cooperation.
 Source: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en

30. ADEQUACY OF
INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
AND POLICY
PROVISIONS IN
PAKISTAN

31. PAKISTAN’S NOTABLE POLICY DOCUMENTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
 National Environmental Policy (2005)
 National Climate Change Policy (2012)
 National Sustainable Development Strategy (2012)
 Framework for Implementation of Climate Change (2013)
 Pakistan Climate Change Act, 2017
 Draft National Food security Policy, (2017)
 National Water Policy (2018)

32. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PAKISTAN
 The Ministry of Climate Change was established on Apr. 18, 2012, vested with
the mandate to comprehensively address Disaster Management along with
spearheading national climate change initiatives both in adaptation and
mitigation.
 It has four attached Departments: i. National Disaster Management Authority,
ii. Pak EPA (within the territorial jurisdiction of ICT), iii. Zoological Survey
Department, iv. Global Change Impact Study Center (GCISC).
 The Government of Pakistan launched its first National Climate Change Policy
in Sep. 2012, through the MoCC.

33. 10 OBJECTIVES OF PAKISTAN CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY 2012
 To pursue sustained economic growth by
appropriately addressing the challenges of climate
change;
 To integrate climate change policy with other inter-
related national policies;
 To focus on pro-poor gender sensitive adaptation
while also promoting mitigation to the extent possible
in a cost-effective manner;
 To ensure water security, food security and energy
security of the country in the face of the challenges
posed by climate change;
 To minimize the risks arising from the expected
increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather
events such as floods, droughts and tropical storms;
 To strengthen inter-ministerial decision making and
coordination mechanisms on climate change;
 To facilitate effective use of the opportunities,
particularly financial, available both nationally and
internationally;
 To foster the development of appropriate economic
incentives to encourage public and private sector
investment in adaptation measures;
 To enhance the awareness, skill and institutional
capacity of relevant stakeholders;
 To promote conservation of natural resources and long
term sustainability.

34. SECTORS IDENTIFIED FOR INTERVENTIONS UNDER THE POLICY
Adaptation
 Water Resources
 Agriculture and Livestock
 Human Health
 Forestry
 Biodiversity
 Vulnerable Ecosystems
 Disaster Preparedness
 Socioeconomic Measures
Mitigation
 Energy sector
 Energy efficiency and conservation
 Transport sector
 Town Planning
 Industry sector
 Agriculture and Livestock
 Carbon sequestration and Forestry

35. PAKISTAN CLIMATE CHANGE ACT 2017
 Territorial jurisdiction extends to the whole of Pakistan
 Provides for the establishment of Pakistan Climate Change Council
 Provides for the establishment of Pakistan Climate Change Authority
 Provides for the establishment of Pakistan Climate Change Fund
 Schedule attached to the Act include three basic documents i. UNFCCC 1992, ii. Kyoto Protocol to the
UNFCCC, iii. The Paris Agreement, 2015.

36. GLOBAL CLIMATE RISK INDEX 2018

39. RELATIONSHIP OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

40. GLOBAL DEBATE ON CLIMATE CHANGE
 Radical Energy Transformation Needed to Avoid 1.5 Degrees Global Warming as another half-degree
Celsius will dramatically increase risks to people and ecosystems they depend on. IPCC Special Report-
15, Incheon, Korea, Oct. 8, 2018.
 Loss of tropical forests makes climate change worse. Yale Climate Connections. Sep. 2018.
 Fast-Melting Lakes Could Increase Permafrost Emissions 118 Percent. Nature Communications, Aug.
2018.
 The vast Sahara Desert is getting even bigger. Yale Climate Connections. Jul. 2018.
 Climate Change Could Drive Bees in Warmer Regions to Extinction. Functional Ecology, June 2018.

41. CONTINUED…
 Antarctic Ice Melt Has Tripled in Five Years. Nature, June 2018.
 World Vegetable Harvests Threatened by Environmental Changes. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, Jun. 2018.
 Climate Change Could Displace Half a Million Atoll Residents Within Decades. Science Advances,
Apr. 2018.
 Groundswell : Preparing for Internal Climate Migration: By 2050 over 143 million people of Sub-
Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America regions could be forced to migrate between the
countries because of climate. World Bank Group, Mar. 2018.
 Climate Change: causes & implications. https://www.facebook.com/climscience/