1. OA in the ‘Young”
HTO & Uni Knee
Professor Deiary Kader
Consultant Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgeon
Knee Surgeon
Newcastle Nuffield Hospital

2. Postgraduate Orthopaedics
FRCS(Tr&Orth) Revision Course
Newcastle Upon Tyne 16-21 March 2015
•
Professor Deiary Kader
Consultant Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgeon
Knee Surgeon
Nuffield Hospital Newcastle
NGMV Charity
PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

3. HTO vs Uni??
What is the outcome of HTO and Uni?
What do you require for a successful
osteotomy?
PLAN
Varus OA in the Young

4. Must Know
What is the
None-operative
Treatment for OA?

5. OA Nonoperative treatment
Strategies may include
 Weight loss
 Exercise
 Patient education
 Analgesia, (NSAIDs)
 Bracing
 Intra-articular (IA) injections. Cochrane reviews
 Steroids (better than placebo but not longer than 4wks
 HA more prolonged effect than steroids

6. Weight loss causes a significant risk reduction of knee
OA in the general population
The reduction was greater in severe symptomatic OA than in asymptomatic radiographic
OA
Meta-analysis of 47 studies involving 446000 pts

7. m,Muscle strengthening and aerobic exercises are effective in
reducing pain and improving physical function in mild to
moderate OA of the knee

8. A total of 180 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were
randomly assigned to receive arthroscopic débridement,
arthroscopic lavage, or placebo surgery
 Population was older male veterans
 The prevalence of mechanical symptoms was not provided
 Malalignment was not reported

9. OSTEOTOMY
9

10. Osteotomy
around the knee
Aims of valgus osteotomy
 Unload the medial compartment by slightly
overcorrecting into valgus
 Unloading any ligament reconstruction in patients
with a varus thrust
 To change the tibial slope in order to reduce
translational forces and improve AP instability

12. HTO for varus Malalignment
PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

13. Lateral closed-wedge high tibial osteotomies have
been the treatment of choice since 1965
(Coventry, 1965).
PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

14. OPEN Wedge HTO 1987
 The open-wedge high tibial osteotomy
gained recognition after the encouraging
reports of (Hernigou et al., 1987).
 Wedges of bone that were obtained from
the iliac crest were inserted into the
defect

15. Open W HTO

16. TOMOFIX

17. Proximal or High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO)
The IDEAL candidate for HTO
Age <60 years
Isolated medial OA
Good ROM
Less than 5° FFD knee
>120° flexion knee
Patients should be
able to use crutches
Have no major varicose veins or peripheral vascular disease

18. The International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
PostGradOrthDeiaryKader

19. Distal Femur Osteotomy for
Valgus Malalignment

20. Lateral Open W DFO

21. Distal Femur Osteotomy
Valgus deformity of 12º or more needs distal femoral
varus producing osteotomy to address a lateral femoral
condyle deficiency and to prevent joint line obliquity and
gradual lateral tibial subluxation.
≈

22. Planning
 Standing, long leg radiographs in neutral rotation
 Measure the mechanical axis (normal = 1.2o varus)
 Anatomical axis (60-70 valgus)
 Measure the degree of deformity
& plan the size of wedge necessary

23. Planning
 62.5% across tibial plateau from medial side
 Final alignment should create 10º–13 valgus.
Overcorrection of 3º–5º above the 6º–7º normal valgus
angle
 Medial tibial cortex represents the apex of the
bony wedge and should be left intact

24. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

25. Tibial bone varus angle
(TBVA)
constitutional tibia varus malalignment when
the TBVA angle measured more than 5º
Mid Tibia
Epiphysis

26. Compensating for Abnormal AP Laxity
ACL Rupture PCL Rupture
PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

27. Compensating for Abnormal AP Laxity

28. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

29. Closed wedge HTO
Surgical technique
 Arthroscopy
 Computer-aided measurement of the wedge size or
 A 10-mm wedge excision leads to
 10º corrections in 57-mm-wide tibia
 An angular jig is more accurate

30. Closed wedge HTO
Surgical technique
 Curved incision from the head of the fibula to 2 cm below the tibial
tubercle. Peroneal nerve protected
 Excise the bare area of the fibula head Or proximal tibiofibula joint
separated using a cob elevator
 A calibrated osteotomy guide must be used for the bone cut
 Leave 15–20 mm of tibial plateau to avoid fracture
 Fix with a plate or staples
 Rigid fixation+ early mobilisation eliminates patella ligament contracture
 DVT prophylaxis similar to post TKR

31. Sulzer Orthopedics,
Zimmer
PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

32. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

33.  Fibular osteotomy, Separating tibiofibular joint
 Contracture of the patellar tendon, patellar baja
 leg shortening
High Tibial Osteotomy with a Calibrated Osteotomy Guide, Rigid Internal Fixation, and Early Motion. Long-Term Follow-up*
ANNETTE BILLINGS, M.D.†; DAVID F. SCOTT, M.D.‡; MARCELO P. CAMARGO, M.D.§; AARON A. HOFMANN, M.D.§, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAHJ
Bone Joint Surg Am, 2000 Jan
Closed wedge HTO
Disadvantages

34. OPEN W HTO
Surgical Techineque
 The MCL mobilize.
 Two 2.5-mm Kirschner wires mark the oblique osteotomy
 Starting proximal to the pes anserinus
 4-5 cm distal to the joint line
 The wires to the tip of the fibula 10-15mm
 The osteotomy of the posterior two-thirds of the tibia
 Leave a 10-mm lateral bone bridge intact.
 Hinge on the lateral - not posterolateral - side of the tibia
 The second osteotomy begins in the anterior one-third of the
tibia at an angle of 135° while leaving the tibial tuberosity intac

35. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

37. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

38. PostGrad Orth Deiary Kader

41. Lateral Open Wedge Distal Femur
 single cut
 easier approach to femur
 easily adjustable correction
 supratrochlear area disrupted
 weak medial hinge point
 plate location complaints
 very unstable if hinge point fractures
 slowest bone healing
role of grafts unclear

42. Methods of osteotomy Fixation
 Cast immobilisation
 Staples
 Plate and screw
 External fixator
 Distraction osteogenesis. Correction can be
adjusted after surgery. But pin tracts create a
potential problem for subsequent TKA

43. Complications
 Inadequate valgus correction
 Overcorrection – PFJ derangement
 Alteration in patella height
 Intra-articular fracture
 Osteonecrosis of the tibial plateau

44. Complications
 Vascular injuries – anterior tibial artery, popliteal artery
 Peroneal nerve palsy
 Delayed or non-union
 Compartment syndrome
 TKR more difficult
 Varus laxity (loose LCL)

45. Open wedge HTO
Advantages
 Easier to achieve precise angular correction
 Preserves bone stock (subsequent TKR is technically easier)
 Makes tightening of the MCL easier
 Preserve the lateral side for LCL or posterolateral
reconstruction if insufficient
 No risk to peroneal nerve
 Less dissection

46.  Requires a bone graft (substitute, autograft,
allograft)
 Increased incidence of non-union and delayed
union
 Large correction may affect leg lengthening
 Loss of fixation and recurrence of varus deformity
 Worsens patella Baja
Open wedge HTO
Disadvantages

47. OW-HTO
 Delayed union/nonunion rates were 2.6%, 4.6%, and
4.5% for autograft, allograft bone, and synthetic bone
substitutes, respectively
 Non-locking plates (n = 2,148) had a rate of delayed
union/nonunion of 3.7% and a mean loss of correction
over time of 0.5°

 Locking plates (n = 681) had a rate of delayed
union/nonunion of 2.6% and a loss of correction of

48. Coventry report
Outcome
 5-year survival of 87%
 10-year survival of 66%
 However the 5-year survival was reduced down to
38% when valgus angulations at 1 year was less
than 8º in a patient whose weight was more than
1.32 times the ideal weight.

49. Outcome
 Obesity and inadequate correction were
negative prognostic factors.
 Age < 50 years to be a positive prognostic
factor
 Joint line preservation is key to success.

50. OW-HTO vs CW-HTO
RCT 92 pts and 6 years FU
More Complications in open WHTO & more conversion to TKR in closed WHTO
SEPT 2014

51. Valgus high tibial osteotomy reduces pain and
improves knee function in patients with medial
compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee.

52. Principles
Uni Knee
 Appropriate for 25% of osteoarthritic knees needing
replacement
 Never release the MCL
 Polyethylene dislocation rate is 1/200 after medial
compartment UKR (Oxford)
 Polyethylene dislocation rate is 10% after lateral
compartment UKR
 Dislocation rate can be reduced by using a fixed
bearing UKR.

53. ?
What are the Absolute contraindications
for Unicompartmental knee replacement?
What are the Advantages and
disadvantages?

54. Uni Knee Advantages
• Retains knee kinematics
• Restores function and range of movement
• Rapid recovery: 3X faster than TKR
• Less blood loss
• Cost less than TKR (all factors considered)
• Quicker operation than TKR
• Quicker return to work than after TKR
• High flexion lifestyle.

55. Uni Knee
Advantages
• Lower infection rate (halved) compared with TKR
• Allows minimally invasive approach
• Easier to revise than HTO?
• No patellar fractures or dislocations
• Maximises the longevity of total knee arthroplasty
• Reduced incidence of DVT
• Reduced mortality from pulmonary embolism

56. Prerequisites
 Intact ligaments (especially ACL and PCL)
 Correctable varus deformity
 Less than 10° FFD
 Flexion beyond 100°
 Clinically asymptomatic PFJ and contralateral
compartment.

57. Contraindications
 Inflammatory arthritis
 Sepsis
 Young age
 High level of activity.

58. Relative contraindications
 ACL degeneration
 Chondrocalcinosis
 Lateral meniscectomy
 Osteonecrosis
 Combined obesity and small bone
size in some women.

59. Management options for medial
compartment OA
HTO suitable for high-demand, young
patients
UKA (better functional results, much
better 10-year survival – 98% versus
66%)

61. THANK YOU