its all about identification of fruits crop ,vegetable crop , flower crop and some of the crop are explain in detailed all reletated group.

1. SUBMITTEDTO:
DR.SVSCHAUDHARY
SUBMIT
T
ED BY:
Priya priyadarshini
2019004267
B.S.C. HONS. AGRICUT
LURE
3rd year

2. CONTENTS
1.FLORICULTURE CROPS
2.VEGETABLE CROPS
3.FRUITSCROPS
4.NURSERY CROP
PRODUCTION

3. ▶ IMPORTANCE OF FLORICULTURE:-
1. Floriculture is an important branch of
horticulture, which deals with cut or loose
flowers, ornamental plants, such as foliage
plants, trees, shrubs, climbers, palms, bamboo,
cacti and succulents, dried flowers, essential oils
and landscape gardening.
▶ LISTS OF FLORICULTURE:-
1. GLADIOLUS
2. LILY
3. BEGONIA
4. TRANSVAAL DAISY
5. CHRYSANTHEMUM

4. COMMON NAME:-Marsh gladiolus or sword lily
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Gladioluspalustris
FAMILY
:-Iridaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=15
CHARACTERS:-
1. Gladiolus produce sword-shaped, medium green leaves in upright fans and funnel-
shaped flowers on slender scapes from summer into fall.
2. The gladiolusisfull of heroism.
3. There is an extensive range of flower colours available, including shades of white,
cream, yellow, orange, red, pink, lavender, purple and green.
4. Height of plant is1.50 to 6.00 feet.
▶ VARIETIES:-
▶ Arka Gold, Darshan, Arka Amar, Arka Naveen, KumKum, KKL 1, Pusa Srijana,
Pusa Unnati,

5. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Subtropical and temperate climatic conditions are suitable.
2
. T
he crop performs well under a temperature range of 27 - 30°C.
3. It requires full exposure to sunlight and performs well with long day
conditionsof 12 to 14 hour photoperiod.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Gladiolus can be grown in a wide range of soil varying from light sandy to
clay loam soils.
2. However deep (at least 30 cm), well drained, friable soils rich in organic
matter and nutrients are suitable for its cultivation.
3. The pH should be slightly acidic in the range of 5.5-6.5.

6. ▶ FERTILIZERS:-
1. 120 kg N, 150 kg P2O5 and 150 kg K2O per hectare is
recommended, of which 60 kg N and entire dose of P2O5 and
K2O is applied as basal dose. The remaining N is given in two split
doses, 30 and 60 days after planting. N 60 kg/ha, P 150 kg/ha,
K150 kg/ha.
▶ PLANTING:-
1. Gladiolus prefers sunny conditions and should never be
planted under shade and requires at least 80 % of total
sunlight for proper growth and flowering.
2. However the site should be sheltered from strong winds.
3. Constant humid weather isnot suitable as it attracts
pathogens.

7. ▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Gladiolus is a water loving plant and needs sufficient moisture in the
soil till the harvesting of spikes. ...
2. In lateritic soils, irrigation should be given once in a week during
winter and twice in a week during summer whereas in sandy loam
soils once in a week during summer and once in a week or 10 days
during winter
.
▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. There are two gladiolus propagation methods: germinating
seeds and growing new plants from divided corms.
2. Sprout these seeds into miniature plants and you'll have full- sized
gladiolus in about three years. For quicker results with fewer
plants, try propagating gladiolus.

8. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Gladiolus takes 110-120 days to produce spikes.
2. While harvesting, at least four basal leaves should be
retained on the plant to ensure proper development of
corms and cormels.
▶ YIELD:-
1. In Gladiolus cultivation, one can obtain a yield of 2 to 3
lakh spikes/ha, 18,000 to 20,000 kg corms/ha under
ideal farming conditions.

9. COMMON NAME:- Lily SCIENTIFIC
NAME:-Lilium
FAMILY
:-Liliaceae
CHROMOSOMENO. =24
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Lilies are upright perennials that range in height 2 to 8 feet tall.
2. The basic lily flower shapes are trumpet, star
, funnel and recurved also called
T
urk’s cap.
3. Flowers might face up, down or to the side.
4. The inner portion of the flower is often spotted or a solid colour different
than the rest of the flower colour.
▶ VARIETIES:-
1. Fish lily
2. StargazerLily

10. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Liliums are best grown in green houses.
2. Day temperature of 18-22°C and night temperature of 10-15°C are ideal.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Llilies look like they'd be fussy plants, they are actually very easy to grow.
2. They're not particular about soil type or pH and they grow well in full sun,
part sun, dappled shade and even light shade.
3. Even more than other bulbs, lilies demand well-drained soil.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. 10-20-20 mix of slow-release fertilizer is best to keep your lilies in peak condition.
2. For large plants with lots of blooms a second application just before flowering
isfine.

11. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Dig a generous planting hole 8” deep.
2. Put some all-purpose fertilizer in the bottom of the hole and mix it around to
disperse.
3. Add a few handfuls of loose soil back into the hole and then position the bulbs so
they're 6 to 7 inches deep (follow instructions on the packaging). Lilies also grow well
in pots.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Watering about once a week and spritzing leaves withwater throughout the
summer will help keep yourpeace lily hydrated.
2. Ifyour plant seems to completely droop, don't give up — water and spritz and give it
a chance to revive.
▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. It is possible to propagate lilies vegetatively in three ways: by using bulbils from the
stem, from bulblets around the stem base and from scales. The last method gives the
largest quantity of new plants.

12. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Flowers are ready for harvesting between 90-120 days after
planting.
2. Assoon asfirst bud shows distinct colouration, the
liliesshould be harvested.
3. If this is done at a premature stage, the buds will not
develop properly.
▶ YIELD:-
1. Average yield of lily is one stem per plant.

13. COMMON NAME:-Marathi
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Begonia
FAMILY:-Begoniaceae
CHROMOSOME NO.=
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Begonia plants are typically under 1 foot tall, with loads of colour full flowers
up to 4 incheswide.
2. Begonia is a genus of perennial flowering plants in family Begoniaceae.
3. The genus contains more than 1,800 different plant species.
4. The Begonia are native to moist subtropical and tropical climate areas.
▶ VARATIES:- Wax begonias, Tuberous begonias, Cane begonias,
Rhizomatousbegonias

14. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Most begonias respond best to warm, moist conditions.
2. The ideal temperature range is 15to 26Celsius though most will tolerate
range is 15 to 26 degrees Celsius though most will tolerate temperatures as
high as40C and aslow as5C - some even lower
.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Begonias grow best in light, fertile, well-drained soil.
2. Choose a light potting soil with extra perlite if available, or create your own
mix using equal parts of potting soil, perlite, and peat moss.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. “Begonias are heavy feeders, and for best bloom production should be
fed every two weeks,” Roberts said. He recommends a high nitrogen plant
food with a 10-10-5 formula early in the season.

15. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Begonias can be planted immediately outdoors.
2. In colder zones, Starting begonia tubers indoors to give them the head start
they need.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Due to their tropical origin, begonias thrive in areas with relatively high
humidity.
2. In drier areas, they will appreciate being misted daily. However, do not use
tap water for misting –the high alkalinity of some tap water will cause the
leavesof your plant to drop.
▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. For the larger leaved plants, begonia propagation can begin with a single leaf.
2. With a sharp knife, cut a mature leaf from the plant where the leaf meets the
stem. Now clip the cut end into a point.

16. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Cut the seed pods from behind the
female flower heads when the pods
swell and begin to dry, a short time
after the flowers expire.
2. Let the seed pods dry as much as
possible on the plant, but remove
them before they split open and
disperse seeds on the ground.

17. COMMON NAME:- Gebera daisy
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Gerbera jamesonii
FAMILY:- Asteraceae CHROMOSOME
NO.=2n=50 CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Gerbera daisies have long-lasting 3- to 4- inch flowers that come in numerous
shades of yellow, white, pink, red, orange, lavender, salmon,and bicolored.
2. The centre floral disk can range from yellowish to light- bronze to black in
colour.
3. Daisy leaves are oval spatulate and toothed, bright green, with short petiole.
4. Flowers are single, semi double, or double in shades of pink, orange, red,
yellow, and white and are up to 4 inches or more in diameter.
▶ VARIETIES:- Happipot

18. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Gerber daisies thrive best in locations that receive full sun, which means at
least six hours of direct sunlight each day.
2. Gerbera daisies can tolerate chilly temps for short periods of time, room
temperatures of around 70 degrees F. (21 C.) are ideal for overwintering potted
gerberas.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Gerbera Daisies prefer a slightly acidic soil. Ideally, the pH values of the soil
should be between 5.5 and 6.5.
2. Keep in mind that higher values of pH can cause chlorosis of the plant, which
will manifest as yellow stripes on the leaves.
▶ FERTILLIZER:-Feed plants every two weeks with a water-soluble fertilizer
, such as a
24-8-16 formula. Once a bloom droops, clip the stem off below the leaves to
encourage more. Insummer, flowering will slow because of the heat but should
pick up again in fall.

19. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. If the soil is not well-drained, plant gerbera daisies in a container.
2. Plant gerbera daisies in the spring after the danger of frost has passed.
Space them 12 to 18 inches apart with the crown of the plant at or slightly
above the soil level.
3. The crown is the point where the stem and roots meet the soil.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Gerbera daisies need regular watering, around 1 inch per week.
2. Water only when the soil has dried an inch or two below the surface.
3. These flowers may also need more frequent watering when first getting
established in your landscape, as well as during hot, dry spells.

20. ▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. One simple and fast way to propagate gerbera daisies is from cuttings.
2. Fill one 3-inch potting container with potting soil for each stem cutting.
3. Gerbera daisies are a showy plant that many gardeners enjoy growing.
4. Clip off a stem just above soil level and then cut the stem again so that
you have a 6-inch stem piece.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. It's important to allow the seed head to completely ripen before picking it
from the plant.
2. It will turn brown and may crack when it's ripe. Cut the stem at the base of
the plant and enclose the seed head end in a paper bag, secured with
string.

21. COMMON NAME:- Chamanthi
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Chrysanthemum indicum
FAMILY:-Asteraceae
CHROMOSOME NO.=
2n=47-63
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Most garden mums grow to 2 to 3 feet in size and required at least
a 12
inch containerforthe best support.
2. Flower can have 0.4 to 10 inchesin diameter
.
3. Traditional colours of chrysanthemum are red, yellow, white, and
purple.
4. Chrysanthemum can have one flower or 3-7 flowers per stem.
▶ VARIETIES:- CSIR-75, Ashakaran, Pooja, Vasantika, Maghi White,
Gauri and Gulal.

22. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions are ideal.
2. However, the best temperature for growing chrysanthemum is 20-280C for
day and 15-200C for night.
3. Since chrysanthemum is a short day plant, planting should be done such
that flowering coincides with short day conditions.
▶ SOIL:-
1. The ideal soil for chrysanthemum growing is a well-drained sandy loam of
good texture and aeration.
2. The soil should be neutral or slightly acidic with pH 6.5 to 7.0 having high
organic content.
3. Very light sandy soils are not recommended owing to their poor moisture
holding properties.

23. ▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Use a granular application with a formulation of 6-2-4 or 4-2-3 analysis for
fertilizing your mum plants.
2. And the rate should be 1 pound per 100 square feet of garden bed.
Soluble fertilizers can also come in handy.
▶ PLANTING:-
1. Chrysanthemum is a short day plant, planting should be done such that
flowering coincides with short day conditions.
2. Under Tamil Nadu conditions, it is planted during April-May so that it
flowers during September - December
.
3. Well drained red loamy soil with pH of 6 to 7.

24. ▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Plants were irrigated with drip irrigation at irrigation frequencies of 4 (266 mL), 6
(400 mL), and 8 (533 mL) times/day to observe their growth and flowering
performances.
2. Chrysanthemums irrigated 8 times/day had an average of 19.56 flowers while
those irrigated 4 times/day had an average of 16.63 flowers.
▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. Chrysanthemum ispropagated vegetatively either through root suckers or
terminal cuttings. taken from these mother plants.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. The correct stage of harvesting depends upon the cultivar, marketing and
purposes etc.
2. The flowers are harvested 3 months from the date of planting at an interval of 4
days. For floral decoration and garlands, fully opened flowers are plucked with or
without the peduncle.

25. COMMON NAME:- Garden tulip, Didier’s tulip
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Liriodendron
FAMILY
:-Liliaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=12
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Height ranges from 6 inches to 2 feet.
2. Tulips are erect flowers with long, broad, parallel-veined leaves and cup-
shaped single or double flower at the tip of the stem.
3. Colours of the flowers can range anywhere from red to yellow to white.
4. Tulips are known for their bold colours and beautiful shape, and most varieties
are indeed almost perfectly symmetrical.
▶ VARATIES:- Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, Double Tulips, Fringed Tulips.

26. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Tulips require hot dry summers followed by cold and wet winters for their
optimum growth and development.
2. Tulip bulb has a cold requirement of many weeks which must be satisfied
before it can grow above ground.
3. Tulips are indigenous to mountainous areas with temperate climates and need a
period of cool dormancy.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Tulips require well-drained light sandy loam soils for better growth and yield.
▶ FERTILIZERS:-
▶ After planting the bulbs in fall, top-dress the bed with a balanced, 10-10-10 or 10-
15-10 slow-release fertilizer. Lightly cultivate the soil to disperse the fertilizer
, or
water it in well.
▶ Apply fertilizer to the top of the soil instead of the planting hole to avoid
burning the bulbs.

27. ▶ PLANTING:-
1
. T
ulip bulbs should be planted in the fall.
2. The soil needs to have cooled off from the summer growing season
before you plant, which could mean September in cold climates
(zones 3 to 5), October in transitional climates (zones 6 to 7), and
November or December in warm climates(zones 8 to 9).
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Irrigation depends on soil type, climate.
2. However, alternate day irrigation should be carried out in case
of greenhouse and polyhouse cultivation.
3. In case of open areas, irrigation should be given at weekly interval.
Drip
irrigation can be adopted in areas where water is major problem.

28. ▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. Propagating tulips is generally done by dividing offset bulblets as only
species types come true from seed (produce flowers that look identical
to those on the parent plant).
2. It may take four to seven years, however, for those seedlings to grow
large enough to flower
, advisesthe Royal Horticultural Society.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Tulips are carefully dug with a garden trowel to ensure that the entire
plant, bulb included, is lifted when harvested.
2. With bulb attached, tulips are then tucked into crates to be stored dry
in our cooler.
3. Dry means they are not placed in water
. T
ulips should always
be harvested before they are fully open.

29. COMMON NAME:- Garden
snapdragon SCIENTIFIC NAME:-
Antirrhinum majus FAMILY:-
Plantaginaceae CHROMOSOME
NO.=8 CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Snapdragon come in a range of height dwarf ( 6-10 inches wide),
medium
( 16-24 inches tall, 12-18 inches wide) and tall ( 24- 30 inches wide).
2. Snapdragon are mostly short lived perennial plants, though some
species are annuals.
3. The simple leaves are usually lance-shaped.
4. The flowers are tubular, bilaterally symmetrical.
▶ VARIETIES:-Rocket Snapdragons, Bright Butterfly Snapdragons.

30. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Snapdragons are tender perennials that are hardy in USDA zones 7 to 11.
2. But snapdragons prefer cooler temperatures and are at their best when
nighttime temperatures are in the low 40s and daytime temperatures in the low 70s
Fahrenheit.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Snapdragons grow best in cool weather and can tolerate a light frost. They
perform best in full sun to part shade in rich, well-drained soil with a pH of 5.5– 5.8.
2. Amend poor soils with an application of organic matter, such as compost.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Use any standard all-purpose fertilizer
, such as a 10-10-10 product, at a rate of
three pounds for every 100 square feet of flowerbed. Irrigate the snapdragons
immediately after fertilization to minimize the riskof nitrogen burns and to
incorporate the fertilizer into the root zone.

31. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. When planting snapdragon seeds, the optimum time to start snapdragon
seeds indoors is about six to ten weeks before the last frost in spring.
2. Snapdragons are slow-starters that germinate best in cool temperatures.
Some gardeners have good luck planting snapdragon seeds directly in the
garden.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Snapdragons prefer a medium watering schedule, which means watering
about once a week during periods of low rainfall. Soak the soil in the garden
bed until the top 1 inch issaturated.
2. If the top inch feels dry before a week has passed, water sooner.

32. ▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. Snapdragon plants can be propagated from cuttings, root division, and
from seed.
2. They cross pollinate easily, so if you plant the seed collected from a parent
snapdragon, the resulting child plant is not guaranteed to be true to type,
and the color of the flowers might be completely different.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Snapdragons appreciate being harvested early in the morning, if we do
harvest when its a little warmer they get tucked straight into the cooler to get
that field heat off.
2. Harvest when the first few blooms are open, typically recommended a
minimum of three florets.

33. VEGETABLESCROPS

34. ▶ IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLE CROPS:-
1. Vegetables are the important sources of vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants providing human health benefits.
2. Regular intake of recommended amount of vegetables leads to sound health.
3. Quality of vegetables greatly depends on the production system and
handling procedures after harvest.
▶ LISTSOF VEGET
ABLE CROPS:-
1. POTATO
2. PEAS
3. TOMATO
4. CAULIFLOWER
5.BEANS
6.EGG PLANT
7.CUCUMBER
8.GARLIC
9. OKRA
10. GINGER

35. COMMON NAME:- Irish potato, white potato
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-
FAMILY:-Solanum tuberosum
CHROMOSOMENO.=12
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. The potato is herbaceous annual that grows up to 100 cm tall.
2
. T
he potato plant grows, itscompound leaves.
3. The stem thicken to form a few or as many as 20 tubers close to the soil
surface.
4. They bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens.
▶ VARIETIES:-Russet, Red, White ,Yellow, Purple, Fingerling, Petite.

36. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Potato is a temperate climate crop, however it grows under a diverse
range of climatic conditions.
2. It is grown only under such conditions where the temperature during the
growing seasons is moderately cool.
3. The vegetative growth of the plant is best at a temperature of 24°C while
tuber development isfavoured at 20°C.
▶ SOIL:-
1. The potato can be grown almost on any type of soil, except saline and
alkaline soils.
2. Naturally loose soils, which offer the least resistance to enlargement of the
tubers, are preferred, and loamy and sandy loam soils that are rich in
organic matter, with good drainage and aeration, are the most suitable.

37. ▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Potatoes are a root vegetable that grows below the surface of the soil,
phosphate and potassium are more beneficial to potato growth.
2. Choose an all purpose granular fertilizer with the appropriate levels of
potassium and phosphate, usually 5-10-10 or 8-24-24.
▶ PLANTING:-
1. Depending on local weather, most gardeners plant in March, April or May, and
expect a harvest about four months later, starting to dig new potatoes about
two to three weeksafter plantsflower.
2. But again, some can be planted in the fall in mild-winter areas.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Most potatoes are irrigated with sprinklers. Center pivot, wheel line, and solid
set systems are most commonly used.
2. Sprinkler systems are more versatile than furrow irrigation systems and can
apply fertilizers and some pesticides effectively. Uniform water application is
most easily achieved with sprinkler systems.

38. ▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. Potatoes are grown by vegetative propagation; that is, small tubers or pieces
of tubersare planted.
2. To maximize their planting stock, farmers may cut the tubers into several
pieces. Each piece can grow into a new plant as long as an "eye" is present.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1
. The time of harvest isvery important in potato. The development of tuber
continues till vines die.
2. The main crop is ready for harvest within 75-120 days of planting depending
upon the area, soil type and variety sown. Inthe hills, the crop should be
normally harvested when the soil is not very wet.
▶ YIELD:-
1. Under irrigation in temperate and subtropical climates, a crop of about 120
days can produce yields of 25 to 35 tonnes/ha (11 to 15.6 tons per acre), falling
to 15 to 25 tonnes/ha (6.6 to 15.6 tons per acre) in tropical areas.

39. COMMON NAME:-Garden peas
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Pisum sativum
FAMILY:-Legumes
CHROMOSOME NO.:- 14
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Pea shaped round or wrinkled.
2. Flower colourispurple or white.
3. Pea colour is green or yellow.
4. Position of flowers are axial or terminal.
▶ VARIETIES:-Ooty 1, Bonneville, Arkel and Azad.

40. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Peas favour a cool climate with an average temperature range of 10-18
C during itsgrowth period.
2. Peas can tolerate frost at early stages of the growth.
3. However, frost during the later stages of crop growth causes considerable
injury to the newly opened flowers and young developing pods.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Well drained loam soil with a pH level of 6 to 7.5 is optimum for farming of peas.
2. Peas cultivation cannot thrive in water logged areas. Liming is to be done for
acidic soil type.
▶ FERTILIZERS:-
1. Apply FYM at 20 t/ha and 60 kg N, 80 kg P and 70 kg K/ha as basal and 60 kg
N/ha on 30 days after sowing.

41. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Peas must be planted as early as possible in the spring to get a full harvest
before hot summer temperatures arrive and put an end to production.
2. In temperate zones, the saying "Plant peas by St. Patrick's Day" holds true.
Otherwise, plant peas about a month prior to your frost-free date.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Irrigation is done immediately after sowing and life irrigation is given on 3rd
day after sowing. Thereafter irrigation is done once in a week.
▶ PROPAGATION:-
1. Peas are easiest to propagate from seed. If you wish to harvest seed from
your plants, allow some fat, perfect-looking pods to remain on the plant.
2. The higher the quality of the pods you leave, the better the seeds will be,
so choose optimal peapods.

42. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. The green peas pods should be harvested at proper stage.
2. Harvesting of peas may start as soon as peas started changing colour from
dark to green.
3. Multiple pickings like, 4 to 5 pickling can be done within the 6 to 10 days
interval. Yield depends on the variety, soil fertility and management of the
field.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. The average yield of early crop is 25-40 q/ha, mid season crop 65-85 q/ha
and late season cultivars 85-115 q/ha.

43. COMMON NAME:-Garden tomato
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Solanum lycopersicum
FAMILY
:-Solanaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=2n=26
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. They are usually red, scaelet, or yellow, though green and purple varieties do
exist.
2. They vary in shape from almost spherical to oval and elongated to pear-
shaped.
3. Each fruit contains at least two cells of small seeds surrounded by jelly like pulp’
4. Tomato plants are relatively easy to cultivate.
▶ VARIETIES:- Pusa Hybrid 4, Arka Shreshta.

44. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Tomato is a warm season crop, it requires warm and cool climate. The plants
cannot withstand frost and high humidity.
2. The plant doesn't withstand frost, it requires low to medium rainfall, and does
well underaverage monthly temperature of 21 to 230C.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Tomato can be grown on a wide range of soils from sandy to heavy clay.
2. However, well-drained, sandy or red loam soils rich in organic matter with a pH
range of 6.0-7.0 are considered as ideal.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Normally tomato crop requires 120kg Nitrogen (N), 50kg Phosphorus (P2O5),
and 50kg Potash (K2O). Nitrogen should be given in split doses.
2. Half nitrogen and full P2O5 is given at the time of transplanting and remaining
nitrogen is given after 30 days and 60 days of transplanting.

45. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Place the tomato seedling inside the new container filled with potting soil and
cover with soil leaving some part of the stem outside.
2. To grow stronger tomato plants and bigger tomatoes, bury two-third of the
plant inside the soil while transplanting.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. The depth of irrigation is directly associated with the depth of the tomato root
system.
2. Out of all the roots, 80%of the feeding roots remain in the 20cm-30cm depth.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Tomato plants readily grow adventitious roots from the stems if given the
opportunity, producing a stronger plant with more roots.
2. Adventitious roots will grow from the bent stem inside the block.

46. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1
. T
he fruitsare harvested by twisting motion of hand to
separate fruits from the stem.
2. Harvested fruits should be kept only in basket or crates
and keep it in shade.
3
. Since all the fruitsdo not mature at the same time, they
are harvested at an interval of 4 days.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. On an average, the yield variesfrom 20-25 t/ha. Hybrid
varieties may yield upto 50-60 t/ha.

47. COMMON NAME:-Gobi
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Brassica oleracea var
FAMILY
:-Brassicaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=2n=2x=18
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Cauliflower are annual plants that reach about 0.5 meter tall and
bear large rounded leavesthat resemble collards.
2. As desired for food, the terminal cluster forms a firm, succulent curd or
head, that isan immature inflorescence.
3
. The cauliflowerhead iscomposed of a white inflorescence meristem.
4. Itis available in the normal curd shape and with a fractal spiral curd
called Romanesco broccoli.
▶ VARIETIES:-Pusa Deepali, Pant Shubhra, Pusa Snowball-1.

48. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Cauliflowerisa cool-season vegetable.
2. So it produces in the cool and slightly moist climate condition.
3. The optimum monthly average temperature ranges from 15 to 20 °C. The early
varieties require higher temperatures and longer day length.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Inlight soil, the plants are most sensitive to drought and therefore, adequate
moisture supply isimportant.
2. For early crops, the light soils are preferred, while, loamy and clay loam
soils are more suitable for mid season and late maturing types.
▶ FERTILIZERS:-
1. Generally, the cauliflower crop is required to give 200 kg of Nitrogen, 75 kg of
phosphorus and 75 kg potassium per hectare for optimum yield.
2. Nitrogen 100 kg, 75 kg phosphorus and 75 kg potash should be applied at the
time of transplanting.

49. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. The main sowing period is March to May, although early crops can be
achieved by sowing under glass in January/February or sowing cultivars in
the autumn in a glasshouse or cold frame
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Irrigation is done once in a week during January and February. Irrigation is
done once in a week.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Propagation from root-shoot cuttings proved to be the most efficient
method.
2. It was developed at the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding,
Wageningen.
3. The results obtained with it are generally satisfactory.

50. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. During manual harvesting, a cutting tool (such a scythe) is
used to detach the cauliflower from curd.
2
. The curd should not be touched by the hand or by the
cutting tool in order to minimize any physical damage to it.
3. In many countries, the curd is harvested by cutting the stem
with about 6 to 8 leavesstill attached.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. Early maturing cultivars have an average yield of 80-120 /ha.
The main season cauliflowerproduces 150-200 q yield/ha.
2. while Snowball group and other late maturing cultivars gave
the highest yield of 250- 300 q/ha, because of highly
compact curds and larger plant population per unit area.

51. COMMON NAME:- Ginger
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Zingiber
FAMILY:-Zingiberaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=2n=2x=22
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Ginger is a 2-4 feet tall slender perennial with grass like leaves and greenish
flowers.
2. Ginger isindigenousto Southern China.
3. Fresh ginger root is typically light brown on the outside and pale yellow on
the inside.
4. Citrusy, musty, soapy, hot and bitter.
▶ VARIETIES:-IISRVarada, IISRMahima.

52. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Ginger thrivesbest in warm, humid climates.
2. It survives in USDA Hardiness Zones 9 to 12, which means that it can
withstand outdoor cold reaching down to 25 to 30 degrees F, no colder.
▶ SOIL:-
1. The best soil for ginger is loose, loamy, and rich in organic matter.
2. Loamy soils allow water to drain freely, which will help prevent the
rhizomes from becoming waterlogged.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. The recommended dose of fertilizer for ginger is 75 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 50
kg K2O per ha.
2. The fertilizers are to be applied in split doses. The beds are to be earthed
up, after each top dressing with the fertilizers.

53. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. A good source of ginger for planting is fresh rhizomes from
another grower.
2. Plant the rhizomes 6 to 8 inches apart, 2 to 4 inches deep, and
with the growth buds pointing upward.
3. They can be planted whole or in smaller pieces with a couple of
growing buds each. Ginger plants will grow to about 2 to 3 feet
tall.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Ginger is cultivated as rain fed crop in high rainfall areas (uniform
distribution for 5 to 7 months) and irrigated crop in less rainfall
areas where distribution isnot uniform.
2. Ginger requires 1300-1500 mm of water during its crop cycle.

54. ▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Ginger is propagated by portions of rhizomes known as seed rhizomes.
2. Carefully preserved seed rhizomes are cut into small pieces of 2.5 - 5.0
cm length weighing 20 - 25 g each having one or two good buds.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Ginger attainsfull maturity in 210-240 days after planting.
2. Harvesting of ginger for vegetable purpose starts after 180 days based
on the demand.
▶ YIELD:-
1. The average yield of ginger rhizome is estimated at about 7to 12
tonnes per hectare. The recovery of dry ginger varies from 16 - 25 per
cent.

55. COMMON NAME:-French beans
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Phaseolus vulgaris
FAMILY:-Legume
CHROMOSOME NO.=22
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Beans are members of the genus Phaseolus.
2. They are generally plants with erect stems varieties or they can grow as
spreading or climbing vines.
3. By twining stems, they have the ability to curl up on any medium that is
within reach.
▶ VARIETIES:- Black Beans, Black-Eyed Peas, Cannellini Beans.

56. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Common bean grows well at temperatures ranging from 15 to 27°C and will
withstand temperatures up to 29.5°C.
2. High temperature (close to or higher than 35°C) and moisture stress during
flower and pod setting results in abortion of large numbers of blossoms and
developing pods.
▶ SOILS:-
1. Ingeneral, common bean requires deep, fertile soil, from loose to slightly
compact, with good physical properties, a pH of 5.5–6.5, and flat or rolling
topography with good drainage.
2. Prepare the seedbed carefully then irrigate before planting so that the soil is
uniformly moist.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. A light feeding of compost isgenerally all bean plants need for adequate
potassium. For infertile soils, use 5-10-10 fertilizer or add 10 pounds of ground
granite or 10 pounds of greensand per 100 square feet.

57. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Plant the bean seeds directly into the soil about 9-12 inches away from
each other
.
2. Dig a 1-inch deep hole, place the seed, and cover it with soil properly.
To aid the germination process, water the seeds regularly for 3-4 days.
3. Keep watering your plants once every 2-3 days to support the growth.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Creating the bean pod takes photosynthesis energy along with a
generous water supply; plants use approximately 1/2 inch of water
each day during the blossom and pod growth period.
2. As a result, the plants should be watered daily to replace the water
uptaken by the root system during the development period.

58. ▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Seeds should be planted 2.5–3.5 cm (1–1.5 in) deep. Bush beans should
be planted 5–10 cm (2–4 in) apart allowing 0.6–0.9 m ( 2–3 ft) between
rows.
2. Pole beans can be planted in both row and hills. In rows, seeds should be
spaced 15–25 cm (6–10 in) apart allowing 0.9–1.2 m (3–4 ft) between
rows.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Pick them when the pods are full and large in size. Once the pods begin
to show the shape of the beans, they start drying out.
2. Harvest the pods by snapping them from the top.
▶ YIELD:-
1. Yield varies from 5 to 6 tonnes per acre in case of pole types.

59. COMMON NAME:-Brinjal
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Solanum melongena
FAMILY
:-Solanaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=12
CHRACTERISTICS:-
1. Egg plant is usually grown as an annual and features an erect bushy stem that
issometimesarmed with spines.
2. The leaves are large, ovate, and slightly lobed.
3. The pendant violet flowers are characteristically solitary and approximately 5
cm across.
4. Egg plant has antioxidants like vitamins A and C which help protect your cells
against damage.
▶ VARIETIES:-Fairy Tale Eggplant, Globe/American Eggplant.

60. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. It thrives in full sun and requires at least five months of warm weather for
fruit production.
2
. T
he optimum daytime growing temperature ranges between 70°F and
85°F.
3. When temperatures rise above 95°F
, eggplant ceases to set fruit and may
drop flowers or abort immature fruit.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Eggplant prefers well-drained, fertile, sandy loam soils with a pH between
5.5 and 7.2.
2. Remove all weeds and till the soil to loosen it to a depth of 6 to 10 inches.
3. The higher the organic matter content of the soil the better, so incorporate
a 3- to 4-inch layerof compost if possible.

61. ▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. A balanced fertilizer (10-10-10) is often recommended for eggplant.
2. Feeding too much nitrogen at this point can result in large, leafy plants
that fail to produce fruit.
▶ PLANTING:-
1. Start seeds indoors in flats or peat pots 8–9 weeks prior to the last spring
frost date.
2. Seeds germinate quickly at temperatures between 70 to 90°F
.
3. Alternatively, buy 6- to 8-week-old nursery transplants just before
planting.
4. Do not plant eggplant transplants into the garden until after the last
threat of frost.

62. ▶ IRRIGATRION:-
1. To be on the safe side you will need to water it about an inch every week.
2. This increases as the weather get warmer and reduce when it gets cooler.
But as a rule of thumb, this plant needs soil that is moist.
3. Along with regular watering, the eggplant loves a good soak in the sun
and fertile soil.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. First, fill the mason jar ⅔ of the way full with water and place the eggplant
cuttings inside the jar
.
2. Do not put more than two or three cuttings in each jar
. Refill the jar as the
water evaporates, checking on it daily and refilling when needed.
3. Rootsshould start to appear within two to three weeks.

63. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. That an eggplant is ripe for harvest when its skin attains a
shiny gloss like finish.
2. To further test it, push the surface of the skin. Ifthe
indentation you made springs back, then the vegetable
isn't ripe and vice versa.
▶ YIELD:-
1. The yield in Brinjal crop varies from 7 tons to 17 tons which
completely depends on the variety of hybrid chosen.

64. COMMON NAME:-Khira
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Cucumis sativus
FAMILY
:-Cucurbitaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=2n=14
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. The cucumber plant is a tender annual with a rough, succulent, trailing
stem.
2. The hairy leaves have three to five pointed lobes, and the stem bears
branched tendrils by which the plant can be trained to supports.
3. The five petaled yellow flowers are unisexual and produce a type of berry
known as a pepo.
4. Cucumber is Zaid rabi crop which is sown in february - march and
harvested in April –may.
▶ VARIETIES:-Kiros F1, Jumbo Green F1, Shivayee F1.

65. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Cucumber isa warm season crop and grows best at a temperature of 18-24
QC.
2. It does not withstand frost. Cucumber can be grown in all types of soil from
sandy to heavy soil.
3. Loam, silt loam and clay loam soils are best for getting higher yield.
▶ SOILS:-
1. Cucumbers do best in loose sandy loam soil, they can be grown in any well-
drained soil.
2. Cucumbers must be grown in full sunlight. Because their roots reach 36 to 48
inches deep, do not plant them where tree roots will rob them of water and
nutrients.
▶ FERTILIZERS:-
1. Cucumbers have low nitrogen requirements, but they need high potassium
and high phosphorus levels.

66. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Direct planting is the best way to grow cucumbers. Cucumber plants need
warmth and light.
2. Hence, the best location to keep the pot/container in sunlight. Sow the
seeds at least 1 inch deep in the soil and 4 inches apart.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Cucumber plants need between 1 and 2 inches of water per week for
optimum production and fruit quality.
2. Plants have a higher demand for moisture during pollination and fruit
development.
3. Overhead sprinkler
, drip, and seepage irrigation systems are all used in
commercial cucumber production.

67. ▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. The preferred method of cucumber planting isdirect seeding in the garden
after the soil has warmed as the seeds will not germinate in a soil chillier than 60
degrees.
2. Just push two or three cucumber seeds an inch into the soil, spacing the
plantings18 to 36 inches apart.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Cucumber crop matures within 40 -50 days and harvesting starts 45 - 55 days
after planting.
2. Pickling types are harvested when fruits are 5-7.5 cm (2-4 inches) long, and
slicing types (for fresh market) - when fruits are dark green, firm, 15-20cm (6-8
inches) long with a diameter of 4-5 cm (1½ - 2 inches).
▶ YIELDS:-
1. 20-22 MT/Acre. Suitable for Hot and Dry climate for Summer/Kharif/Rabi. Seed
rate: 300-400g/acre.

68. COMMON NAME:-Lehsan
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Allium sativum
FAMILY
:-Amaryllidaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=16
CHARACTERISITCS:-
1. They have a characteristics pungent, spicy flavour that mellows and sweetens
considerably with cooking.
2. The distinctive aroma is mainly due to organosulfur compounds including allicin
present in fresh garlic cloves.
3. The garlic stem is an underground structure and both leaves and roots initiate
from it.
4
. It dies long before the garlic plant isharvested.
▶ VARIETIES:-VL Garlic 1, VL Lahsun 2.

69. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Garlic can be grown at elevation of 1200–2000 m from the mean sea level.
2. Itrequires short days, cool (12–18 °C) moist period during vegetative growth.
3. A well drained friable soil rich in organic matter with a pH range of 6 –7 is
ideal.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Garlic requires well drained loamy soils, rich in humus, with fairly good content
of potash.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Apply NPK fertilizers @40: 20: 40 Kg/acre.
2. Apply 1/3 of N, entire P and 60 %
K as basal dose at the time of planting.
Based on soil test for micronutrient, the deficient micronutrient should be
applied in soil at sowing / transplanting. Apply 1/3 of N at 21days and
remaining 1/3 at 45 days after transplanting.

70. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. The cloves should be planted with the pointed end up and the blunt end down.
Push each clove 1-2" into the ground, firm the soil around it, and water the bed
if it is dry.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Inboth seasons, irrigation systems significantly affected vegetative growth
parameters, and garlic fresh and cured bulb yields which increased with drip
irrigation at 100%of ETp of irrigation water amount compared to (75%of ETp)
with surface irrigation method.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Planting Most garlic varieties do not produce fertile seed so the plant is
propagated from the cloves.
2. Individual cloves are obtained by breaking apart the bulb. Generally, garlic
should be planted in the Fall around the same time spring bulbs such as
daffodils are planted.

71. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. When stems turn yellow and fall over, and the bottom few
leaves turn brown, it's harvest time. Carefully dig your garlic
bulbs, and keep the stems intact.
2. To maximize storage life, “cure" your harvest in a warm, dry,
shaded area with good ventilation.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. The garlic yield 40to 100quintals per hectare produce,
depending on many factors like garlic variety, season, and
soil fertility.

72. COMMON NAME:- Ladies’ fingers or ochro
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Abelmoschus esculentus
FAMILY:-Malvaceae
CHROMOSOME NO.=2n=130
CHARACTERISITCS:-
1. Okra can grow from 3 to 6 feet tall.
2. Okra leavesare heart-shaped and three- to- five lobed.
3. The flowers are yellow with a crimson center.
4. The fruit, or pod, hairy at the base is a tapering 10- angled capsuler 10-25
cm in length that contains numerous oval dark- coloured seeds.
▶ VARIETIES:-Pusa Makhmali,Arka Anamika, Parbhani Kranti.

73. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Okra isa tropical crop.
2. Itsoptimal temperature for germination, growth and fruit setting is between 25
and 30 celsius degrees.
3. The plant needs warm weather and plenty of sunshine. Itshrives well in
different soil condition, but it is best to grow in the well drained soil, especially
with rich organic matters.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Okra grows best in soil with a near-neutral pH between 6.5 and 7.0, although it
will do fine in a pH as high as 7.6.
2. Plants benefit from a generous amount of compost or other rich organic
matter, which should be thoroughly mixed into the soil before planting.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Nitrogen fertilizers like urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and ammonium
sulphate should be used for this crop. Balance quantity of 30 %N and 25 %K is
applied as second top dressing about 7 weeks after sowing.

74. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. To grow Okra, sow the seeds 7-8 inches apart and ½
inches deep.
2. If you're planning to grow okra indoors and transplanting them later,
be sure to space them 9 to 10 inchesapart.
3. Handle the seedlings very carefully as they're delicate and can be
easily damaged. Dig a hole deep enough to hold the entire root balls.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Irrigation frequency in bhendi crop varies with the season and the soil
type.
2. Bhendi is grown withoutirrigation in rainy season in high rainfall area
where distribution of rainfall is uniform throughout the growing season.
3. A light irrigation is given soon after seed sowing to ensure good
germination.

75. ▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Okra is mainly propagated by seeds and has duration of 90 -100 days.
2. It is generally annual plant its stem is robust, erect variable in branching
varying from 0.5mt to 4m in height leaves are alternate and usually
palmately five lobed where as the flower is auxiliary and solitary.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. he fruits are ready for harvest in about 45-60 days after seed
sowing depending upon variety and season.
2. Size of the pod and stage at which it is harvested varies with
variety/hybrid and market preference.
▶ YIELDS
1. Average yield of 40 to 48qtl/acre.

77. ▶ IMPORTANCE OF FRUITCROP:-
1. Fruit crops play an important role in the human diet. Because of their
ingredients fruits are very healthy and protective against a number of
diseases.
2. They are known to contain several health-promoting components, such as
vitamins, essential minerals, antioxidants and prebiotics (fibers).
▶ LISTSOF FRUITCROP:-
1. BANANA
2. GRAPES
3. APPLE
4. MANGO
5. GUAVA

78. COMMON NAME:-M. sapientum
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Musa
FAMILY:- Musaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.:- 11
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. The fruit is variable in size, colour and firmness, but usually elongated or curved,
with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow,
red, purple, or brown when ripe.
2. The fruits grown in clusters hanging from top of the plant.
3. A stalk or stem can be about 30 cm thick.
4. A banana plant can grow up to 6 meters in height.
▶ VARIEITES:-Cavendish Banana, Red banana.

79. ▶ Climate:-
1. Banana, basically a tropical crop, grows well in a temperature range of 15ºC –
35ºC with relative humidity of 75-85%
.
2. Itprefers tropical humid lowlands and is grown from the sea level to an
elevation of 2000m.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Deep, rich loamy soil with pH between 6.5 –7.5 is most preferred for banana
cultivation.
2. Soil for banana should have good drainage, adequate fertility and moisture.
3. Saline solid, calcareous soils are not suitable for banana cultivation.
▶ FERTILIZER
1. The best fertilizers for banana trees are high in potassium, phosphorus and
nitrogen, like an 8-10-8 fertilizer.

80. ▶ PLANTINING:-
1. A banana rhizome or corm is the base from which suckers grow.
2. A rhizome (corm) without notable suckers can be chopped into pieces.
3. Each piece with a bud (proto-sucker) will grow into a banana plant, but this will
take longer than using a sucker
.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Water requirement of banana has been worked out to be 1,800 –2,000 mm
per annum.
2. Inwinter, irrigation isprovided at an interval of 7-8 days while in summer it
should be given at an interval of 4-5 days.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. The banana has a reduced underground stem, called the rhizome, which
bears several buds. Each of these buds sprouts and forms its own pseudostem
and a new bulbous rhizome. These daughter plants are called suckers. Banana
is mostly propagated by rhizomes and suckers viz.

81. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1
. T
he dwarf bananas are ready for harvest within
11-14 months after planting, while tall cultivars
take about 14-16 monthsto harvest.
2. A bunch usually takes90-120 daysto mature
after shooting.
▶ YIELD:-
1. The yield obtained from different varieties
of banana plants is:Dwarf Cavendish yields 30
to 40 tonnes per hectare, Robusta yields 38 to
45.

82. COMMON NAME:-Vitisvinifera
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Vitis
FAMILY:- Vitaceae
CHROMOSOMENO. :- 19
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. They are firm and sweet with a pleasing tartness and have a long self-
life.
2. The grapevine isa stem- tendril climbing plant that grows upwards
with vigorous overhanging growth new shoots may grow 1-4 meters
every year.
3. Itis usually cultivated as a shaped shrub with a growth height of 10
meters or more depending on the pruning technique.
4. Greenish flowers in clusters.
▶ VARIETIES:-Anab-e-Shahi, Kali Sahebi, Sharad Seedless.

83. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Grapevines thrive best in climates with long warm summers, and rainy winters.
2. Warm weather during the growing period enables grapevine to flower, fruit set
and ripen.
▶ SOIL
1. Grapes can be cultivated in variety of soils including sandy loams, sandy clay
loams, red sandy soils, shallow to medium black soils and red loams.
2. The soil should be well drained, having good water holding capacity and
devoid of any hard pan or impervious layer in the top 90-cm, with water table
at least 6.5m below.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Apply 5-10 pounds (2-4.5 kg.) of poultry or rabbit manure, or 5-20 (2-9 kg.)
pounds of steeror cow manure per vine.
2. Other nitrogen-rich grapevine fertilizers (such as urea, ammonium nitrate, and
ammonium sulfate) should be applied after the vine has blossomed or when
grapes are about ¼inch (0.5 cm.)

84. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. In most of the U.S., the best time to plant grape vines is very late winter or
early spring, if irrigation is available.
2. To ensure the highest quality vines and a specific cultivar or rootstock,
order vines from a reputable nursery [1] in the summer or early fall prior to
planting in spring.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Vines are irrigated immediately after pruning and fertilizer application.
2. During the berry growth stage, irrigation is given at intervals of 5-7 days.
Water is withheld for at least 8-10 days prior to harvesting to improve the
fruit quality. Irrigation is resumed after pruning.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Cuttings are planted 20 cm apart in lines. While planting the cuttings at
least two nodes should be inside the soil with one bud above the soil.

85. ▶ HARVESTING
1. n thisvariety, the crop isharvested about 5 months after
pruning.
2. As a result, three crops are harvested in two years, and
the crop isharvested almost throughout the year
.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. The average yield of Anab-e-Shahi and Bangalore blue
is 40-50 tonnes/ha while that of seedless varieties is 20
tonnes/ha.
2. Average yield of 20-25 tonnes/ha. isconsidered good.

86. COMMON NAME:- Apple
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Malus domestica
FAMILY:- Rosaceae
CHROMOSOME NO. :- 17
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Fruitiness
2. Acidity
3. Sweetness
4. Juiciness
▶ VARIETIES:- Cripps Pink / Pink Lady, Golden Delicious.

87. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. The average summer temperature should be around 21-24oC during active
growth period.
2. Apple succeeds best in regions where the trees experience uninterrupted rest
in winterand abundant sunshine for good colourdevelopment.
3. Itcan be grown at an altitude of 1500- 2700 m above the sea level.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Apples grow best on a well-drained, loam soils having a depth of 45 cm and a
pH range of pH 5.5-6.5.
2. The soil should be free from hard substrata and water-logged conditions. Soils
with heavy clay or compact subsoil are to be avoided.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. A common fertilization scheme used by many apple growers is adding once
a year 1- 4 lbs. (0,5-2 kg) N-P-K 12-12-12 or 11-15-15 per young tree and 6,5 to
11 lbs. (3-5 kg) N-P-K 12-12-12 or 11-15-15 permature tree.

88. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Plant bare-root trees in spring as soon as the soil can be worked and before
the trees begin to significantly leaf out.
2. Bareroot trees are commonly grafted and without branches, and so are called
whips.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Irrigation is particularly critical during the budbreak –flowering stage and
during the beginning of fruit fill.
2. Irrigation requirements are determined by using the soil data, root system
depth and evapotranspiration data. The active root system of apple trees
reaches a depth of 90cm.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Apples are propagated by several methods viz.; whip, tongue, cleft and roots
grafting.
2. Usually grafting is done at the end of winter. Budding.

89. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Normally the apples are ready for harvest
from September-October except in the Nilgiris
where the season isfrom April to July.
2. T
he fruitsmature within 130-150 daysafter the full
bloom stage depending upon the variety grown.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. The apple tree starts bearing from 4 year onwards.
Depending on variety and season, a well managed
apple orchard yields on an average 10-20
kg/tree/year.

90. COMMON NAME:- Mango
SCIENTIFIC NAME:- Mangifera indica
FAMILY:- Anacardiaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=40
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. The leaves of the tree are shiny and dark green’
2. They are either elliptical or lanceolate with long petioles and leathery
texture.
3. The mango fruit is roughly oval in shape, with uneven sides.
4. The single large seed is flattened, and the flesh that surrounds it is yellow to
orange in colour, juicy, and of distinctive sweet- spicy flavour’.
▶ VARATIES:- Alphonso Mangoes, Kesar Mangoes, Chausa Mangoes.

91. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Mango thrives well under humid and dry conditions.
2. Itrequires good rainfall during its growing season i.e. June to October and
rainless, dry weather from November onwards.
3. Rainy or cloudy weather during flowering favours the incidence of powdery
mildew disease and leafhoppers.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Mango grows well on wide variety of soils, such as lateritic, alluvial, sandy loam
and sandy.
2. The loamy, alluvial, well-drained, aerated and deep soils (2-2.5 m) rich in
organic matter with a pH range of 5.5-7.5 are ideal for mango cultivation.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Apply FYM 25 kg/tree, N 500 g and 1 kg in each of P and K per bearing tree.
Apply FYM 25 kg, N 500 g and 1 kg in each of P and K per bearing tree/year.

92. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Planting is usually done in the month of July-August in rainfed areas and during
February-March in irrigated areas.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Trees in the age group of 2-5 years should be irrigated at 4-5 days interval.
2. Frequent irrigation 2-3 months prior to flowering season should be avoided.
3. Itis advisable to irrigate the mango plants in basins around them to
economizing water use.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Mango tree propagation may be accomplished by either planting seeds or
through the grafting of mango trees.
2. When propagating by seed, trees take longer to produce fruit and are more
difficult to manage than those that have been grafted, thus mango tree
grafting isthe preferred method of propagation.

93. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Harvest the mango fruit along with its stalk attached to
it;otherwise, the sticky mucilage will ooze out of the
fruit forming black spots nearthe stalk end.
2. All the fruits on the same tree may not mature at the
same time.
3. Therefore it is recommended to do 2-3 rounds of
harvesting in an orchard in a weekly interval.
▶ YIELD:-
1. The all-India average yield of mangoes in traditional
plantations is 2.5-3 tonnes per acre per year.

94. COMMON NAME:- Yellow guava or lemon gauva
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Psidium guajava
FAMILY:-Myrtaceae
CHROMOSOME NO.=2n=18
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. The fruit are round to pear- shaped and measure up to 7.6 cm in
diameter.
2
. T
heir pulp containsmany small hard seeds.
3. The fruit has a yellow skin and white , yellow, or pink flesh.
4. The musky, at times pungent, odour of the sweet pulp is not always
appreciated.
▶ VARIETIES:-Allahabad Safeda, Arka Mridula.

95. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Itis of tropical origin, guava grows best in tropical and subtropical areas that
are frost-free.
2. While young trees can be killed by temperatures in the middle to upper 20's,
older trees can tolerate slightly colder temperatures without much damage.
▶ SOIL:-
1. The guava will tolerate many soil conditions, but will produce better in rich soils
high in organic matter.
2. They also prefer a well-drained soil in the pH range of 5 to 7. The tree will take
temporary waterlogging but will not tolerate salty soils.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. The use of a guava tree fertilizer with a 6-6-6-2 (nitrogen–phosphorus–
potassium–magnesium) ratio is recommended.

96. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Guava is mostly grown under rainfed condition.
2. During winter season, irrigation is provided at an interval of 20-25 days and in
the summer months it isprovided at an interval of 10-15 days by the ring
method.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. No irrigation is required during the monsoon months unless there are long spells
of drought.
2. During the first year when the plants are very young with shallow root system,
they should be watered even at 2-3 days interval in the dry season.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) can be propagated by seed, layering, air
layering, grafting (budding or grafting), cuttings (root or shoot) or tissue culture.

97. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Guavas are harvested throughout the year (except during May and
June) in one or the other region of the country.
2. However, peak harvesting periods in north India are August for rainy
season crop, November- December for winter season crop and
March-April for spring season crop.
▶ YIELD:-
1. f a guava tree is 10 years old then the yield of the tree is 100 kg.
2. The yield from grafted plants in guava is 350 kg and that of seedling
plants is90 kg per tree.
3. The yield is less in the beginning years, i.e. two year old guava plant
yields 4 or 5 kg. In high density planting, the yield is 75 kg per tree.

98. NURSERY CROPS

99. ▶ IMPORTANCE OF NURSERY
CROP:-
1. In a nursery, plants are nurtured by providing them with
optimum growing conditions to ensure germination.
2. Nursery saves considerable time for the raising of the next
crop.
3. Among flower crops, majority of the annuals are
propagated by seeds and require a nursery for raising the
seedlings.
▶ LISTSOF NURSERY CROP PRODUCTION:-
1. DAYLILY
2. ASPARAGUS
3. RHUBARB
4. CAMELLIA
5. ROSE

100. COMMON NAME:- Day lily
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Hemerocallisfulva
FAMILY:-Asphodelaceae
CHROMOSOME NO.=22
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Members of the genus have long-stalked clusters of funnel- or bell-
shaped flowers.
2. It range in colour from yellow to red and each short-lived (hence ‘day’
lily).
3. Daylilies also have fleshy roots and narrow, sword-shaped leaves that
are grouped at the base of the plant.
4. Daylily plants have erect and leaflets flower stalks called scapes.
▶ VARIETIES:- Stella De Oro Daylilies, Amur Daylily.

101. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Daylilies flower best when planted in full sun (6 hours/day), on moist, yet well-
drained soil.
2. In hot climates, dark-colored cultivars should receive some afternoon shade to
help them retain their flowercolor.
▶ SOIL:-
1. They thrive in heavy soils with substantial clay content as well as in sandy soils.
▶ FERTILIZERS:-
1. Typically use a high quality, nitrogen rich fertilizer each spring before the
dayliliesbegin to bloom.
2. Slow release fertilizer
, liquid fertilizer
, compost or well-rotted manure are all
good choices as well.
3. Daylilies love nitrogen so it's important to use a mix that is high in nitrogen.

102. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Create a cone-shaped mound of loose soil at the
bottom of the hole to hold the root.
2. Spread the daylily's root system over the mound,
then fill in around the root with loose soil. Daylilies
should be spaced 18" to 24" apart.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Water the plants every couple of days for the first few
weeks after planting.
2. After that, water once or twice weekly (depending on
whether or not it rains) for the first growing season.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. To propagate them, divide the daylily clumps in early
spring (February through April) or in the late summer to
fall after flowering (late July through mid- September).

103. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. In early spring, harvest the shoots
when they first emerge and are
completely tender. That's usually
when they are less than eight
inches tall.
2. Slice the plants off just above the
soil level (they will regenerate from
the roots). Chop them up and use
them in stir-fries or pasta.

104. COMMON NAME:-Shatavari
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Asparagus
officinalis FAMILY
:-
Asparagaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial plant growing to 100-150cm
tall, with stout stems with much-branched, feathery foliage.
2. The flowers are bell shaped and occur alone or in pairs.
3
. They are green-white to yellow in colour.
4. Asparagus may be erect or climbing, and most species are more
or less woody.
▶ Varieties:- Precoce D'Argenteuil, Purple Passion.

105. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Asparagus plants are sensitive to changes in temperature.
2. Plants need temperatures to be between 75 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit during
the daytime and 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit at night.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Although asparagus favors a sandy loam soil, it is quite tolerant of all but the
densest clays.
2. As long as drainage is good and soil moisture can be maintained during the
growing season, the asparagus plants will thrive.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Asparagus can be fertilized in early spring before the spears emerge.
2. An application of 1 to 1.5 pounds of an all-purpose garden fertilizer
, such
as 10- 10-10, per 100 square feet should be adequate. Asparagus can
also be fertilized after the last harvest in June. Using a nitrogen fertilizer,
apply .

106. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Asparagus is grown from 1- or 2-yearold crowns planted in
January or
February, or as soon as the ground can be worked.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Asparagus needs regular watering, especially while young; give
it 1 to 2 inches of water per week during its first two growing
seasons; give older plants about 1 inch per week.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Asparagus propagation by division is one of the most common
methods. When production of spears slows down over several
years, it is time to cut the root into pieces.
2. Dig up the root in late fall after the last ferns have died back.
3. Cut it into several pieces, each with plenty of healthy root
attached.

107. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. To harvest asparagus, simply cut the spears with a sharp
knife or scissors at ground level.
2. Stop harvesting spears when the diameter of the spears
decreases to the size of a pencil.
3. After harvest, fertilize your asparagus in early summer
.
▶ YIELD:-
1. T
he crop, when harvested in 12 months, yields about 4–
5 tonnes/hectare, while harvesting after 20 months
yields about 6 tonnes/hectare of tubers along with 35
kg/hectare of seeds, which are not obtained in the 12-
month-old crop.

108. COMMON NAME:- Rewandchini
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Rheum palmatum
FAMILY:-Buckwheats
CHROMOSOME NO.=2n=22
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Rhubarb is renowned for its sour taste anf thik stalks, which are
usually cooked with sugar
.
2. The stalks range in colour from red to pink to pale green and
have a consistency that’s similarto celery
.
3. This vegetable requires cold winters to grow.
4
. T
hey are characteristically cordiform, lobed and toothed.
▶ VARIETIES:-Cherry Red, Hardy T
arty.

109. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. The rhubarb crowns and rhizomes are resistant to cold and dry
conditions.
2. The plant thrives in the regions where the crowns remains frozen all
winters and where the soil remains dry throughout the summers.
3. The plant requires temperatures below 10oC to break dormancy.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Rhubarb needs an open, sunny site with moist, but free-draining soil, as it
dislikes being waterlogged in winter.
2. Avoid planting in sites that are particularly prone to late frosts, as the young stems
may be damaged.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Rhubarb requires annual fertilizer applications for good growth and large
yields.
2. Apply fertilizer in early spring before growth starts. Broadcast 1⁄2 cup of an all-
purpose garden fertilizer
, such as 10-10-10, around each plant and work it
lightly into the soil. Avoid getting fertilizer directly on the crown.

110. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Rhubarb crowns are best planted in autumn or spring.
2. Rhubarb crowns and budded pieces are best planted in autumn
or spring,
while the soil is warm and moist.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Application of irrigation is essential to maintain vigorous growth.
Rhubarb thrives in moist soil conditions.
2. Once every week to 10 days, an application of approximately 1
litre of water is recommended, particularly during July when
summer temperatures are the highest. Water can effectively
cool down rhubarb.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Rhubarb can propagated by planting pieces obtained by
dividing the crown. Pieces are taken from 4-5 year old crowns.

111. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. The stalks are ready when they're
between seven and 15 inches long.
The best time to harvest rhubarb is
during May, June and early July.
2. Cutting the flower stalk away
before it blooms helps extend the
harvesting season.
▶ YIELD:-
1. Yield yields can vary depending on
the age and vigour of the stand
and can range between 150-
400q/ha in a single cutting harvest
season.

112. COMMON NAME:-Japanese camellia
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Camellia japonica
FAMILY
:-Theaceae
CHROMOSOMENO,=15
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Camellias are evergreen shrubs or small trees up to 20 m tall.
2. Their leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, and
usually glossy.
3. Camellia flowers symbolize love, affection, and admiration.
4. Their flowers are usually large and conspicuous, one to 12 cm in
diameter, with five to nine petals in naturally occurring species of
camellies.
▶ VARIETIES:-Camellia japonica, Camellia x williamsii.

113. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Look for varieties that are cold-hardy down to USDA Hardiness
Zone 6B – meaning winter lows that bottom out at 0 to minus 5
degrees.
2. Even cold-hardy camellias are iffy in winters much colder than
that. But even in Zones 6A or lower, careful siting and a few
warm winters in the early years may make camellias possible.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Camellias need acid or ericaceous soil, with a pH of 5.5-6.5.
2. If the pH is neutral in your area, you can make it more acidic
by adding composted bracken (available mail order),
homemade leaf mould or composted pine needles to the
planting hole, then mulching with them too.

114. ▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Camellias don't need much fertilizer, and too much
nitrogen can burn the leaves and cause them to drop off.
2. Spread 1/2to 1 pound (227 g.) of 8-8-8 or 10-10-10 slow
release fertilizer over the root zone. Scratch the fertilizer
into the top inch (2.5 cm.) or so of soil with a garden rake
and then replace the mulch.
▶ PLANTING:-
1. You can also grow camellias in containers.
2. Plant camellias in a sheltered position, away
from cold winds and early morning sun.
3. Most cultivars prefer partial or dappled shade,
but
Camellia sasanqua will tolerate sunnier
positions.

115. ▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. If it feels dry 2 to 3 inches down into the soil, you should water. In
general, if you planted during the fall, you'll need to water only
about once every week or two, assuming you haven't had any
rain.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. Camellias may be propagated by rooting stem
cuttings in much the same manner as one would do
for other broadleaf shrubs, such as azaleas or roses.
▶ HARVESTING:-
1. The secret to making great green tea is to harvest just the top two new leaves
and leaf bud on the new spring growth.
2. Once the leaves are plucked, they are spread in a thin layer on a tray and
then left to dry in the sun. You can harvest tea every 7-15 days depending
upon the development of the tender shoots.

116. COMMON NAME:- Wild rose
SCIENTIFIC NAME:-Rosa hybrida
FAMILY
:-Rosaceae
CHROMOSOMENO.=2n=14
CHARACTERISTICS:-
1. Roses are erect, climbing, or trailling shrubs, the stems of which are
usually copiously armed with prickles of various shapes and sizes,
commonly called thorns.
2. The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, usually with oval
leafletsthat are sharply toothed.
3. Flower is a reproductive organ of the angiosperm plant that contains
thalamusand floral leaves.
4. The leaves are borne alternately on the stem.
▶ VARIETIES:-Hybrid T
ea Rose, Floribunda Rose.

117. ▶ CLIMATE:-
1. Roses typically grow in warm climates and flower in the summer months.
2. However, some roses can grow in the hot tropical climate found in Florida, while
others can grow in hardiness zones as low as 2, which have winter
temperatures that drop as low as -50 degrees Fahrenheit.
▶ SOIL:-
1. Roses like to grow in good, fertile, well-drained soil with moisture retention
capacity.
2. A soil mixture should also contain 1 part farm yard manure & 1 part bio-
compost.
▶ FERTILIZER:-
1. Use a high-nitrogen fertilizer or top dress with alfalfa meal (5-1-2) for the first
application to jump-start leaf development, along with epsom salts to
encourage new cane development and lusher growth.

118. ▶ PLANTING:-
1. Roses are best planted in the spring (after the last frost) or in
fall (at least six weeks before your average first frost).
2. Planting early enough in fall gives the roots enough time to get
established
before the plants go dormant over the winter.
▶ IRRIGATION:-
1. Drip irrigation, underground sprinklers, or hand watering. Drip
or low-volume irrigation is an efficient method that releases
water to your plant without runoff.
2. You can place an emitter on each side of your rose, use
manufactured drip
collars, or fashion your own with perforated drip tubing.
▶ PROPOGATION:-
1. The propagation of roses can be performed by different ways
:-By plant division and layering (for hardwood species). -By
seeding (as for all species giving grains). - "in vitro"
propagation :a very short time , 1 to 2 months instead of 12 to
18 months with upper methods.

119. ▶ HARVESTING:-
1. Rose flowers are ready for harvesting from the
main field when the flower get the bright color
petals.
2. In the first year, rose plants are prepared for the
flowering and in the second year you will get a
good yield from this rose flowers.
3. Rose plants obtain the flowering in March after
the 45 to 50 days of pruning.
▶ YIELDS:-
1. In rose flower cultivation, an average yield of
225-350 stems/sq. m can be obtained. To
increase the flower yield, spray BAP 50 to 100
ppm before flowering.