transcultural nursing

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NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
NURSING DEPARTMENT
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING
“NURS 403”
CULTURE AND BEING A WOMAN
PRESENTED BY
PRECIOUS CHISOM UZOEGHELU 20155117
GLORIA SYDNEY NDAHBROS 20157325
COURSE SUPERVISOR
Prof Dr CANDAN Ozturk
Deadline: 12/12/2018

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CONTENTS;
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
❖ Culture
❖ Woman
WOMEN IN THE CULTURE OF
❖ Advertising
❖ Afghanistan
CULTURAL ABUSE/VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ALL
OVER THE WORLD
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Nurses Roles
General Summary
SOME COMING OF AGE RITUALS DONE TO WOMEN IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
Men and women are different. It was designed by nature like
this and there is nothing wrong about it as they perfectly
supplement each other. There are stable images of men and
women roles in the society, which are very difficult to change or
overcome.
Men are usually regarded as strong and resolute, clever and
quick.
Female roles are reduced to pretty objects.
file:///C:/Users/MiraComputers/Desktop/Women%20In%20Diff
erent%20Cultures.pdf

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WHAT IS CULTURE ?
Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular
group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine,
social habits, music and arts.
"Culture encompasses religion,
food, what we wear, how we
wear it, our language, marriage,
music, what we believe is right or
wrong, how we sit at the table,
how we greet visitors, how we
behave with loved ones, and a
million other things,"
Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London, told Live Science.
The Center for Advance Research on
Language Acquisition goes a step further,
defining culture as shared patterns of
behaviors and interactions, cognitive
constructs and understanding that are learned
by socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the
growth of a group identity fostered by social
patterns unique to the group.

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WHO IS A WOMAN ?
• A woman is a female human being.
• She is said to be the ultimate
strength and support behind the
success of an individual. There is a lot
of differentiation and discrimination in the
name of gender as males and females. Nevertheless, this
difference do exist in nature from time immemorial.
• A female draws out various characteristics which is
different from that of a male, varying from factors such as
physical, mental. biological and reproductive.

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WOMEN IN ADVERTS
Advertisement can be called a measure of social opinion as it expresses the needs
of the society but at the same time it also forms it. It plays a vital role in promoting
labels and stereotypes. Certain ads are targeted to certain social groups. Ads, which
display different female characters, appeal to different social groups.
This article studied different
approaches to woman in
advertising, such as treating
women as sex object, housewife,
submissive, mother, professional,
dumb blonde, in order to analyze
social position of women and
their perspectives.
Advertising not only reflects the
situation on the world market, but
also the tendencies of the modern
society and thing, which are in
requisition. Gender plays in
important role in advertising and
gender stereotypes very often define the advertising style.
Men generally carry more important social roles, with very few exceptions, and
this is reflected in the advertisements. Men play roles of authorities in the
advertisements who either give examples of express their professional opinion in
the contrast to women, who mainly play submissive roles of users of the products.
file:///C:/Users/MiraComputers/Desktop/Women%20In%20Different%20Cultures.pdf

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SOME CULTURAL ABUSE AGAİNST WOMEN ALL
OVER THE WORLD;
Genital mutilation
Breast ironing
Abdomen slicing Tiv Tribe of Nigeria
Teeth chiseling
Honor killings
Khatam al Koran Malaysia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlQKrWmu6lM

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FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal
of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical
reasons.
The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles
in communities, such as attending childbirths.
Procedures can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and
later cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and
increased risk of newborn deaths.
More than 200 million girls and women alive today have been cut
in 30 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia where FGM is
concentrated.
Immediate complications can include:
➢ severe pain
➢ excessive bleeding (hemorrhage)
➢ fever
➢ infections e.g., tetanus
➢ urinary problems
➢ shock
➢ death.
Long-term consequences can
include:
➢ urinary problems (painful urination, urinary tract infections);
➢ menstrual problems (painful menstruations, difficulty in passing menstrual blood, etc.);
➢ psychological problems (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, low self-
esteem, etc.)

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BREAST IRONING
Breast ironing is a form of violence that takes place in
certain regions of Cameroon. It is a violent practice which
is forced upon young girls who have just entered puberty,
and is mostly performed by mothers on their daughters. It
is one of the most widespread and systematic violations
of the universal human rights to personal integrity
committed against the girl child in Cameroon, abusing
their physical, sexual and psychological integrity.
Breast ironing, usually referred to as another form of
mutilation, is a practice whereby a young girl’s
developing breasts are pounded, pressed or massaged
with an object usually heated in a wooden fire, to
make them stop developing, grow more slowly or
disappear completely. This is performed on girls
between the ages of eight and fourteen who have
started developing breasts. It is usually done by a
female relative close to the victim (mother, aunt,
grand mother, sister or guardian).
The objects used in carrying out this practice vary. They include objects such as
❖ grinding stones,
❖ black fruits,
❖ plantain peels,
❖ mortar pestles,
❖ coconut shells
❖ or hammers,
all carefully heated over burning coals. With these
objects, mothers press and iron their daughters developing breasts to destroy any indication of
emerging womanhood. The massage could last from one week to several months depending on
how resistant the breasts are and also depending on how resistant the victim or her body is to the
practice. Sometimes, the heated objects are used twice a day for weeks or months to crush the
budding breast.
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/introducing-the-practice-of-breast-ironing-as-a-human-rights-issue-in-cameroon-2169-
0170.1000121.php?aid=26082

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ABDOMINAL SCARIFICATION OF THE TIV WOMEN
✓ The scarification is a pattern in appreciation to the Akombo(magical emblems, sacred
objects of the Tivs). It can be anything ranging from a type of special grass to a decorated
skull.
✓ It is performed at a young girl very early in the
morning who has reached puberty period.
✓ İt is done by an artist with a razor. He or she
makes an incision and draws 3 circles around
the navel and a vertical line
to the chest which continues up to the neck.
✓ It is believed that due to the abdominal scars,
the belly of the women will not be flabby but
rather attractive and tight.
✓ During this process, only girls and mothers are
present.
TEETH CHISELING IN INDONESIA.
❑ It is a beauty regimen that involves the sawing of teeth until they achieve
a sharp, narrow and pointed shape. Women in some Indonesian rural
communities are considered extremely beautiful after they’ve undergone
such a treatment.
❑ Though a very painful practice, women still undergo this ritual. They do not have any
option neither can they refuse.
❑ İt is mainly seen in the Mantawaian village.

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HONOR KILLINGS AND KILLINGS ALONE
➢ An honor killing is the killing of a family member, mostly females, due to the belief that
they have brought dishonor to the family or community
➢ Iraq and Iran are where a large number of honor
killings occur
➢ What kind of girl it is doesn't matter: a sixteen year
old mentally retarded girl was raped then killed in
Afghanistan
➢ Brothers occasionally do the killings because of the
chance of a lesser sentence as they will be tried as a minor
➢ Everyday at least three women fall victim to abuse
by males
➢ A woman prosecuted her husband after going to the
United States to have extensive facial
reconstruction. She is one of the few that lived to
sue a male because of abuse
➢ A man once killed his wife because he had a dream
that she had betrayed him
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4565147/
KHATAM AL KORAN COMING OF AGE TRADITION:
MALAYSIA
Age 11 marks the start of Muslim girls being able
to celebrate Khatam Al Koran. This ritual marks a
coming of age ceremony showing growth and
maturity presented in their local mosque.
Years are spent rehearsing and reciting the Koran
to reiterate the final chapter to their families and
friends. In Malaysia, 11 is a special birthday for
some Muslim girls, as it marks the time when they
can celebrate Khatam Al Koran, a prestigious
ritual that demonstrates their growing maturity at
their local mosque.
https://biapic.com/khatam-al-koran-coming-age-tradition-malaysia/

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SOME CULTURAL COSTUMES ASSIGNED TO WOMEN IN
DIFFERENT CULTURES AROUND THE WORLD;
CHICKEN WINGS — In Uganda, women cannot eat chicken wings.
Otherwise they would fly like a chicken and not be submissive, especially in
marital benevolence.
PHYSICAL ABUSE —In some cultures in West Africa, women are to be
beaten at least once in three months in order to remain disciplined. If they are not
beaten, the women ask for it!

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BEING A WOMAN IN AFGHANISTAN
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6360903
Some girls live as boys to survive in afghanistan

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AS NURSES WE NEED TO KNOW THESE;
THIS CHART SHOWS THAT MORE IS EXPECTED FROM WOMEN THAN
THEY ARE GIVEN

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GENERAL SUMMARY ON CULTURAL VIOLENCE
PRACTICES AGAINST WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY
NURSING ASSESSMENTS;
When assessing women, nurses should be aware that some of the following physical signs of
injuries might be related to domestic violence:
❖ Bruising in the chest and abdomen;
❖ Multiple injuries;
❖ Minor lacerations;
❖ Ruptured eardrums;
❖ Delay in seeking medical attention;
❖ Patterns of repeated injury.

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NURSING DIAGNOSIS;
However it is unlikely women will present with a physical injury. They will more
likely present with issues such as:
➢ A stress-related illness;
➢ Anxiety, panic attacks, stress and/or depression;
➢ Drug abuse including tranquilisers and alcohol;
➢ Chronic headaches, asthma, vague aches and pains;
➢ Abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea;
➢ Sexual dysfunction, vaginal discharge;
➢ Joint pain, muscle pain;
➢ Sleeping and eating disorders;
➢ Suicide attempts, psychiatric illness; or
➢ Gynecological problems, miscarriages, chronic pelvic pain.
The woman may also:
Appear nervous, ashamed or evasive;
Describe her partner as controlling or prone to anger;
Seem uncomfortable or anxious in the presence of her partner;
Be accompanied by her partner, who does most of the talking;
Give an unconvincing explanation of the injuries;
Be recently separated or divorced;
Be reluctant to follow advice.
https://www.crisisprevention.com/Blog/September-2011/Domestic-Violence-What-Can-Nurses-Do

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NURSES ROLES
❖ Assess the client for abuse/violence or neglect and intervene as appropriate
❖ Identify risk factors for domestic, childhood, elder abuse/neglect and sexual abuse
❖ Plan interventions for victims/suspected victims of abuse
❖ Counsel victims/suspected victims of abuse and their families on coping strategies
❖ Provide a safe environment for the abused/neglected client
❖ Evaluate client response to interventions
SOME COMING OF AGE RITUALS DONE TO WOMEN IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
MENTAWAI TEETH
SHARPENING RITUAL.mp4
How I Survived
Female Genital Mutilation.mp4
Breast ironing - A
survivor's story.mp4
10 Most Terrifying
Rites of Womanhood from Around the World.mp4
5 Most Horrible
Rituals Performed on Womens.mp4
Rite of passage-
Girls’ journey to womanhood _.mp4
➢ The Nootka Natives Of The Vancouver Island
➢ The Carib Tribe Of Suriname
➢ Ngoni Tribe Of Malawi A 3 Months Time Out
➢ Luiseno Tribe Of Southern California
➢ Navajo Tribe Of North America

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CONCLUSION
The life of a woman in every culture sure has its ups and downs
whereby the downs is more prevalence, in most culture we have
seen that women have to willingly or unwillingly face social and
domestic abuse/violence as part of culture and these things has a
way of affecting them later in their life time
Gender-based violence is a problem that affects millions of girls
and women, cutting across boundaries of culture, religion, socio
economic class, education, age and other diversity. It has been
recognized as a human rights issue that manifests itself in
physical, psychological, social, and cultural forms. This form of
violence has been regarded by many as one of the most
pervasive of human rights violations, denying women and girls’
equality, security, dignity, self-worth, and their right to enjoy
fundamental freedoms. Such violence is highly prevalent within
the family, remains widely socially tolerated and is often a cycle
of abuse that manifests itself in an endless variety of forms.
Various forms of such violence have been recognized globally
and need urgent attention of advocates and other health care
professionals.

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REFERENCES
▪ https://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html
▪ https://www.google.com.cy/search?q=CULTURE+AND+WOMAN%5D&rlz=1C1AVF
C_enCY813__817&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp5MfLuvXeAhV7
AxAIHauXACwQ_AUIDigB&biw=1218&bih=729#imgrc=jjpqJ4D5JnJDlM:
▪ https://www.google.com.cy/search?q=what+is+culture+%3F&rlz=1C1AVFC_enCY813_
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Q_AUIDigB&biw=1218&bih=729#imgrc=_
▪ file:///C:/Users/MiraComputers/Desktop/Women%20In%20Different%20Cultures.pdf
▪ https://www.trustineducation.org/resources/life-as-an-afghan-woman/
▪ https://www.google.com.cy/search?q=life+expectancy+of+a+woman+in+afghanistan&rl
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i4vfAhWQKiwKHS3oCRwQ_AUIDigB&biw=1218&bih=729#imgrc=9-58-69Yjo2rwM
▪ https://www.cbeinternational.org/resources/article/other/how-does-culture-affect-roles-
women-and-men-ministry
▪ https://www.odditycentral.com/videos/indonesian-tribe-believes-chiseled-teeth-make-
women-beautiful.html
▪ https://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Suriname.html
▪ http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu/DH101Fall12Lab5/archive/files/5dea9e77670bfbc8626
b3837b112cdb4.pdf
▪ http://people.stu.ca/~belyea/2002/RITES02/libtiv.HTM
▪ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
▪ https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/introducing-the-practice-of-breast-ironing-as-
a-human-rights-issue-in-cameroon-2169-0170.1000121.php?aid=26082
▪ https://www.crisisprevention.com/Blog/September-2011/Domestic-Violence-What-Can-
Nurses-Do
▪ https://www.pubfacts.com/detail/26521407/NURSING-DIAGNOSIS-PROPOSAL-FOR-
GENDER-VIOLENCE-SYNDROME-IN-NANDA-I-TAXONOMY
▪ https://www.nap.edu/read/5285/chapter/8#238
▪ https://biapic.com/khatam-al-koran-coming-age-tradition-malaysia/
▪ https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/abuse-neglect/