Automatic breaking system

1. CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION

2. 1.1 BACKGROUND
Driving is a common activity for most of the people. The number of vehicles is increasing
day by day. Now a days, the technology has got vast changes which leads increase in speed.
The speed plays a vital role to maintain time for longer distances. But, this speed also getting
a major problem for causes of road accidents. The common braking is not sufficient for
avoidance of accidents when driver is not active. Further improvement has to done in
braking system in order to brake a vehicle when driver is not able to brake ie. it may needs
automatic braking system. This automatic braking system allows the vehicle to brake without
support of the driver.
The main target of the IR sensor braking system is that, vehicles should automatically brake
when the sensors sense the obstacle. This is a technology for automobiles to sense an
imminent forward collision with another vehicle or an obstacle, and to brake the vehicle
accordingly, which is done by the braking circuit. This system includes two IR sensors viz.
IR wave emitter and IR wave receiver. The IR wave emitter provided in front portion of an
automatic braking system vehicle, producing and emitting IR waves in a predetermined
distance in front of the vehicle. IR wave receiver is also provided in front portion of the
vehicle, receiving the reflected IR wave signal from the obstacle. The reflected wave
(detection pulse) is measured to get the distance between vehicle and the obstacle. The DC
gear motor is connected to the wheels of vehicle and power input is given to it from Relay.
Then is used to control the DC gear motor based on detection pulse information and the DC
motor in turn automatically controls the braking of the vehicle. Thus, this new system is
designed to solve the problem where drivers may not be able to brake manually. Exactly at
the required time, but the vehicle can stop automatically by sensing the obstacles to avoid an
accident.
In order to reduce the emission levels, more work is going on for the modification of engine
work functions and all. There are several kinds of braking mechanism systems that would
only can be applicable mechanically, to move the ideology more deep and brief the
automatic braking system will be more sufficient and satisfactory in addition to mechanical
braking system.
In present generation, number of vehicles are coming into existence with newer technologies
for implementation of human comfort and other conditioning. To extend the ideology in

3. more brief manner and to take the step in different way, may automatic braking system
would fulfill the methods of extension of technical existences.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to design the automatic braking system in order to avoid the
accident. To develop a safety vehicle braking system using ultrasonic sensor and to design a
vehicle with less human attention to the driving. This project is necessary to be attached to
every vehicle. Mainly it is used when drive the vehicles in night time. Mostly the accident
occurred in the night time due to long travel the driver may get tired. So the driver may hit
the front side vehicle or road side trees. By using this project the vehicle is stopped by
automatic braking system. So we can avoid the accident.
1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT
The scope of this project is to develop an ultrasonic sensor to detect the obstacle and to
process the output from the ultrasonic sensor to drive the servomotor as an actuator.
Vehicles can automatically brake due to obstacles when the sensor senses the obstacles. The
focus of this project is designing an automatically braking system that can help us control the
braking system of a vehicle. The automatically braking system also needs to work with an
ultrasonic sensor, which produce sound pulse by a buzzer. The ultrasonic wave is generated
from a transmitter and sends to a receiver.

4. 1.4 METHODOLOGY
1.4 Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of the Automatic Braking system
Table 1.1 Maximum and minimum ranging of IR Sensor
IR sensor signal Range
Maximum 40 CM
Minimum 15 CM

5. 1.5 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF
AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
⚫ IR SENSOR
⚫ RELAY
⚫ DC GEAR MOTOR
1.5.1 IR SENSOR
An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared radiation in
its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally discovered by an
astronomer named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the temperature of each color
of light (separated by a prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond the red light was
highest. IR is invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible light
(though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that emits heat
(everything that has a temperature above around five degrees Kelvin) gives off infrared
radiation.
There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared sensors both emit
and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light emitting diode (LED)
and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the LED
reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity
sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle detection systems (such as in robots).
Fig.1.2 IR SENSOR
1.5.2 RELAY

6. Relay is basically a switch which opens and closes the circuit either electronically or
mechanically. In other words we can say that a relay is an electromechanical switch which
uses electromagnetism from small current or voltage to switch higher current or voltage for
different appliances. When a relay is in Normally Open (NO) contact, there is actually an
open circuit until the relay is energized. You should also have a look at Relay Interfacing
with Microcontroller using ULN2003. If a relay is in Normally Close (NC) contact, there is a
closed circuit until a relay is energized. If we apply current to the relay contact in any of the
above cases (NO, NC), they will change their states i.e. NC will become NO and vice versa.
Relay is used for switching smaller currents in an electronic circuit. It can not be used for in
power consuming devices. Relay also shows its amplification effect. When a small voltage is
applied to the coil inside relay, it produces higher voltage due to contact switching. There are
several advantages associated with the relays. For example, protective relay is able to save
the damaging of equipment by sensing the abnormalities e.g. overloads, reverse, under
current, over current etc. A relay has three main controls. These controls are Logic operation,
on off control, Limit control. Relay works on a very basic principle, when power is supplied
to coil it either opens or closes the circuit. The further detail about basics of relay and its
working principle will be given later in this tutorial.
Fig. 1.3 RELAY
1.5.3 DC GEAR MOTOR
A DC gear motor is a fairly simple electric gear motor that uses electricity, gear box and
magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple, DC gear motor
requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as an electric

7. magnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the
torque and causes the DC gear motor to turn. A gear box is present just after the DC motor
and a rotary shaft is connected to it, with the help of this DC gear motor setup the vehicle
wheels can be rotated in this project.
Fig.1.4 DC GEAR MOTOR
1.6 Advantages of Automatic Braking System
Discrete distances to moving objects can be detected and measured.
⚫ Resistance to external disturbances such as vibration, infrared radiation, ambient noise,
and EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) Radiation.
⚫ Measures and detects distances to moving objects.
⚫ Impervious to target materials, surface and colour
⚫ Solid-state units have virtually unlimited, maintenance free lifespan.

8. ⚫ Detects small objects over long operating distance.
⚫ Ultrasonic sensors are not affected by dust, dirt or high moisture environments.

9. CHAPTER -2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

10. 2.1 FUNDAMENTAL OF IR SENSOR
The principle of the thermal detector is illustrated in. The detector element, of heat capacity
C. is thermally coupled to a heat sink by a con- ductance G. The thermal detector element is
micromachined onto the surface of a silicon readout integrated circuit (ROIC) and the
resulting pedestal is con- nected to the ROIC by thin metal buss leads. The pedestal can be
fashioned from any one of a number of temperature-sensitive materials that are pro- cess
compatible with silicon ROIC processing. We will assume here that the temperature
sensitivity of the element is sufficiently large that all noise sources other than temperature
fluctuations of the detector element can be ignored. As discussed in Sec. 2.2, the power
fluctuation of the element is then given by AW [4KT GAƒ/2, where Af is the noise
bandwidth, which translates into a noise temperature fluctuation, AT, 14KT RAƒ/2.

11. 2.2 ADVANTAGES OF INFRARED SENSOR
➨
It provides secured communication due to line of sight or point-to-point mode of
communication.
➨
The battery used in infrared devices last for long duration due to lower power
consumption.
➨
Infrared motion sensors detect motion in daytime and nighttime reliably.
➨
The sensor does not require any contact with the product to be sensed. The infrared devices
are more appropriate for targets which are close than 10 mm.
➨
Infrared devices can measure distance to soft objects which may not be easily detected by
ultrasound.
➨
They are physically smaller in size and are more affordable.
➨
It has response time faster than thermocouple.
➨
It provides good stability over time.
➨
No corrosion or oxidation can affect the accuracy of infrared sensor.
➨
It delivers high repeatability.
2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF INFRARED SENSOR
Infrared frequencies are affected by hard objects (e.g. walls, doors) , smoke, dust, fog,
sunlight etc. Hence it does not work through walls or doors.
➨
Infrared waves at high power can damage eyes.
➨
In monitor & control application, it can control only one device at one time. Moreover it is
difficult to control things which are not in LOS (Line of Sight). It requires line of sight
between transmitter and receiver to communicate.
➨
It supports shorter range and hence it performance degrades with longer distances.
➨
It supports lower data rate transmission compare to wired transmission.
➨
Also refer advantages and disadvantages of
2.4 Dc Gear Motor
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The

12. speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM.
The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque
And reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed
can be reduced to any desirable figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the
vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear reduction. This insight will explore all the
minor and major details that make the gear head and hence the
Working of geared DC motor. DC Gear motor is also called DC Geared Motor, Geared De
Motor and gear head motor or gearbox motor. It consists of a electric DC motor and a
gearbox or gear head; these gear heads are used to reduce the DC motor speed, while
increase the DC motor torque. Therefore user can get lower speed and higher torque from
gear motor.
2.5APPLICATIONS
 Home Appliance
 Office Automation
 Robotics: Robotics arm, cars, Robotic toy, Teaching Robotics, etc 4)Sanitary
Automations: Paper Towel Dispensers, Soap dispenser, Air Freshener
 Dispenser, Toilet Lid opener, Scat-Chunger, Sensor Sanitary Bin, Feminine Hygien.
 Safe and Security: electronic lock, door lock, safe, door locker, latch closer
 Coffee Machine and Coffee Make, Coffee Bean grinder
 Vending Machine: Beverage vending, hot and cold drink dispenser, Juicer Maker
 Bank Automation: ATM, Coin Counter, Coin Selector, Coin Validator, Bank note
Counter
 Automotive
 Electric Valve, Gas Meter, Water Meter 11) Electric Curtain and Blinds, etc.

13. CHAPTER-3
SENSING AND CONTROLLING UNIT

14. 3.1 IR SENSOR
The white LED here is an IR LED which works as the transmitter and the component next to
the IR LED is a photodiode that works as the receiver in the IR sensor.
The IR transmitter continuously emits the IR light and the IR receiver keeps on checking for
the reflected light. If the light gets reflected back by hitting any object in front it, the IR
receiver receives this light. This way the object is detected in the case of the IR sensor.
The blue knob here is a potentiometer. You can control the range i.e. from how far you want
to detect the object by changing the value of the potentiometer.
An IR sensor has two small LED indicators – one for power, which is ON the entire time the
sensor is ON; the other is the Signal LED which detects the object. The signal LED has two
states or situations:
Fig. 1.5 IR SENSOR WORKING

15. Now that we have a little idea about its working, let’s take a look at how to interface it with
evive and see it in action.
Connect VCC pin to the +5V pin on evive.
Connect GND pin to evive’s GND pin.
Connect OUT to evive’s digital pin 2.
3.2 RELAY
A Control Relay is also known as a Relay, is a switch, an electromagnetic switch. A control
relay allows electrical current to flow through a conducting coil that opens or closes a switch.
It also protects the circuit current. With a control relay, users do not need to manually turn
the switch to isolate or change the state of an electric circuit. Currently, control relays play a
crucial role in today’s electronic devices. They are electronic parts that power electronic
parts such as motors, power plants, power supply systems, transistors, and many more.
Single Pole Single Throw, SPST, has two terminals that can be connected and disconnected.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. Single Pole Double
Throw, SPDT, has a common terminal that connects either one of two others. Including two
for the coil, this relay has five terminals in total. Regardless of whether the coil is active or
inactive, either ‘A’ or ‘B’ is always resting while the other needs to be the coil to be
powered.
Double Pole Single Throw, DPST is equal to two SPST activated by a single coil. Including
two for the coil, this relay has 6 terminals in total. Double Pole Double Throw, DPDT is
equal to two SPDTs activated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, this relay has 8
terminals in total.
3.3 DC GEAR MOTOR
DC geared motors are essentially a DC shunt motor which has been specially designed for
low inertia, symmetrical rotation and smooth low-speed characteristics. Geared motor is a
motor with a closed feedback system in which the position of the motor will be
communicated back to the control circuit in the motors. Geared motors are formed from four
different elements; a DC motor, a position-sensing device (a potentiometer), a gear reducing

16. part and a control unit. All of these components work together to make the motor to accept
control signals that represent the desired output of the motor shaft and power the DC motor
until its shaft is turned to the right position. The shaft in geared motors doesn’t rotate as
freely as those in regular DC motors; it is only able to rotate around 200 degrees in both
directions. The position- sensing device in a geared motor determines the rotation of the
shaft and thus the way the motor needs to turn in order to arrive at the desired position. The
sliding mode control is robust to plant uncertainties and insensitive to external disturbances.
It is commonly used to get good dynamic performance of controllable systems. Even then,
the chattering phenomena due to the finite speed of the switching devices can affect the
system behaviour significantly. Besides, the sliding control needs the knowledge of
mathematical model of the system with bounded uncertainties. Reduced chattering may be
achieved without sacrificing robust performance by combining the attractive features of
fuzzy control with SMC.

17. CHAPTER-4
RESULT

18. 4.1 RESULT
As a result of this automatic braking system, the function of each part is working well and
the whole system is successfully accomplished. The safety distance is determined then the
vehicle system is braked when the obstacle is detected. The ranging accuracy of ultrasonic
sensor in this prototype is about 2cm to Im and works effectively within the prescribed limit.
4.2 Final Overview Of Project
In this project, we have checked the working of our project, we connected it with a batteries
and whose braking system is controlled by a DC gear motor and servomotor. This technique
is eco-friendly and this work is an attempt to reduce accidents while in critical driving
conditions. We have tested the working of the system by placing various objects ahead as
obstacles. The system responded by reducing the speed of the vehicle when the obstacle is
placed at various distances from it. Also the system stopped automatically in restricted areas.
It gave very accurate measurement according to limit of values interpreted.

19. Conclusion

20. CONCLUSION
We have successfully completed the fabrication of automatic braking system model
prototype and this project presents the implementation of an Automatic Braking System for
Forward Collision Avoidance, intended to use in vehicles where the drivers may not brake
manually, but the speed of the vehicle can be reduced automatically due to the sensing of the
obstacles. It reduces the accident levels and tends to save the lives of so many people. By
doing this project practically we gained the knowledge about working of automatic braking
system and with this future study and research, we hope to develop the system into an even
more advanced speed control system for automobile safety, while realizing that this certainly
requires tons of work and learning, like the programming and operation of microcontrollers
and the automobile structure. Hence we believe that the incorporation of all components in
Automatic Braking System will maximize safety and also give such system a bigger market
space and a competitive edge in the market.

21. FUTURE SCOPES

22. FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope is to design and develop a control system based on an automotive braking
system is called “Automatic Braking System”. The Automatic Braking System with
ultrasonic sensor would alert the driver when the distance between vehicle and obstacle is in
within the sensing range zone then the brakes are applied. This is the new function in this
prototype design that could be possibly used for all the vehicles. By making it safer, this
system will provide better guarantee for vehicle’s safety and avoid losses. Therefore, the
safety system of vehicles will be developed and may have more market demands.
It can be further used for large type of heavy vehicles like buses, trucks, cranes, tractors, etc.
We can surely get the information about the obstacle detection sense zone according to
vehicle condition. It is verily useful to public sector and users. It is also avoids the accidents
in large or metropolitan cities. So we feel it is a better idea for automatically braking of
vehicle with moderate cost.

23. REFERENCE

24. REFERENCES
1. http://members.rennlist.com/pbanders/ecu.htm. This link refers to technical
document that contains information about electronic control unit.
2. http://www.aalcar.com/ this website contains technical articles, books and manuals that
help us find what’s wrong with our vehicle and what needed to fix it.
3. David Epsilon, An embedded software premier, Pearson education, 1999.
4. Joshua Pérez, Fernando Saco, Vicente MI lanes, Antonio Jiménez, Julio C. Diaz and
Teresa de Pedro, an RFID based Intelligent Vehicle speed controller using active traffic
signals, SENSORS 2010, 15872 5888; doi: 10.3390/s100605872.
5. Van NE’s. N; Houtenbos. M: van SC Hagen. I: Improving Speed behavior:The
Potential of In-Car Speed Assistance and Speed Limit Credibility. IET Intel. Transp.
Syst. 2008, 2, 323-330.
6. MI lanes, V. Onieva, E. Perez, J. De Pedro, T. Gonzalez, C. Control of Velocidad
Adaptativo para Entornos Urbanos Congestionados. Rev. Iberoam, automat. Informat.
Ind.2009, 66-73.