Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale. It has various applications in fields like materials science, electronics, biomedicine and energy. Some key advantages of nanotechnology include creating stronger and lighter materials while disadvantages could include potential health risks. The future may see advances like disease cures, pollution cleanup and molecular manufacturing using nanorobotics. India is actively researching nanotechnology through initiatives like the Nano Science and Technology Mission.

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PRESENTED BY : -
PRAVEEN KUMAR
ROLL NO. – 16206112
BRANCH – ICE(M.TECH.)
SEMESTER – III
13/10/2017

2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Nanomaterials
• Applications
• Nanotechnology in India
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Future scopes
• Conclusion
• References
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3. Introduction
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on
an atomic scale.
• It refers to the constructing and engineering of the
functional systems at very micro level or we can say at
atomic level.
• A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the
width of three or four atoms. The average human hair is
about 25,000 nanometers wide.
• The official definition of the US National Nanotechnology
Initiative says that nanotechnology involves ‘research and
technology development at the atomic, molecular, or
macromolecular levels, in the length scale of
approximately 1 to 100 nm range. 3

4. • A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system,
equal to one billionth of a metre(10-9).
• Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of
tools, machines and techniques, in order to solve a
problem or perform a specific function.
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Nano & Technology

5. 5

6. properties??
properties??
Why usual
size
and nano
size
have
different
properties
?? 6

7. quantum size effect
Quantum Size Effect
This effect does not come into play by going from macro
to micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can
become significant when the nanometer size range is
reached, typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less.
7

8. History
• The first ever concept was
presented in 1959 by the famous
professor of physics Dr.
Richard P. Feynman.
• The term “Nano-technology"
had been coined by Norio
Taniguchi in 1974
• 1981 IBM develops Scanning
Tunneling Microscope. This
microscope evolved to allow the
manipulation of individual
atoms and molecules in the field
of Nanotechnology. 8

9. Conti..
• 1985 – Bucky ball(C60) were
discovered by Professors Richard E.
Smalley and Robert F. Curl, of Rice
University, Houston, USA, and
Professor Sir Harold W. Kroto, of
the University of Sussex, Brighton,
U.K., while performing experiments
aimed at understanding the
mechanisms by which long-chain
carbon-nitrogen molecules.
• 1987 – First single electron
transistor created.
• 1991 – Carbon nanotube
discovered by Sumio Iijima
( Japanese physicist )
9
Bucky ball(C60)
Carbon nanotube

10. Conti..
10
• The Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996 was awarded
jointly to Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold and Richard E.
Samlley “ for their discovery of fullerenes”
• 2000 – US launches national nanotechnology
initiative.
• 2002 – ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute)
established nano research centre.
• The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 was awarded jointly
to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for
groundbreaking experiments regarding the two
dimensional material graphene ( Nano Material)"

11. Approaches in nanotechnology
1. Bottom up : -
• In the bottom up approach
different materials and
devices are constructed from
molecular components of
their own. They chemically
assemble themselves by
recognizing the molecules of
their own breed.
• Examples of molecular self
assembly are Watson crick
base pairing, nanolithography
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12. 2. Top down:
-
• Creating Nano-scale materials
by physically or chemically
breaking down larger materials
• In top down approach nano
objects and materials are
created by larger entities
without bouncing its atomic
reactions usually top down
approach is practiced less as
compared to the bottom up
approach.
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13. • There are two types of microscopes are used in
nanotechnology
1. Atomic Force Microscope
2. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
These are scanning probes that launched nanotechnology
• Various techniques of nano lithography such as 
1. Optical lithography
2. X- Ray lithography
3. Dip Pin lithography
4. Electron beam lithography 13
Tools & Technology

14. • AFM is a scanning
microscope which probes a
sample surface, It consists a
tip positioned at the end of
cantilever and an optical
system using a laser to detect
the tip deflection .
• When the tip is brought into
contact with the sample and
moved along it’s surface, the
laser deviation allows to
measure the sample profile.
• It allows to visualize the
topography of the surface
down to atomic resolution. 14
Atomic Force Microscope
14

15. 15

16. • It consists a metallic tip with applied voltage , This tip is
brought near the surface sample which is having no. of
atoms.
• When the voltage is applied between tip and sample
surface, electrons are extracted from the surface by
quantum tunneling , This creates an electrical current
between the tip and the surface of the sample.
• Tunneling occurs only at very short distance, when the
tip lies on top of an atom, By drawing the current
intensity versus the location, one can deduce the
position of the atoms of the metals surface down to a
resolution 0.1 nanometer.
• Tunneling microscope can also be used for
spectroscopy.
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Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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•With the help of STM we
can move atoms from one
location to another
location therefore it allows
to reconstruct the image of
surface with atomic
resolution .
•It can manipulate
individual atoms.
•This microscope only
used for conductive and
semi conductive samples.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope

18. 18

19. • Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of
carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
• They have length-to-diameter ratio of
upto 132,000,000:1
• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
structural family. Their name is derived
from their long, hollow structure with
the walls formed by one-atom-thick
sheets of carbon, called graphene.
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Nano – Materials
Carbon nanotubes

20. Properties : -
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating
light weight spacecrafts.
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls.
Helps in cancer treatment.
• Electrical resistance changes significantly when
other molecules attach themselves to the carbon
atoms. Helps in developing sensors that can detect
chemical vapours.
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Carbon nanotubes

21. Application : -
• Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using
CNT in making bicycle
component.
• Zyvex Technologies using CNT
for manufacturing of light
weight boats.
• Replacing transistors from the
silicon chips as they are small
and emits less heat.
• In electric cables and wires
• In solar cells
• In fabrics
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Carbon nanotubes

22. • Nanorods are one morphology of
nanoscale objects. Dimensions range from
1–100 nm.
• They may be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
• A combination of ligands act as shape
control agents and bond to different facets
of the nanorod with different strengths.
This allows different faces of the nanorod
to grow at different rates, producing an
elongated object.
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Nanorods(quantum
dots)

23. • In display technologies, because the
reflectivity of the rods can be
changed by changing their
orientation with an applied electric
field.
• In microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS).
• In cancer therapeutics.
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Uses: -
Nanorods(quantum
dots)

24. Graphene
for its very
100 times stronger than steel
pure in the form of a
, one atom thick.
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26. AEROGE
L
Lightest solid
material in the
world
High thermal
insulation power
98.2% air
The lowest-density
silica
nanofoam weighs
1,000 g/m3
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27. Application Of Nanotechnology
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28. Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery
and drug therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely
the right location in the body and release
drug doses on a predetermined schedule
for optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site,
i.e. cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the
tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy
or chemotherapy. 28

29. Nanotechnology in Fabrics
The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.
• For example, some clothing
manufacturers are making water and
stain repellent clothing using nano-sized
whiskers in the fabric that cause water
to bead up on the surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• Making spill & dirt resistant,
antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.
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31. Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by
Nokia Research Center (NRC) and
the University of Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic
making it extremely dirt repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources
using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage
that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile
devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of
conceivable shapes.
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32. Nanotechnology in Electronics
Electrodes made from nanowires
enable flat panel displays to be flexible
as well as thinner than current flat panel
displays.
• Nanolithography is used for
fabrication of chips.
• The transistors are made of
nanowires, that are assembled on
glass or thin films of flexible plastic.
• E-paper, displays on sunglasses and
map on car windshields.
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33. Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of
a hollow cylinder with a diameter of around
a nanometer which consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the
displays techniques due to less consumption
of electricity and less heat emission.
• Researchers at North Carolina State
University says that growing arrays of
magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.
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34. Nanotechnology in India
• IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of
nanotechnology. Research in the field of health,
environment, medicines are still on.
• Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the
Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI). Then in
2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was
initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a
period of five years.
• The main objectives of the Nano Mission are:
basic research promotion, infrastructure development for
carrying out front-ranking research, development of nano
technologies and their applications, human resource
development and international collaborations. 34

35. IIT Mumbai Project
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36. Material
With NT, we can create unique materials and products
which are: -
• Stronger
• Lighter
• Durable
• Precise
Advantages
Industrial
•Computers can become a billion times faster and a
million times smaller
•Automatic Pollution Cleanup 36

37. Medical
• End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart
disease)
• Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)
• Body Sculpting (i.e. change your
appearance)
Advantages
37

38. Disadvantages
•Loss of jobs (in manufacturing,
farming, etc)
•Carbon Nanotubes could cause
infection of lungs
•Atomic weapons could be more
accessible and destructive
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39. Future scopes
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture
lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that
– require less energy to produce than conventional material
– and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land
transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
• The future of nanotechnology could very well include the
use of nanorobotics
• These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks
as well as tasks that humans could never complete. The
rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be
able to be performed.
• There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure
everything from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.39

40. • Nanotechnology with all its challenges and opportunities
will become a part of our future.
• The researchers are optimistic for the products based
upon this technology.
• Nanotechnology is slowly but steadily ushering in the
new industrial revolution.
C o n c l u s i o n
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41. References
1. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology
4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm
5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-
nanotechnology.html
6. www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts/
7. www.nafenindia.com/Final_Report_Nano_OK.pd
8. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.htm
9. http://www.nanostart.de/index.php/en/nanotechnology/nanotechnol
ogy-information/610-schneller-sparsamer-robuster-
nanotechnologie-in-computer-handy-a-co
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