2. krygz State Medical University Medical
Faculty
Chemistry and Biochemistry Department
First Course
7th group
Name – Pushkar karad
3. • Salicylic acid (SA) (from Latin Salix, willow tree), also known as ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a
phenolic derivative widely distributed in the plant kingdom and is known as a regulator of several
physiological and biochemical processes such as thermogenesis, plant signaling or plant defense,
and response to biotic and abiotic stress
• Salicin, one of the natural SA derivatives, was first isolated from the bark of the willow tree (Salix sp.)
by Johan Büchner in 1828 Successively, it was discovered that almost all the willow trees
including Salix alba S. purpurea, S. fragilis, and S. daphnoides were particularly rich in this natural
compound, in which the concentration in plants significantly fluctuates during the different seasons
(highest content during spring and summer, lowest content during autumn and winter reaching
values of 3 mg/g of fresh biomass in plants of S. laponum .
• The first scientist who was able to identify this natural compound in species different from Salix sp.
was the Italian chemist Raffaele Piria in the late 1838, who obtained SA in both flower and buds of
the European species Spiraea ulmaria successively renamed as Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. The
discovery that this molecule was not exclusive to the Salix genus has opened the door to the study
of its biosynthesis, as well as its biochemical and physiological role in plants and in 1899 the Bayer
Company formulated a new drug known today as aspirin
4. • From a chemical point of view, SA
belongs to a large group of plant
phenolics, and SA can be isolated
in plants in both free and
conjugated form. In particular, the
conjugated form proceeds from the
methylation, hydroxylation, and/or
glucosylation of the aromatic ring
5. DERIVATIVE OF SALICYLIC ACID
salicylic acid derivatives:
• acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and sulfasalazine;
• –para-aminophenol derivatives: paracetamol, acetaminophen (acetaminophen is often categorized
as an NSAID, despite it has little anti-inflammatory activity in animal models or clinical practice);
• –indole and indene acetic acids: indomethacin, etodolac, and sulindac;–hetero-aryl acetic acid
derivatives: diclofenac, ketorolac, and tolmetin;–
aryl-propionic acid derivatives: ibuprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, oxaprozin,
aceclofenac, and fenclofenac;
–anthranilic acids (fenamates): mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid;
–enolic acids (oxicam) derivatives: piroxicam, tenoxicam, and meloxicam;–
alkanones: nabumetone;–pyrazolidinediones: phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone; and
–diarylheterocycles (selective COX-2 inhibitors): celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib,
parecoxib, and etoricoxib.
6. ASPIRIN (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID)
• Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and
as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to
treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.
• Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic
strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. For pain or fever, effects typically
begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also
suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.
7. One common adverse effect is an upset stomach.More significant side effects include
stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma. Bleeding risk is greater
among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood
thinners.Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.It is not generally
recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome.High
doses may result in ringing in the ears.
Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates,
carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali metals. It is stable in dry air, but
gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids. In solution
with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may
consist entirely of acetate and salicylate.
8. Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain,
rheumatic fever, and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease.lower doses of aspirin have also been shown to
reduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or the risk of stroke in people who are at
high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people who are
otherwise healthy.
9. SULFASALAZINE
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) is considered a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug
(DMARD). It can decrease the pain and swelling of arthritis, prevent joint damage, and
reduce the risk of long-term disability.
Sulfasalazine is in a type of sulfa drug. You should not take it if you have a sulfa
allergy. Sulfasalazine is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
inflammatory bowel disease, and some other autoimmune conditions. It works to
lower inflammation in the body.
10. Sulfasalazine is used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, including
ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It is also indicated for use in rheumatoid
arthritis and used in other types of inflammatory arthritis (e.g. psoriatic arthritis and
reactive arthritis).
It is usually not given to children under two years of age.
11. Around 90% of a dose of sulfasalazine reaches the colon, where most of it is metabolized
by bacteria into sulfapyridine and mesalazine (also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid or 5-
ASA). Both metabolites are active; most of the sulfapyridine is absorbed and then further
metabolized, but most mesalazine is not, and remains in the colon.
A mix of unchanged, hydroxylated, and glucuronidated sulfapyridine is eliminated in urine,
as is acetylated mesalazine and unmetabolized sulfasalazine.
The mechanism of action is not clear, but it appears that sulfasalazine and its metabolites
have immunosuppressive, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. t also appears to
inhibit the cystine-glutamate antiporter,as well as sepiapterin reductase.
