you can use it for quick revision and visulisation of various parameters of traffic engineering.

1. TRAFFICENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
PRASHANT RANJAN ER IPANDEEP SINGH

2. WHAT IS TRAFFIC ENGINEERING...?
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses
engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement
of people and goods on roadways
It deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques
and findings for safe, rapid ,economical and efficient movement of
people and goods.
The basic object of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and
rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents.

3. THE STUDY OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING MAY BE DIVIDED
INTO FOLLOWING SECTIONS.....!
 Traffic Characteristics
 Traffic Studies and Analysis
 Traffic operation-control and regulation
 Planning and analysis
 Geometric Design
 Administration and Management

4. TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS...
 Road user and Driver characteristics
 Vehicular characteristics

5. ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS....!
• Physical characteristics-
• Vision, hearing, strength and reaction to traffic situation
• Mental characteristics
• Knowledge, skill, intelligence, experience, literacy
• Psychological characteristics
• Emotional factors such as fear, anger, anxiety
• Environmental factors
• Traffic stream conditions, roadside features , atmospheric
conditions, facilities to the traffic locality etc.

6. ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS....!
.

7. VEHICULAR CHARACTERISTICS...!
It consist of :
Static characteristics
 Dimensions
 Weight
 Maximum turning angle.
Dynamic characteristics
Speed
Acceleration
Braking characteristics

8. CONTINUED…
DIMENSIONS
Effect of Width
 Width of traffic lanes
 Shoulders
 Parking facilities
Effect of Height
 Clearance under over bridges, under bridges, electric & other
service lines.
 Height of driver seat –provide clear vision of the road to his
front & sides.
 Height of headlight- affects sight distances at valley curves.

9. CONTINUED….
Effect of Length
Safe overtaking distance
Capacity of road
Extra widening
Minimum turning radius
Parking facilities
Design of valley curves.
EFFECT OF WEIGHT
Design of pavement thickness
Limiting gradients are governed by weight & power of vehicles.
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS
Depends on length of wheel base and features of steering system
Affects design of sharp curves.

10. TRAFFIC STUDIES...
 The process carried out for collecting traffic data is termed
as traffic studies
 It is also called as traffic census or surveys
When should a traffic study be conducted..?
 A new development is proposed and it will generate substantial new
traffic;
 Financial assessments are implemented (transportation impact fees);
 A major roadway improvement or reconstruction project is proposed;
 Existing transportation problems are evident, such as a high crash
location or at location with complex roadway geometrics;
 When a development is proposed for a sensitive area
 At the judgment or discretion of jurisdiction staff based on unusual
circumstances

11. DIFFERENT TRAFFIC STUDIES..?
 Volume Studies
 Speed Studies
 O-D Surveys
 Parking Studies
 Accident Studies

12. TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES...
 It is the procedure to determine mainly the no. of vehicles
moving on the roads at a particular section during a
particular time.
 Purpose
To establish relative importance of any route or road facility.
To decide the priority for improvement and expansion of a road and to allot
the funds accordingly.
To plan and design the existing and new facilities of traffic operations on the
road.
To make analysis of traffic pattern and trends on the road.
To do structural design of pavements and geometrically design of roads by
classified traffic volume study.
To plan one-way street and other regulatory measures by volume distribution
study.
To do design of road intersections, planning signal timings and channelization
by turning movement study.
To do planning of side walks, cross walks and pedestrian signals by
pedestrian volume study.
To do economic studies after estimating the highway user's revenue.

13. METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TRAFFIC
VOLUME COUNTS
Manual
• Manual counts are recorded using one of three methods: tally sheets, mechanical
counting boards, or electronic counting boards
 Determination of vehicle classification,
 Turning movements,
 Direction of travel,
 Pedestrian movements
 Vehicle occupancy
Automatic
• Automatic counts are recorded using one of three methods: portable counters
permanent counters, and videotape.
 Vehicle hourly patterns
 Daily or seasonal variations and growth trends
 Annual traffic estimates

14. TALLEYSHEET ,ELECTRONIC AND MECHANICAL COUNTING BOARD

15. PORTABLE COUNTERS, PERMANENT COUNTERS, AND VIDEOTAPE

16. PASSENGER CAR UNIT {PCU}
 Different classes of vehicles such as cars, vans, buses, trucks, auto rickshaw,
motor cycles, pedal cycles etc. are found to use the common roadway facilities
without segregation.
 The flow of traffic with unrestricted mixing of different vehicle classes forms the
Mixed Traffic Flow.
 In a mixed traffic condition, the traffic flow characteristics are very much complex
when compared to homogeneous traffic consisting of passenger cars only.
 It is very difficult to estimate the traffic volume and capacity of roadway facilities
under mixed traffic flow, hence the different vehicle classes are converted to one
common standard vehicle unit.

17. PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA
• AADT
• It is the total volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year
divided by 365 days
• ADT
• It is normally calculated by determining the volume of vehicles during a
given period and dividing that number by the number of days in that
period.
• Trend chart
• Trend charts are also known as run charts, useful for planning future
expansion, design and regulation. It are used to show trends in data over
periods of years.
• Variation chart
• It shows hourly daily and seasonal variation. These help in deciding the
facilities and regulations needed during peak traffic regulations.
• Traffic flow map
• It shows traffic volume of existing road at a glance.
• Design hourly traffic volume
• It is determined from the plot between hourly volume and the no of hours
in a year that the traffic volume is exceeded

18. TREND AND VARIATION CHARTS

19. SPEED STUDIES
Speed studies are necessary because the actual speed of vehicles
over a particular may vary depending on various factors such as
geometric features, traffic conditions, time, place, environment and
driver.
Speed studies can be studied under following heads-
Travel time- it is the reciprocal of speed and is simple measure of how well
road network is operating.
Spot Speed- it Is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or
location.
Average speed- it is the average of the spot speeds of all the passing vehicles
at a given point on the highway.
Running speed- it is the average speed maintained by a vehicle over a
particular stretch of road, while the vehicle is in first motion.
Overall speed and travel speed- it Is the effective speed with which a vehicle
transverses a particular route between two terminals.
There are two types of speed studies carry out-
Spot speed study
Speed and delay study

20. SPOT SPEED STUDIES
The speed at a particular moment of time at a point or
cross section is termed as instantaneous or spot speed
Uses Of Spot Speed Studies
Planning traffic regulation and control measure such as speed limit
etc.
Design or redesign of various road geometry elements
To design the speed
In accident studies and preventive measure
Study of traffic capacity
To compare the behaviour of diverse type of driver and vehicles
under specified set of conditions

21. CONTINUED...
Factors Affecting
Pavement width
Horizontal curve
Sight distance
Gradient
Summit and valley curves
Pavement unevenness
Road side development
Weather visibility etc
Measurement Method Of Spot Speed
• By calculating time taken to cover a short distance
• By graphic recorder, electronic meter, photo electric meter, radar speed
meter etc
Presentation Of Spot Speed
• Speed distance table
• Speed dispersion

22. SPEED STUDIES BY MEASURING DISTANCE AND BY RADARS

23. SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
It gives the particulars of running speed or fluctuation in
speed the location and duration of delays or stoppages
and the overall travel speed between two desired location
along a road.
It gives information such as time, location, cause, duration
and frequency of delays
Objectives
To identify the location of congestion and its cause for
better improvement
To reduce delays and increase the travel time
In benefit cost analysis

24. CONTINUED....
Causes Of Delays
Turning vehicles
Parking and unparking
Pedestrian etc
Method Of Conduction
Floating car or riding check method
Licence plate or vehicle number method
Interview technique
Elevated observation
Photographic technique

25. PRESENTATION OF SPEED AND DELAY
.

26. ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDIES
It is the process of collecting information on the actual location and zone of
origin of travel of vehicles or individual passenger trips and their destination
It Provides:
 Direction of travel
 Selection of routes
 Trip length
 Frequency and no. Of such trips
Method Of Conducting
 Road side interview
 License plate method
 Return post card method
 Tag-on-car method
 Home interview method
Applications
 To judge the adequacy of existing roads
 To plan a new network of roads
 To establish design standards for the road bridges, and culverts
 To locate expressways
 To provide preferential routes for various category of vehicles including by pass
 To locate intermediate stops of public transport

27. PARKING STUDIES
To bring a moving vehicle to halt or temporarily
standing or static position is termed as parking of
vehicle
Parking is one of the major problems that is
created by the increasing road traffic.
 It is an impact of transport development.
 The availability of less space in urban areas has
increased the demand for parking space
especially in areas like Central business district.
This has a great economical impact.

28. .
On-Street Parking
It means parking your vehicle on the street, anywhere on or along the kerb of
streets, in contrast to parking it in a parking garage.
 In some streets you can always park your vehicle on the street, but sometimes
there are restrictions through traffic signs usually controlled by government
agencies itself.
Types Of On-street Parking
 Parallel parking
 30 parking
 45 parking
 60 parking
 Right angle parking
 With increase of angle of parking the capacity of vehicles increases but it requires
more kerb width
Off-Street Parking
It means parking your vehicle anywhere but not on the streets.
These are usually parking facilities like garages and lots.
Off-street parking also includes private lots, garages and driveways.

29. On- And Off- Street Parking
.

30. EFFECTS OF PARKING
 Congestion:
Parking takes considerable street space leading to the lowering
of the road capacity. Hence, speed will be reduced, journey time
and delay will also subsequently increase.
Accidents
While driving out a car from the parking area,
Careless opening of the doors of parked cars,
Bringing in the vehicle to lot for parking.
Environmental Pollution
Stopping and starting of vehicles while parking and unparking
results in noise and fumes.
Affect the aesthetic beauty of the buildings
Obstruction To Fire Fighting Operations
Parked vehicles may obstruct the movement of fire fighting
vehicles.

31. Characteristics of On- and Off-Street
parking...

32. ROAD ACCIDENTS
It is the negative impact of transportation system.
Road accident cannot be totally prevented, but by suitable
traffic engineering and management measures, the
accident rate can be decreased considerably.
Objectives Of Accident Studies
To study the causes of accidents and suggest corrective measures at
potential location
To evaluate existing design
To compute the financial losses incurred
To support the proposed design and provide economic justification
to the improvement suggested by the traffic engineer
To carry out before and after studies and to demonstrate the
improvement in the problem.

33. CAUSES...!!

34. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Road users
Excessive speed and rash driving, violation of traffic rules, failure to perceive
traffic situation or sign or signal in adequate time, carelessness, fatigue,
alcohol, sleep etc.
Vehicle
Defects such as failure of brakes, steering system, tyre burst, lighting system
Road condition
Skidding road surface, pot holes, ruts
Road Design
Defective geometric design like inadequate sight distance, inadequate width of
shoulders, improper curve design, improper traffic control devices and
improper lighting
Environmental Factors
Unfavourable weather conditions like mist, snow, smoke and heavy rainfall
which restrict normal visibility and and makes driving unsafe.
Other Causes
Improper location of advertisement boards, gate of level crossing not closed
when required etc.

35. TRAFFIC REGULATION AND CONTROL
It is the law rules designed to control of the movement of vehicles and
pedestrians, chiefly on city streets to prevent collisions.
Objective of traffic regulation is safety of drivers, passengers,
pedestrians, vehicles and goods
Consequence Of Disobeying Traffic Rules
 Loss of life
 Injury to people involved
 Loss of some parts of body
 Traffic hold up
 Damage to the vehicle
Methods
Driver control
Vehicle control
Traffic flow regulation
General controls

36. TRAFFIC CONTROLL DEVICES
Traffic control devices are markers, signs and signal
devices used to inform, guide and control traffic,
including pedestrians, motor vehicle drivers and bicyclists
These devices are usually placed adjacent, over or along
the highways, roads, traffic facilities and other public
areas that require traffic control
It includes...
Traffic signs
Signals
Markings
Island

37. TRAFFIC SIGNS
 Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road
users.
 These devices are made with retro reflective materials that reflect light from headlights
back towards the driver's eyes. This is to achieve maximum visibility especially at
night.
Types:
Regulatory signs
Used to convey traffic rules and regulations such as intersection controls, weight
limit, speed limit, one way, no parking and others.
Generally rectangular in shape and uses white, black and red/or as their primary
colours.
Warning signs
Used to warn road users about a potential danger, usually diamond in shape
black legends and borders on a yellow background.
Crosswalk signs. Curve warning signs, intersection ahead signs, flagger signs,
workers signs, or road machinery signs.
Informatory or guide
Help road users navigate to their destination., Generally rectangular in shape
and have white text on green backgrounds.
Street name signs, destination and distance signs, work zone guide

38. TRAFFIC SIGNS

39. TRAFFIC SIGNALS
A set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red,
amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions,
pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.
Used to alternately assign right-of-way to traffic moving in
conflicting directions at an intersection
Advantages
Provide for orderly movement of traffic
Increase traffic-handling capacity of an intersection
Reduce frequency and severity of certain types of crashes, especially right-
angle collisions
Provide for continuous movement of traffic at a definite speed along a given
route
Interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to permit other vehicles or pedestrians to
cross
Types
Traffic control
Pedestrian
Special traffic

41. ROAD MARKINGS
The road markings are defined as lines, patterns, words or other devices,
except signs, attached to the carriageway or kerbs or to objects within or
adjacent to the carriageway, for controlling, warning, guiding and informing
the users
The road markings are classified as:
1) Longitudinal markings
 Centre line
 Traffic lane lines
 No passing zones
 Warning lines
 Edge lines
2) Transverse markings
 Stop line
 Pedestrian crossings
 Directional arrows
3) Object markings
 Objects within the carriageway
 Objects adjacent to carriageway
4) Word messages
 marking for parking,
 marking at hazardous locations

42. MARKINGS

43. TRAFFIC ISLAND
A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for
pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of
traffic.
A traffic island may be solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic.
It can also be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute
angle
 Types
Channelizing islands
 These are designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually turning.
Divisional islands
 these are designed to divide opposing or same direction traffic streams, usually
through movements
Refuge or pedestrian islands
 Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the aid and protection of
persons on foot.
 If a divisional island is located in an urban area where pedestrians are present,
portions of each island can be considered a refuge island
Rotary island
 A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto
a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or
aesthetics

44. ISLAND

45. TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Impact Of Roads On Environment
 Air Pollution
 Hydrology Or Water Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Wild Life Disturbance

46. .
Air pollution
 Emissions of oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and various other
hazardous air pollutants including benzene from diesel engine is main source of traffic air
pollution
 Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse respiratory health effects are greater near the road
than at some distance away from the road.
 Road dust kicked up by vehicles may trigger allergic reactions.
 Carbon dioxide major greenhouse gas and motor vehicle emissions are an important contributor
to the growth of co2 concentrations in the atmosphere and therefore to global warming
Water pollution
 Urban runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces is a major source of water pollution
 Rainwater and snowmelt running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals,
trash and other pollutants.
 Road runoff is a major source of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons , which are created as combustion by-products of gasoline and other fossil fuels and
harmful to water
 De-icing chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate groundwater and pollute
surface waters
 Road salts present in binders (primarily chlorides of sodium, calcium or magnesium) can be toxic to
sensitive plants and animals
 Sand can alter stream bed environments, causing stress for the plants and animals that live there.

47. . NOISE POLLUTION
Though traffic noise can contribute to numerous
disturbances for wildlife. ,
Noise interrupt the calls of song birds, and their
instinctive calls associated with mating,
communication, migration, and other purposes
Species abundance declined around major roads
due to noise.
Create nuisance if it impinges on population centres,
especially near intersections
Speed bumps, which are usually deployed in built-
up areas, can increase noise pollution.

48. WILD LIFE DISTURBANCE
Roads can act as barriers or filters to animal movement and lead to
habitat fragmentation
Many species will not cross the open space created by a road due
to the threat of predation
Increased animal mortality from traffic.
Deforestation
Hazardous to populations of amphibians and reptiles that migrate
to vernal pools, or to the gravel on road verges that several species
try to use as nest sites.
Reptiles instinctive activities can lead them towards roads and lead
to an increase in mortality rates: snakes, for example, may use roads
as a source of heat for thermoregulation. Also some turtles have been
noted to lay their eggs on road shoulders.
Migratory patterns from season to season can also bring frogs and
snakes into contact with roads and lead to an increase in their
mortality rates

49. POLLUTION MITIGATION MEASURE
Awareness
 Maintaining speed limits and being vigilant.
 Environment conservation group had initiated an awareness drive named path an
acronym for provide animals safe transit on highways covering more than 17,000 km
in India to high lighting the importance of safe driving on forest roads.
Road permeability
 Allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers
 Wildlife crossings may include: underpass tunnels, viaducts, and overpasses.
Habitat construction and planting
 Plantation of trees along road side
 Underpasses construction for animals to lower mortality rates and increase local
species ability to adapt to a habitat along a major road.
Recycling
Materials removed from a road can be reused in construction within the same
project or in other locations.
Road construction can also use waste materials from other industries.
Asphalt pavement is one of the most recycled materials
It is estimated that over 80% of asphalt pavement removed from roadways is
reused as construction aggregate it can be mixed into new pavement or used
as a sub base or fill material.
Concrete from road or building demolition can be an excellent source of
aggregate

50. THANKYOU...!!
.