Fundamentals of estimating_and_costing

YBP Sawantwadi.
Institute Code 1742
Department of civil Engineering
E-Learning Material
Name of Faculty- Keshav Ramdas Manerikar.
Designation- Lecturer in Civil Engineering.
Name of course- Estimating and Costing
Course Code- 22503
Program Code- CE5I
Academic Year- 2020-2021

Syllabus ( Estimating and Costing 22503)
Course Outcome (CO)
Teaching and Examination Scheme
Course Code
Course Outcome(CO)
At the end of the course student will be able to:
22503.1 Select the modes of measurements for different items of works.
22503.2 Prepare approximate estimate of a civil engineering works.
22503.3 Prepare detailed estimate of a civil engineering works.
22503.4 Justify the rate for given items of work using rate analysis techniques.
22503.5 Use relevant software for estimating the quantities and cost of items of works.

Unit and Unit Wise Marks
• Unit no - 1 Fundamentals of estimating and costing ( 12 marks)
• Unit no - 2 Approximate Estimate . ( 06 marks)
• Unit no - 3 Detailed Estimate ( 28 marks)
• Unit no - 4 Rate Analysis. ( 12 marks)
• Unit no - 5 Estimating for civil engineering works ( 14 marks)

Unit No-1
Fundamentals of estimating and costing.
Course outcome:-Select the modes of measurements for different
items of works.
Prepared By:-
K.R.Manerikar.
Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department
YBP Sawantwadi.

UO- 1 Explain the procedure of the detailed estimate
for the given structure.
Introduction:-
• Estimate is required to be prepared for every work to know quantity of material
and cost of work.
• In civil engineering , word estimate is related with various civil engineering
structures like building, roads, dam, canal, railway, bridge etc.
Meaning of estimating and costing:-
Estimate:-
• An estimate can be defined as ‘ the procedure or method of working out the
probable cost of a work’.
• It the process of calculating the quantities and costs of the various items required
in connection with the work for its satisfactory completion.
Costing:-
It the process of determining the actual cost of the work before the execution of work.

Purpose of estimating:-
• To know the approximate cost of
proposed work.
• To obtain administrative approval
and technical sanction.
• To know the requirement of tools,
plants and equipment.
• To fix up the completion period.
• To draw up a construction schedule
and programme.
• To invite tender for execution of
work.
• To keep control over expenditure
during construction.
Purpose of costing:-
• To arrange the finance for proposed
work.
• To know the probable cost of
project before the execution.
• For valuation of existing property
• To know the cost of various items,
well in advance, to be constructed

UO- 1 Explain the procedure of the detailed estimate for the given structure.
UO- 6 Explain the salient features of the administrative and technical approval
for the given project..
Administrative approval:-
• For any work, it is necessary to take formal acceptance with respect to cost and
work is called as administrative approval.
• For this the department sends a proposal to government for taking up the work.
• After considering all aspects like feasibility of project, financial aspect, government
accepts proposal.
Technical sanction: -
• Technical sanction means the sanction of the detailed estimate, design, rates and
cost of work.
• It is sanctioned by competent authority. The work is taken for the execution only
after the technical sanction.
Budget Provision:-
• After the need of project and its appraisal, a project report is prepared in which
raw material, organizational setup and total cost required for execution of project
are mentioned.
• Then according to 5-years plan in the budget provision for such type of projects,
finance is sanctioned after the administrative approval of the project.

Types of estimate:-
1. Approximate Estimate.
2. Detailed Estimate.
Approximate Estimate:-
a. Plinth area method.
b. Cubic content method.
c. Service unit method.
d. Approximate quantity method.
e. Typical bay method.
Detailed Estimate:-
a. Revised estimate.
b. Supplementary estimate.
c. Revised estimate & Supplementary estimate.
d. Annual repairs and maintenance estimate.(A.R & A.M)
e. Renovation Estimate.

Detailed estimate of new work:-
• While preparing detailed estimate of a new work, various steps are required to be
followed by an estimator, like knowing the various items to be executed, study of
drawing, study of specification and rates of various items.
• For new work, all the items must be described in measurement sheet using
specifications and their quantities of work shall be calculated according to
dimensions given in drawing.
• Description of Work
• Earth work excavation
• Sand filling for foundation/basement
• P.C.C 1:5:10 mix for foundation , 40mm metal
• R.C.C 1:2:4 for Beam, sunshade, loft, roof, using tor steel rods
• DUMMY CONCRETE 1:3:6
• Centring & Scaffolding Work using tor steel rods & mild steel
• Reinforcement Work
• Brick work in c.m. 1:5 in foundation with chamber bricks
• Brick work in c.m. 1:5 with chamber bricks for superstructure
• Plastering for all walls C.M 1:5 mix, 12mm thick thorouly inner & outer
• Plastering for ceiling in C.M 1:3 mix 10mm thick
• Tiles flooring

Purpose of estimate:-
• To know the necessary amount required by the owner to complete the
proposed work.
• For governments or public work estimates are required for administrative
approval, allotments of funds and technical sanction.
• To know the quantities of items required for construction and arranging the
programme for their timely procurement.
• To calculate the numbers of labors of different categories require for
completion of work within scheduled time.
• To fix the completion period from the volume of works involved.
• To arrange the funds required according to the construction scheduled
programme.
• To justify benefit cost ratio.
• To invite tenders and prepare bills of payment.
• It is required for valuation of existing property

UO- 1 Explain the procedure of the
detailed estimate for the given
structure.
Detailed Estimate:-
a. Revised estimate.
b. Supplementary estimate.
c. Revised estimate & Supplementary
estimate.
d. Annual repairs and maintenance
estimate.(A.R & A.M)
Revised estimate:-
i. When the original sanctioned
estimate is likely to exceed by more
than 5%
ii. When the expenditure on a work
exceeds or likely to exceeds the
amount of administrative sanctioned
by more than 10%
iii. If there is change of rate or quantity
of materials.
iv. Major addition or alterations are
introduced in original work.
Supplementary estimate:-
i. It is a detailed estimate and is
prepared when additional work is
required to supplement the original
work due to deviation or design of
structure.
ii. When the further development is
required during the process of work,
a fresh detailed estimate is prepared
for additional work.
iii. The supplementary amount is shown
separately in the abstract along with
the original amount for sanction.
This is known as supplementary
estimate.

UO- 1 Explain the procedure of the detailed
estimate for the given structure
Revised estimate & Supplementary estimate:-
i. When work is partially abandoned and
estimated cost of reaming work is less than
95% of original sanctioned estimate.
ii. When there are material deviation s and
changes in the design.
iii. If at any time before or during the
execution of work, it is found that original
estimate is excessive then divisional officer
may sanction a revised estimate of reduced
amount.
iv. A supplementary and revise estimate is
prepared and fresh technical sanction of
the competent authority is obtained.
Annual repairs and maintenance estimate.(A.R
& A.M):-
i. This is a detailed estimate and it is
prepared to maintain the structure or
work in proper order and n safe.
ii. For building , this includes white
washing, colour washing, painting, and
minor repairs etc.
iii. For road work, this includes patch
work, renewals, repairs of bridge and
culverts.
iv. For annual repair of building, 1 to 1.5%
of the cost of the whole building is
provided.
v. These estimate may be on the basis of
time of repairs like quadrennial repair
estimate, special repair estimate etc.
Renovation Estimate:-
i. It is a type of detailed estimate
prepared for renovation of building,
bungalow, flat and row houses.
ii. While preparing a renovation estimate
a list of items to be completed to
renew the structure is prepared,
iii. Then quantity of items of works that
needed to be completed is calculated.
iv. Rates are taken from DSR or rates of
items in the locality are calculated by
doing rate analysis.
v. Amount of work charge establishment
and contingencies is added in the
estimate.

UO- 1 Explain the procedure of the detailed estimate for the given structure
Role and responsibility of estimator:-
Estimator is a person who prepares the estimate of any civil engineering
project which includes all items of work.
i. To prepare list of items as per the drawing.
ii. To prepare centre line plan of structure.
iii. To calculate quantities of items of work.
iv. To express all quantities in correct units of measurements.
v. To prepare estimate as per drawing and specification.
vi. To study rate analysis of items of work.
vii. To prepare measurement sheet and abstract sheet.
viii. To make provision of funds for lifts (if any), air conditioning (if any),
electrification, plumbing in the total cost.
ix. To make provision of contingencies and work charged establishment in
estimate.
x. To prepare checklist of items with their specification.

UO-2 Prepare the checklist for the given type of the civil structure.
Preparing check list of items of
works:-
i. It should be checked that, all the
items required for execution of a
work are included in the
estimate.
ii. All the items must be describe
with general specifications to
guide while entering the rates in
abstracting.
iii. Length of various items should be
calculated carefully by observing
the drawing by suitable method.
iv. Rules of ‘ lead and lift’, deduction,
additions, multiplying factors
should be followed according to
IS 1200
v. total quantity of an item must be
expressed with its units of
measurements.
vi. While abstracting item number
and total quantity of items they
should be taken from
measurement sheet and after
preparing the estimate it should
be cross checked.
vii. Rates of various items must be
expressed with its units of
measurement.
viii. Total amount in abstract sheet
should be calculated on every
day.

Checklist of items of work in load Bearing
structure:-
i. Site clearance
ii. Earthwork in excavation in
foundation.
iii. P.C.C. bed in foundation.
iv. U.C.R. masonry in foundation in C.M.
(1:6)
v. D.P.C. in C.C (1:3).
vi. Brick masonry in C.M. (1:6)
vii. Plinth filling.
viii. Flooring.
ix. Internal plaster.
x. External plaster.
xi. Internal painting.
xii. External painting.
Checklist of items of work in Frame
structure:-
i. Site clearance
ii. Earthwork in excavation in
foundation.
iii. P.C.C. bed in foundation.
iv. R.C.C. footing.
v. Plinth beam.
vi. Column.
vii. Floor beam.
viii. Slab.
ix. Stair case.
x. Plinth filling.
xi. B.B masonry for super structure.
xii. Flooring.
xiii. Internal plaster.
xiv. External plaster.
xv. Internal painting.
xvi. External painting.
UO-2 Prepare the checklist for the given type of the civil structure.

Measurement of works as per I.S. 1200:-
The methods and units of measurements for civil construction works are
mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making
payments to the contractor. The principle of units of measurements
normally consists the following:
i. Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in
numbers.
ii. Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice,
fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in
running meters (RM).
iii. Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like
plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and
are expressed in square meters (m2)
iv. Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth
work, cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic meters.
UO-3 Select the mode of measurement for given items of work as per IS:1200

Sr.
No. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
1 Earthwork
1. Earthwork in excavation CUM Per CUM
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation trenches CUM Per CUM
3. Earth work in filling in plinth CUM Per CUM
2 Concrete
1. Lime concrete in foundation CUM Per CUM
2. Cement concrete in lintels CUM Per CUM
3. RCC in slab CUM Per CUM
4. Cement concrete or RCC in chujja, sunshade CUM Per CUM
5. Lean concrete in roof terracing (thickness specified) SQM Per SQM
6. Cement concrete bed CUM Per CUM
7. Reinforced concrete sunshade (specified width and
height)
CUM Per CUM
3 Damp proof course (DPC) – thickness mentioned SQM Per SQM

Sr.
No. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
4 Brick work
1. Brickwork in foundation CUM Per CUM
2. Brickwork in plinth CUM Per CUM
3. Brickwork in super structure CUM Per CUM
4. Thin partition walls SQM Per SQM
5. Brickwork in arches CUM Per SQM
6. Reinforced brickwork CUM Per CUM
5 Stone work
1. Stone masonry CUM Per CUM
6 Wood work
1. Doors and windows frames or chaukhats, rafters,
beams
CUM Per CUM
2. Shutters of doors and windows (thickness
specified)
SQM Per SQM
3. Doors and windows fittings (like hinges, tower
bolts, sliding bolts, handles)
Each Per Each

Sr.
No. Particulars of item
Units of
measurement
Units of payment
7 Steel work
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in RCC and reinforced brick work Quintal Per Quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement Quintal Per quintal
3. Rivets, bolts and nuts, anchor bolts, lewis bolts, holding down bolts Quintal Per quintal
4. Iron grills SQM Per SQM
8 Roofing
1. RCC and RB slab roof (excluding steel) CUM Per CUM
2. Lean concrete roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick or stone slab etc.
(thickness specified)
SQM Per SQM
3. Centring and shuttering formwork SQM Per SQM
4. AC sheet roofing SQM Per SQM
9 Plastering, points and finishing
1. Plastering – cement or lime mortar (thickness and proportion specified) SQM Per SQM
2. Pointing SQM Per SQM
3. White washing, color washing, cement washing, (number of coats
specified)
SQM Per SQM

Sr.
No. Particulars of item
Units of
measurement
Units of payment
4. Distempering (number of coats specified) SQM Per SQM
5. Painting, varnishing (number of coats specified) SQM Per SQM
10 Flooring
1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime concrete floor (including lean
concrete)
SQM Per SQM
2. 25mm or 40mm cement concrete floor SQM Per SQM
3. Doors and window sills (CC or cement mortar plain) SQM Per SQM
11 Rain water pipe / plain pipe RM Per RM
12 Steel wooden truss Each Per each
13 Glass panels (supply) SQM Per SQM
14 Fixing of glass panels or cleaning Each Per Each
SQM = Square meter
CUM = Cubic meter
RM = Running meter

Specification of item:-
i. Earthwork:-
• Foundation trenches shall be dug out to
the exact width of foundation concrete and
the side shall be vertical. If the soil is not
good and does not permit vertical sides,
the sides should be sloped back or
protected with timber shoring.
• The bottom of foundation trench shall be
perfectly levelled both longitudinally and
transversely and the sides of the trench
shall be dressed perfectly vertical from
bottom up to the least thickness of loose
concrete may be laid to the exact width as
per design.
• The measurement of the excavation shall
be taken in cu m (cu ft) as for rectangular
trench bottom width of concrete
multiplied by the vertical depth of
foundation from general level and
multiplied by the length of trenches even
through the contractor might have
excavated with sloping side for his
convenience.
• Rate shall be for complete work for 30m
(100 ft.) lead and 1.50m (5’) lift, including
all tools and plants required for the
completion of the works. For extra lead of
30m and extra lift of 1.5m separate extra
rate is provided.
UO-4 Describe the required specification for the given item of structure.

ii. Concrete:-
• For concrete, complete description of
size of aggregates, grading, proportion
and method of mixing etc.
• Different kinds of concrete such as lime
concrete, cement concrete, R.C.C
concrete of different materials shall be
classified and measured under separate
items.
• The length, breadth and height or
thickness shall be measured nearest to
1cm but the thickness of slab, post,
beams, shall be measured nearest to the
0.5 cm.
• Formwork shall be measured as the
actual surface in contact with the
concrete.
• Special finishes shall be measured
separately.
iii. Brickwork:-
• A complete description of the bricks and
mortars with proportion shall be given.
• Different classes of brickwork shall be
taken under the separate items.
• The item of general brickwork shall be
deemed to include the following
i. Raking out joints.
ii. Leaving holes for pipes etc.
iii. Bedding wall plates, lintel, sills etc.
• Measurement:- shall be measured in
cubic meter. ( L X B X H) shall be
measured nearest to cm.
• Thickness of wall:- One brick thick i.e
20cm and less shall be Square meter.
• Deductions:- Made as per IS 1200
• Pillars:- Measure net volume.
• Honey combed brickwork:- Measure in
Square meter.
• Reinforced brickwork:- Shall be taken in
Cubic meter.
• Brick Edging:- Brick edging of road,
footpath, shall be described and
measure in running meter ( RMt).

iv. Stone masonry:-
• Complete description of stone,
material of mortar and their
proportion shall be stated.
• Different kinds of stone masonry such
as random, course uncoursed or ashlar
shall be taken under separate item.
• Stone masonry shall be measure in
cubic meter and face work in sq.m.
• The deductions for stone masonry
shall be same as that of brick masonry.
• Dressing of stone in sills, steps,
cornices and lintels shall be measured
cu.m.
• The type of dressing shall be stated
fully.
v. Roof covering:-
• The roof covering shall fully describe
the materials and workmanship.
• It is generally measured is sq.m.
• The flat area of roof covering shall be
measured without allowance for laps
and corrugations.
• Opening up to 0.4 sq.m. Shall not be
deducted.
• Asbestos cement roofing:- Measured
in running meter.
• Roof tiling:- Measured in running
meter.
• Jack arch roofing:- Measured in sq.m
• Rain water fitting:- Measured in
running meter.

vi. Ceiling:-
• The materials, its thickness and method
of fixing shall be fully described.
• It is measured in Sq.m.
• Cover fillets over joints shall be
measured separately in running meters
stating the material, width and
thickness.
• Insulation boards or slabs fixed to the
walls or roof shall be measured in sq.m
stating its thickness, number of layers
and method of fixing.
vii. Floor and paving:-
• All work shall be measured in sq.m
describing the method of bleeding,
jointing and surface finishing.
• Different types of flooring such as brick,
stone, marble, mosaic etc. shall be
measure separately.
• Different kinds of finishes shall be
measured separately according to mix,
thickness, nature of finish etc.
• Dado shall be measured in sq.m.
• Skirting shall be measured in running
meter stating its height.
viii. Plastering and pointing:-
Plastering:-
• Plastering shall be measured in sq.m
stating thickness, proportion of mortar.
• External plastering at a height grater
than 10m above ground level shall be
measure separately in stage of 5 m
height.
Pointing:-
• Pointing shall be measured in sq.m and
measured flat of the whole surface area.
• Various types of pointing shall be kept
separate.
• Deductions shall be the same as per the
plastering item.

ix. Painting:-
• Painting shall be taken in sq.m stating
the number of coats and
measurements shall be taken flat.
• No deductions shall be made for
opening up to 0.5 sq.m each and no
addition shall be made for painting of
jambs, soffits, sills etc. of opening.
• Painting gutter or rain water pipes,
ventilation pipes, steel pipes and eves
gutters shall be measured in running
meters stating the size or growth.
x. White washing, Colour washing and
Distempering:-
• All work shall be measure in sq.m.
• All preparatory work such as cleaning,
booming, scraping etc., shall be
included in the item.
• Corrugated surface shall be measured
as flat and not girthed in sq.m and the
quantities.

General specification of first class building:-
i. Foundation and plinth- Foundation and plinth
shall be first class brick work in lime mortar or
1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or 1:4:8
cement concrete.
ii. Dam proof course- D.P.C shall be 2.5 cm(1”)
thick cement concrete 1:1 ½ :3 mixed with one
kg of Impermo per bag of cement or other
standard water proofing materials as specified
and painted with two coat of bitumen.
iii. Superstructure- Superstructure shall be of first
class brick work lime mortar or 1:6 cement
mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be
of R.C.C.
iv. Roofing- Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an
insulation layer and lime concrete terracing
above, supported over R.S.Joist or R.C.C. beam
as required. Height of rooms shall not be less
than 3.7m (12 feet).
v. Flooring- Drawing room and dining room floors
shall be mosaic (terrazzo). Bathroom and W.C.
floor and dado shall be of mosaic (terrazzo).
Floors of bedroom shall be coloured and
polished of 2.5cm (1”) cement concrete over
7.5cm (3”) lime concrete. Floors of other shall
be of 2.5cm (1”) cement concrete over 7.5cm
(3”) lime concrete polished.
vi. Finishing- Inside and outside wall shall be of
12mm (1/2”) cement lime plastered 1:1:6.
Drawing, dining, and bedrooms-inside shall
distempered, and others-inside white washed 3
coasts. Outside shall be coloured snowcem
washed two coats over one of white wash.
vii. Doors and windows- Chaukhats shall be
seasoned teak wood. Shuttering shall be teak
wood 4.3cm (1 ¾”) thick panelled and partly
glazed as required, with additional wire gauge
shutter. All fitting shall be of brass. Doors and
windows shall be varnished or painted two
coats with high class enamel paints over one
coat of priming. Windows shall be provided
with iron grating or grills.
viii. Miscellaneous- Rain water pipes of cast iron or
of asbestos cement shall be provided and
finished painted. Building shall be provided with
1st class Sanitary and Water fittings and
Electrical installations. 1 meter wide 7.5cm thick
C.C. 1:3:3 apron shall be provided all round the
building.

General specification of Second class building:-
i. Foundation and plinth- Foundation and plinth
shall be of 1st class brick work with lime mortar
over lime concrete.
ii. Damp proof course- D.P.C. shall be of 2cm (¾”)
thick cement concrete 1:2 mixed with 1 kg of
Impermo per bag of cement or other standard
water proofing materials.
iii. Superstructure- Superstructure shall be of
2nd class brickwork in lime mortar. Lintels over
doors and windows shall be of R.B.
iv. Roofing- Roofing shall be of R.B. slab with7. Cm
lime concrete terracing above (or flat terraced
roof supported over wooden battens and
beams, or Jack arch roof). Verandah roof may
be of A.C. sheet.
v. Flooring- Floors shall be 2.5cm (1”) cement
concrete over 7.5cm (3”) L.C. verandah
floor shall be of brick tile or flag stone over
lime concrete, finished cement painted.
vi. Finishing- Inside and outside wall shall be of
12mm cement mortar plastered 1:6. Ceiling
shall be cement plastered 1:3. Inside shell be
white washed 3 coats, coloured wash two coats
0ver one coat of white wash.
vii. Doors and windows- Chaukhat shall be of
R.C.C. or well seasonal sal wood, shutter of
shisham wood or deodar wood 4cm (1 ½”)
thick, panelled, glazed or partly paneled and
partly glazed as required, fitted with iron fitting
fittings. Doors and windows shall be painted
two coat over one coat of priming.
viii. Miscellaneous- Rain water pipe shall be of cast
iron finished painted. Electrification, sanitary
and water fitting may be provided if required.

D.S.R.( District Schedule Rates):-
i. A list of rates of various items is
prepared to facilitate preparation of
estimate by government bodies like
Public Works Department. As the
rates vary from place to place,
Maharashtra Government publishes
list of rates as per districts. These
rates are in the form of printed
booklet and called as District Schedule
of Rates (DSR).
ii. This booklet is revised every year
because of changes in cost of labor,
material every year.
iii. It includes Completed rates, per unit
cost of item of work and Labor rates.
iv. Per unit cost of item includes cost of
material, cost of labor, transportation
charges, storage of material, charges
for tools machineries and plants etc.
v. Labor rates include charges to be paid
to head mason, mazdoor, coolie etc.
depending on the category of labor.
vi. It also includes initial lead and lift and
separate charges are applicable for
more lead and lift.
vii. Similarly the rates are applicable to
ground floor only and they are
increased for each upper floor.
Uses of DSR:
i. The work carried out by the
department is estimated according to
DSR.
ii. Rates shown in DSR keep check on
rates quoted by the contractor.
iii. If rates of contractor differ much with
rates in DSR, tender may be rejected

UO-5 Apply the rules of deduction as per IS 1200 for calculating the quantities of a
structure.
Rules for deduction in Masonry:-
No deduction is made for the following :
i. Opening up to 0.1 sq. m
ii. Ends of beam, posts, rafters, purlin
etc. chajjas where thickness does not
exceeds 10 cm.
iii. Bed plates, wall plates, bearing of
chajjas where thickness does not
exceed 10 cm.
iv. Bearing of floor and roof slabs are
not deducted from masonry in
superstructure.
v. For other Rectangular openings ,
deduction will be equal to
vi. Volume of B.M. less volume of
opening. ( LX BX H – l x b x h )
vii. 6) For semicircular arch opening
viii. Deduction = ( (l x h)+ ¼ x l x r) x
thickness of wall)
Rules for deduction for openings as
per IS-1200 for plastering & Pointing:
Deduction in plastering are made in the
following manner :
i. No deduction is made for ends of
beams, posts, rafters, purlin etc.
ii. No deduction is made for opening
up to 0.5 sq. m. and no addition is
made for jambs, soffits, and sills of
these openings.
iii. For opening more than o.5 sq. m.
and up to 3 sq. m. deduction is made
for one face only. No addition for
jambs, soffits, and sills of these
openings.
iv. For opening above 3 sq. m.
deduction is made for both faces of
openings and the jambs, soffits, and
sills of shall be added.

Rules for deduction for openings as per IS-1200 for painting work:-
i. Painting of doors shall be measured closed and flat in sq.m
ii. It shall include frames, edges, cleats etc.
iii. Different types of doors and windows shall be grouped under one item and the
area of the uneven surface shall be converted into equivalent area.
UO-5 Apply the rules of deduction as per IS 1200 for calculating the quantities of a
structure.
Sr.
No.
Particulars Multiplying factor
1 Panelled, ledged, battened and framed 1 1/8 (for one side)
2 Fully Glazed ½ ( for one side)
3 Partly panelled and partly glazed 1 ( for one side)
4 Flush door 1 ( for one side)
5 Louvered door 1 ½ (for one side)
6 For corrugated sheet 1.20 (for one side)
7 Iron bars, grill work ½ (for one side)

UO-7 Classify the given type of estimate on basis of the purpose and
type of work.
1. For preliminary discussion of any project:- Approximate estimate.
2. For execution of project for technical sanction:- Detailed Estimate.
3. If in the project work there is change in design and planning and
actual cost of construction increases by 5% to 10% :- Revised
Estimate.
4. During the execution of main work if it is found necessary of
additional work:- Supplementary Estimate.
5. To maintain and repair any structure:- Maintenances and repair
estimate.

Measurement sheet:-
Abstract sheet:-
type of work.

Face sheet:-
type of work.

Fundamentals of estimating_and_costing

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