3. What is automation?
Automation is basically the delegation of human
control function to technical equipment.
It is the use of control systems such as computers,
PLCs, Microcontrollers to control machinery and
processes to reduce the need for human sensory and
mental requirements as well.
4. Now what is mean by Computer-
▪ A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data. You probably already know that you
can use a computer to type documents, send
email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also
use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations,
and even videos.
▪ And computer needs a set of instructions to perform
this tasks and this set of instruction is called as
program.
5. What is programming-
▪ Programming is the process of taking an algorithm
and encoding it into a notation, a programming
language, so that it can be executed by a computer.
Although many programming languages and many
different types of computers exist, the important first
step is the need to have the solution. Without an
algorithm there can be no program.
▪ By using algorithm we can generate program.
6. ▪ There are different types of programming language .
1.Machine level language.
2.Assembly language.
3.High level language.
1.Machine level language-
▪ machine level language is the language which is
understandable by computer i.e in the form of 0’s and
1’s .
▪ It requires less memory and it has high speed.
▪ But it is not convenient for human .
7. 2.Assembly language-
▪ Assembly language includes some instructions like
MOV ,add etc to do programming.
▪ Its speed is quite less than machine level language and
it requires memory more than machine level language.
▪ There fore it is called as low level language.
8. 3. High level language-
▪ C language is a high level language comparing to
machine level language and assembly language.
▪ It requires more memory comparing to assembly and
machine level language and its speed also low
comparing to both of this.
▪ Then also it is most used language because it is
convenient to human.
9. Machine Language Assembly Language High level Language
The language of 0s and
1s is called as machine
language.
In Assemblylanguage
are mnemonic (ni-
monic) codes. Like
MOV,ADD etc.
High level languages
are English like
statements and
programs
It requires less Storage
memory.
It requires storage
memory more than
machine level language.
It requires more
memory comparing
both of language.
Speed of execution is
high.
Speed of execution is
quite low.
Speed of execution is
low.
It is not convenientto
human.
It is convenient for
human but Writingcode
in assembly language is
lengthy process.
It is most used language
because it is convenient
to human.
10. Steps to Learn Language-
Words Constant,Variable & keywords
Sentences Instructions
paragraph Program
11. History of C language-
▪ C is a general purpose procedure oriented programming
language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell
telephone laboratories (now ATand T Bell
Laboratories).
12. A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol
used to represent information. Following list shows the
valid alphabets, numbers and special symbols allowed in
C.
Alphabets-
A B C D E F……………..Z. a b
c d e f……………….z.
Digits-
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Special Symbols-
@ # $ % ^ & * () _ = + ~! {} [] ” ’ < > ; : . Etc
13. An escape sequence is used to express non printing
character like a new line, tab etc. it begin with the backslash
( ) followed by letter
Like a, n, b, t, v, r, etc. the commonly used escape sequence
are
a : Audible alert
n : new line
0 : null
b : backspace
t : tab
14. The alphabets, numbers and special symbols when
properly combined form constants, variables and
keywords. Let us see what are ‘constants’ and
‘variables’ in C. A constant is an entity that doesn’t
change whereas a variable is an entity that may change.
Constants:
C constants can be divided into two major categories:
(a) Primary Constants
(b) Secondary Constants
16. 1. An integer constant must have at least one digit.
2. It must not have a decimal point.
3. It can be either positive or negative.
4. If no sign precedes an integer constant it is assumed to be positive.
5. No commas or blanks are allowed within an integer constant.
6. The allowable range for integer constants is -32768 to 32767.
Ex. 426
+782
-8000
-7605
17. ▪ Real constants are often called Floating Point constants. The real
constants could be written in two forms—
Fractional form and Exponential form.
▪ Following rules must be observed while constructing real
constants expressed in fractional form:
1. A real constant must have at least one digit.
2. It must have a decimal point.
3. It could be either positive or negative.
4. Default sign is positive.
5. No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant.
Ex. +325.34
426.0
-32.76
-48.5792
18. 1. A character constant is a single alphabet, a single
digit or a single special symbol enclosed within
single inverted commas.
2.The maximum length of a character constant can be
1 character.
Ex. 'A‘
'I'
'5'
'='
19. ▪ As we saw earlier, an entity that may vary during program execution is
called a variable. Variable names are names given to locations in
memory.
▪ These locations can contain integer, real or character constants.
▪ Rules for Constructing Variable Names
1.A variable name is any combination of 1 to 31 alphabets, digits or
underscores. Some compilers allow variable names whose length could
be up to 247 characters. Still, it would be safer to stick to the rule of 31
characters. Do not create unnecessarily long variable names as it adds to
your typing effort.
2.Keywords are not used as a variable.
3. The first character in the variable name must be an alphabet or
underscore.
4. No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
5. No special symbol other than an underscore (as in gross_sal) can be
used in a variable name.
Ex. si_int
m_hra
pop_e_89
20. ▪ Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been
explained to the C compiler .
▪ Keywords are not used as a variable.
▪ There are only 32 keywords available in C.
auto double if static
break else int struct
case enum long switch
char float near typedef
const far register union
continue for return unsigned
default
do
goto
extern
short
signed
void
while
21. ▪ Block Diagram ,Flowchart ,Algorithm for following
system
▪ Car automation.
Light intensity
Air conditioning
▪ Temperature control Fan .
32o c
▪ Home AutomationSystem
Door Open
Light ON
23. #include<pre-processor directives>
[macro declaration and defination]
[globle variable declaration]
Main()
{
Local variable declaration with proper data-type;
.
Statements;
.
.
}
[user_defined_function_defination([arguments])]
{
Statement_block;
}
24. What is Data
Data /
information
Speech
(Float)
Numeric
(Integer/float)
Text
(Character)
Image/Video
(integer)
25. Type Storage size Value range
char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
signed char 1 byte -128 to 127
int 2 or 4 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 or -
2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to
4,294,967,295
short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
26. Type Storage size Range
float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38
double 8 byte 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 10 byte 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932
27. typedef-
• This user defined data type identifier can later be used
to declare the variable.
• Its purpose is to redefine the name of an existing data
type.
• Ex-
typedef int PUNE;
• I can write the variable ‘a’ which has data type intas
below-
PUNE a;
it define a as a integer.
28. enum day{mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat,sun};
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
//declaration of new datatype -
day
enum day{mon=10,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat,sun};
day
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
//declaration of new datatype -
enum day a; // a is a variable whoes type is day.
enum day{mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat,sun}a,b,c; // a,b,c:variables
a=mon;
b=sat;
//a=0;
//b=5;
29. syntax:
int temp;
int a,b,c;
(data_type) expression;
int a=2,b=3,c=4;
int a=0xff; //hex
int a=025; //octal
float a=3.4;
float a=2e-4;.....................2*10^-4
char a='#';
Constant declaration
1. const int a=4;
2. #define a 4
32. Reading data from user
main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("enter value of a and b");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); //&:address of
c=a+b;
printf("addition=%d",c);
}
33. 1)Write a program “Hello” to user.
2)Write a Program to illustrate the use of int, Character
,Float data Type.
3)Write a program give a name using Scanf() then Print
the Welcome To user.
41. 7. Special operators
*----> value at address of data
&----> address of location
. -------DOT
8. sizeof operator
c=sizeof(short int);-------->1
42. 9. Increment or decrement operators
++, --
int a=4;
a++ --------------> a=a+1;
a > a=a-1;
a++
++a
post incr
pre incr
int a=4;
c=a++;--------------->c=4 (use then incr)
int a=4;
c=++a;--------------->c=5 (incr then use)
43. 1)Program to convert days into months and days.
2)Program to illustrate sizeof operator.
3)Swapping of two variables .
49. Switch is used to switch any function.. if a break is not included at the
end of a case, then execution will continue into the nextcase.
eg switch(2.5)
eg. switch(a>b)
Floating no are not allowed
Condition is not allowed
Syntax-
switch(integer/char constant)
{
case x:
statements;
break;
case Y:
statments;
break;
default:
statments;
.
}
51. It is used to make jumps in pgm
Syntax-
label:
statments;
'
.
goto label;
statements;
Example-
loop:
printf("enter no: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>0)
{
goto loop;
}
printf(" u entered –ve no”);
52. 1)Program to accept any number & find out whether it is
negative or positive.
2)Write a program to find out largest number of 4 numbers.
3)Write a program to accept name, marks in 6 subjects find %
of mark & print grade to students.
if student fail in 1 subject then grade is fail.
% >=75 == Distinction
%<75 and %>=60 ==First class
%<60 and %>=50 ==Second Class
%<50 and %>=40 ==Third class
4)Write a program to accept month number and display the
season using switch.
54. • There are three looping statements in c language which
are as follows-
• A. for..........pre test..........counter control
• B. while........pre test..........variable control
• C. Do.While.....post test.........variable control
56. • It is often the case in programming that you want to do
something a fixed number of times. The while loop is
ideally suited for such cases.
1. Variable control
int a;
a=10;
2. Counter control
int a;
a=1;................initializatio
n
while(a<=10)...condition
{
printf("%d",a);
a++;.........inc/dec
statement
}
while(a>4)
{
printf("%d",a);
printf("enter value of a");
scanf("%d",&a);
}
59. 1)Write a program for accepting ten numbers and
print. 2)Write a program to display
*
**
***
3)Write a program to find out roots of a quadratic equation.
4)Write a program to print alphabets in a designable manner as
given below
ABCDEDCBA
ABCD DCBA
ABC CBA
AB BA
A A
61. 1)Write a program to Convert given number intoword.
2)Write a program to find sum
3) 1+(1+2)+(1+2+3)+…..(1+2+3+….50) using while loop.
4)Write a program to accept 3 angles of triangle and
check whether it is triangle or not. If the sum of all3
angles is 180 then it is a triangle.
5)Write a program to calculate the income tax the details
are as follows
a) If the person is male
till 100000 Rs of income there is no income tax.
Above 100000 the tax is 10% on the income
b) If the person is female
till 135000 rs of income there is no income tax.
Above 135000 the tax is 10% on the income
63. • C programming language provides a data structure
called the array, which can store a fixed-size
sequential collection of elements of the same type.
• All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The
lowest address corresponds to the first element and the
highest address to the last element.
64. ➢ DeclaringArrays
To declare an array in C, a programmer specifies the type of the
elements and the number of elements required by an array as follow.
Data_type arrayName [ arraySize ];
This is called a single-dimensional array.
➢ InitializingArrays
Initialize array in C either one by one or using a single statement
as follows:
int balance[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
The number of values between braces { } can not be larger than
the number of elements that we declare for the array between
square brackets [ ].
65. int a[];.........................a is array of integer
int a[5]; ......................5 is size of array a.
int a[5]={10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]
int a[5]={10,5}.............rest locations are filled with zeros
char a[4]="pune";
char a[4]={'p','u','n','e','0'};
66. •data_type array_name [rows][coloumn];
Ex-
int value [2][3];
It implies 2 rows and 3 coloumns.
Initialization of 2D array-
int value [2][3]={2,11,3,5,1,10};
This initialized array can be represented as-
col0 col1 col2
row0 2 11 3
Row1 5 1 10
68. Multidimensional array-
• Arrays in c may have more than one dimension. such
arrays are called multi dimensional array.
• 2D array- Two dimensional arrays are used to store a
table of values. Thus it is refered to as matrix or table.
• A matrix has two subscripts, the first subscriptdenotes
the no of rows and second subscript denotes no. of
column.
69. 1)Accepting 10 numbers and print.
2)Program for addition of 1-D array.
3)Write a program for finding matrix addition.
4)Write a program for accepting 10 numbers and print sum of odd
numbers and even numbers.
5)In one organization there are 3 department, every department has 3
teacher and each teacher can teach to 5 individual students . Write a
program to accept the marks of each student and display the report
of passing percentage of each department.
71. • Pointers are the variables that contain the address of
another variable within the memory.
• EX-
int x=5;
X variable
value
1002 Address
fig: representation of x=5 in the memory
5
72. Syntax-
data_type * ptvar;
name of the pointer var.
*indicates that this variable is a pointer
.
data type of pointers object.
Ex- int *p –it declares that points to an integer data type.
73. Ex-
int a=5 ,x, *aptr;
aptr= &a; // assigns the address of variable ‘a’to
pointer ‘aptr’
//assigns the value at address
pointed by ‘aptr’ to variablex
i.e x=5.
x= *aptr;
74. Eg-
int a=4;
int *p; //p stores memory location's address
& : address of
* : value at address
p=&a;
c=*p;
int a=5;
int *p;
p=&a;
printf("%d",a);--------------5
printf("%u",&a);-------------1000
printf("%d",*p);--------------5
printf("%d",*(&a));-----------5
printf("%u",p);---------------1000
75. int a[5];
int *p;
p=a; //p= base address of a(add of 1st element)
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d",*(p+i));
// p++;
}
……………..read from user..............
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d",p+i);
// p++;
}
76. 1)Write a program to print the address of a variable along
with its value.
2) C Program to Access Elements of an Array UsingPointer
78. Introduction
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task.
Every C program has at least one function, which is main().
Two Types Of Function
1. library functions
2. user defined function
Defining a Function:
The general form of a function definition in C programming language
is as follows:
return_type function_name ( parameter list )
{
body of the function
}
80. Types of
function calls-
Functions can be called in different ways-
1. functions with no arguments and no return values.
Ex .main()
2. Functions with arguments and no return values.
Ex. void main()
3. Functions with arguments and return values
Ex. void main(void)
81. • Call by value
This method copies the actual value of an argument
into the formal parameter of the function. In this case,
changes made to the parameter inside the function have
no effect on the argument.
• Call by reference
This method copies the address of an argument into the
formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is
used to access the actual argument used in the call. This
means that changes made to the parameter affect the
argument.
83. Eg-
#include<stdio.h>
void square(int);
main()
{
int a;
//fn prototype/declaration
printf(" pgm to find square of a no");
printf("enter value of a");
scanf("%d",&a);
square(a);
printf("the end");
}
void square(int x)
{
int y;
y=x*x;
printf("%d",y);
}
84. Eg-
#include<stdio.h>
int square(int);
main()
{
int a,b;
//fn prototype/declaration
printf(" pgm to find square of a no");
printf("enter value of a");
scanf("%d",&a);
b=square(a);
printf("%d",b);
printf("the end");
}
int square(int x)
{
int y;
y=x*x;
return(y);
}
85. 1) C Program to Display Prime Numbers Between
Intervals Using User-defined Function.
2)Write a program to find out sin,cos,tan values of a
given range using pre defined function.
87. • The string in C programming language is actually a one-
dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a
null character '0'.
• The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting
of the word "Hello". To hold the null character at the end of the array,
the size of the character array containing the string is one more than
the number of characters in the word "Hello.“
• char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '0'};
88. • If you follow the rule of array initialization then you can write
the above statement as follows:
• char greeting[ ] = "Hello";
• Following is the memory presentation of above defined string
in C/C++:
89. The few Standard library functions that deal with
strings. They all are declared in the header file string.h.
All these functions perform certain operation on string.
1)strlen(s1)->Length of the string s1
2)Strcat(s1,s2,N)->Concatenate of string1 to string2 and
terminates s1 with null.
3)strcmp(s1,s2)->Compares S1 and s2
4)strcpy(s1,s2)->copies the string s2 into string s1.
90. 1)strlen(s1)
In below example program, length of the string “4dimension” is
determined by strlen( ) function as below. Length of this string 10is
displayed as output.
Eg.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main( )
{
int len;
char array[20]=“4dimension" ;
len = strlen(array) ;
printf ( "string length = %d n" , len ) ;
return 0;
}
91. 2)Strcat(s1,s2,N)
It concatenates two strings and returns the combined one string.
Eg. #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s1[10] = "Hello";
char s2[10] = "World";
strncat(s1,s2, 3);
printf("Concatenation using strncat: %s", s1);
return 0;
}
Output:
Concatenation using strncat: HelloWor
92. 3)strcmp(s1,s2)
In this program, strings “fresh” and “refresh” are compared. 0 is
returned when strings are equal. Negative value is returned
when str1 < str2 and positive value is returned when str1 > str2.
Eg. #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main( )
{
char str1[ ] = "fresh" ;
char str2[ ] = "refresh" ;
int i, j, k ;
i = strcmp ( str1, "fresh" ) ;
j = strcmp ( str1, str2 ) ;
k = strcmp ( str1, "f" ) ;
printf ( "n%d %d %d", i, j, k ) ;
return 0;
}
93. 4)strcpy(s1,s2)
It copies the string str2 into string str1.
Eg.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s1[30] = "string 1";
char s2[30] = "string 2 : I’m copied into s1";
/* this function has copied s2 into s1*/
strcpy(s1,s2);
printf("String s1 is: %s", s1);
return 0;
}
Output:
String s1 is: string 2: I’m copied into s1
94. 1)Write a program to accept two
strings and concatenate them.
2)Write a program to accept full name from the keyboard
and display surname first and then middle name.
96. • C arrays allow you to define type of variables that can hold
several data items of the same kind but structure is another
user defined data type available in C programming, which
allows you to combine data items of different kinds.
• Structures are used to represent a record, Suppose you want to
keep track of your books in a library. You might want to track
the following attributes about each book:
97. • Defining a Structure
• To define a structure, you must use the struct statement. The
struct statement defines a new data type, with more than one
member for your program. The format of the struct statement
is this:
struct [structure tag]
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];
99. Eg.
struct book
{
char title[10];
float price;
int quantity;
}b[10];
printf("enter book info");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf("%s%f%d",b[i].title,&b[i].price,&b[i].quantity);
}
100. • Union is a concept similar to a structure with the major difference in
terms of storage. In the case of structures each member has its own
storage location, but a union may contain many members of different
types but can handle only one at a time.
• Union is sharing of memory space.
union book
{
char a; //------1byte
float b; //-----4bytes
int c; //-------2bytes
//-------total=7bytes
};
union book math; //---------------------------4bytes
math.a='@';
math.c=125;
printf("%c",math.a);
101.
102. 1)Write a program to accept name , address and phone
number of employee using structure and print the
same.
2)Accept basic pay, dearness allowance, travelling
allowance, house rent allowance of n employee and
calculate the salary of employ’s
DA is 35 % basic pay
TAis 15 % basic pay
HRA is 20 % of basic pay
104. There are the following storage classes, which can be
used in a C Program
❑ auto
❑ register
❑ static
❑ extern
Storage class defines following:
1. Scope of variable
2. Storage
3. lifetime
4. initial value
105. 1.auto (local variables)
a. scope: local(within block or fn)
b. storage: temp. memory
c. lifetime : within block or fn.
d. initial value: garbage
int a;
main()
{
//global
auto int b; //local
b=a+4;
}
square()
{
int c;
c=a+8;
}
106. 2. extern (global variables)
a.scope: global(within file or
pgm)
b. storage: permanent. memory
c. lifetime : within file(global)
d. initial value: zero
main()
{
extern int a;
auto int b; //local
b=a+4;
}
int a; //global
square()
{
int c;
c=a+8;
}
107. 3. static(local variables)
a.scope: local(within block or
fn)
b. storage: permanent. memory
c. lifetime : (global)
d. initial value: zero
main()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
add();
}
}
add()
{
static int a=0;
// this executes only once
a++;
printf("%d",a);
}
108. 4. register(local)
a. scope: local(within block or fn)
b. storage: CPU register
c. lifetime : within block or fn
d. initial value: garbage
109. Instructions to compiler
1. File inclusion
2. macro
3. compiler control
1. file inclusion. #include
#include<file_name>
#include"file_name"
2. macro
#define
a. #define PI 3.14
b. #define print printf("hello")
main()
{
print; //printf("hello");
}
110. c. macro with arguments
#define square(x) (x*x)
main()
{
int a=4,b;
b=square(a);
}
d. nesting of macro
#define square(x) (x*x)
#define cube(x) (square(x)*x)
main()
{
int a=4,b;
b=cube(a);
}
111. 3. compiler control
a.#ifdef.................(if defined)
b.#ifndef..............(if not defined)
c.#undef...............(undefine)
d.#if......................(if condition)
e.#else..................(alternate to if)
f.#elif...................(else if)
g.#endif................(end if)
h.#pragma.............(hardware specific configuration of compiler)
112. #define PIC 18
main()
{
#ifdef PIC
printf("u r using PIC MCU");
#endif
}
main()
{
#ifndef PIC
printf("u r not using PIC MCU");
endif
}
#if(PIC==12)
printf("u r using PIC12");
#elif(PIC==16)
printf("u r using PIC16");
#else
printf("PIC18");
#endif
}
113. #define PIC 18
#ifdef PIC
#undef PIC
#define PIC 24
#endif
main()
{
printf("%d",PIC);
}
//24
#define PIC 18
main()
{
#if(PIC==12)
printf("u r using PIC12");
#elif(PIC==16)
printf("u r using PIC16");
#else
printf("PIC18");
#endif
}
