Social Work

1. Development of Social Work Profession
Module 01
I) SOCIAL WORK
Definition of SW
“Social work is a welfare activity based on humanitarian philosophy, scientific knowledge and
technical skills for helping individual, groups or community to live rich and full life” – Indian
Conference of Social Work
“Social work is a practice based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change
and devt, social cohesion and empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of social justice,
human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversity are central to sw. Underpinned by
theories of SW, social science, humanities and indigenous knowledge. SW engage people and structure
to address life challenges and enhance well-being.” – International Federation of SW
Objectives of Social Work
 Brown
1. To provide physical health
2. To help in adjustment
3. To solve psychological problem
4. To make availability of opportunities to weaker sections
 Friedlander
1. Change in painful social situations
2. Devt of constructive forces
3. Provide opportunities for experiencing democratic & humanistic behavior
 Witmer
1. To give assistance to individuals in removing difficulties which they face in utilizing the
societies services
2. Utilization of community resources for their welfare
 Young Dahl
1. Economic well-being
2. Self-experiencing
 General objectives
1. To solve psycho-social problems
2. To fulfill humanitarian needs like love, affection, care, etc.
3. To solve adjustmental problems
4. To create self-sufficiency
5. To make and strengthen harmonious social relations

2. 6. To make provision of corrective and recreational services
7. To develop democratic values among the people
8. To provide opportunities for development and social progress
9. To conscientize the community
10. To change the environment in favors of individual’s growth and development
11. To bring change in the defective social system for social development
12. To provide socio-legal aid to the needy who cannot afford to meet them.
Knowledge of Social Work
Social work is known for its multi-disciplinary approach in solving psycho-social and material need of
individuals in the society. The body of social work knowledge is built by pulling the knowledge and
information from several other disciplines which was felt to be fitting to the need of the profession. As
a helping profession, social work involves vast range of knowledge for its professionals but basically
there are 4 fundamental areas of information with which a social worker needs to be equipped with:
i) Knowledge of the availability of services
ii) Knowledge of people, their motivations, dynamics and strength
iii) Knowledge of the society-values, traditions, customs, taboos, problems, priorities etc.
iv) Knowledge resources-fiscal, material and human etc.
Specialized knowledge in SW
 Skills in communication
 Depth in understanding the person, problem, and the available resources
 Knowledge to use the relationship
 Strategies to solve problem
Tools of SW
o Conscious use of self
o Constructive use of relationship
o Verbal interaction
o Program planning and its use
Functions of social work
Function of social work refers to the natural activity of social work or the statements of how social
work operates.
According to Proff. P.D. Mishra social work operates to assist individuals in adjusting to the
institutional frame work of the society and attempts to modify the institutional frame work itself in
appropriate areas. He classified the functions of social work into the following 4 major categories:
1. Curative Function
The services provided under curative functions are–medical and health services, services relating to
psychiatry, child guidance, child welfare services, services for the handicapped or disable in the form

3. of protection and rehabilitation. These kinds of services aim to cure the physical, social, material,
psychological sickness of individuals in the society.
2. Correctional Function
The correctional function of social work has three broad areas, such as:
a) Individual reform service which includes prison reform, probation, parole and other related
services.
b) Services for improving social relationship which includes family welfare services, school social
work, industrial social work etc.
c) Services for social reform that includes employment services, prevention of commercial sex work,
beggary prohibition services and removal of untouchability etc.
3. Preventive Function:
It includes life insurance services, public assistance, social legislation, adult education and prevention
of diseases etc. This type of function basically deals with the services relating to the prevention of
problems like insecurity, unlawfulness, ignorance, sickness etc. It is directed towards the elimination
of those factors in the social environment or those deficiencies in the development of personality that
prevents the individual from achieving a minimum desirable standard of socio-economic life.
4. Developmental Function
Developmental function includes the tasks of socio-economic development activities such as:
education, recreational services, urban and rural development programs and programs of integration
etc. which are primarily concerned with the development of individuals, families, groups and
communities.
The basic functions of social work can be divided in 3 broad interdependent and interrelated categories,
viz;
1. Restoration of social functioning
2. Provision of resources and
3. Prevention of social dysfunction.
1. This function is subdivided into curative and rehabilitative aspects. The curative aspects are to
eliminate environmental factors that have caused break down of social functioning of individua ls,
groups or communities and the role of the rehabilitative aspects is to recognize and rebuild interaction
patterns in the society.
2. Provision of Resources is further subdivided into developmental and educational. The
developmental aspects are designed to extend effectiveness of existing social, human and material
resources or to bring about full utilization personal capacity for more social interaction. The
educational functions are designed to make the public aware about specific conditions and needs for
new and changing resources and approaches.
3. The prevention of social dysfunction involves early detection, control and elimination of conditions
and situations that could obstruct effective social functioning. The main two divisions are preventions
of problems in the area of human interaction (individuals and groups) and secondly, prevention
of social ills.
Methods of Social Work
Generally method implies to systematic way of doing something. In social work, method is
understood as the systematic and planned way of helping the people. The main concern of social

4. work is to solve psycho-social problems of individuals, groups and communities through the
conscious application of knowledge in methods, tools, techniques and skills of social work. In this
task, the social worker has to be equipped with all the necessary methods of social work that ease his
work to help the people in solving their own problems.
Methods of SW are grouped as:
A) Primary Method – systematic and planned way performing an activity, which is fundamental to
SW. these are just like roots of SW, which give birth to other branches.
1) Social case work
2) Social group work
3) Community Organization
B) Secondary Method – facilitates primary methods. There are also the derivations of primary
methods.
4) Social work research
5) Social welfare administration
6) Social action
II) SOCIAL WELFARE
The term ‘social welfare’ denotes the system of such services which intend to cater to the special needs
of persons, groups and communities who, by reason of some handicap-social, economic, mental or
physical are unable to avail themselves of, or are traditionally denied the basic amenities or services
provided by the society or state. It implies that, social welfare services are meant to benefit the weaker,
dependent or under privileged sections of the population. Such services basically cover the needy
members of the society, like orphan children, widows and destitute, mentally retarded persons, the
blind, the deaf, the crippled and other economically underprivileged members of the society.
Definition of Social Welfare
1. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, social welfare has been defined as “a system of laws and
institutions through which a government attempts to protect and promote the social and economic
welfare of its citizens usually based on various forms of social insurance against unemployment,
accident, illness and old age”.
2. Friedlander said, “Social welfare is the organized form of social services and institutions, designed
to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social
relationships that permits them to develop their full capacities and to promote their well-being in
harmony with the needs of their families and the community”.
Objectives Social Welfare
The main objectives of social welfare is to create the basic conditions that will enable all members
of the community realize their potentials for growth and self-fulfillment. The principle of
normalization is fundamental to the social welfare goals. Regardless of physical, psychological or
social handicaps, a person should be enabled to live work and develop in a normal environment.
According to the document of five year plan of India the objectives of social welfare can be stated
under the following lines
i) To ensure adequate living standard for all
ii) To assure social justice to all

5. iii) To provide opportunities for cultural development through individual group self-expression.
iv) To readjust human relations leading to social harmony.
General objectives of social welfare:
i) Expansion of social services and their improvement
ii) To provide welfare services and develop the weaker and more vulnerable sections of the population
iii) To develop supplementary welfare services
iv) To bring about social reform
v) To provide social security and social assistance
vi) To bring about social change including reducing disparities of income and wealth
vii) To prevent the concentration economic power and take step to equalize opportunities within the
communities.
viii) To help individuals to attain satisfying standards of life, health and equal opportunities with the
fellow citizens and self-respect.
ix) To secure for each individual the basic economic requirement and decent living condition
x) To strengthen individual capacities to cope up with the real life situation.
xi) To create the basic condition that will enable all the members of the community to realize their
potential capacity, growth and self-fulfillment.
Distinction between social work and social welfare
Social work and social welfare are two different concepts but at times, the terms are used inter-
changeably and synonymously due to some confusions underlying in their objectives and practices.
When Devine wrote about social work in 1922, he did not make the distinction between social welfare
and social work. He wrote, “Social work is the sum of all efforts by society to take up its own slack”,
to provide for individuals, when its established institutions fail them to supplement those established
institutions and to modify them at those points at which they have proved to be badly adapted to social
needs. It may be carried on by the government or by an incorporated society or by an informal group
or by an individual or it may be temporary growth on some older institutions which exists primarily
for some other functions. It includes everything which is done by the society for the benefits of those
who are not in a position to compete on fair terms with their fellows, form whatever motive it may be
done, by whatever agency or means and with whatever result.
Both social work and social welfare have common steps of development as noted by United Nation’s
Department of Social Affairs and Training of Social Work. The stages through which social work has
passed in many of the countries in which it is today it is fully developed, may be broken down into 3
major categories: (a) Social work as individual charity, (b) Social work as organized activity under
governmental and non-governmental auspices, potentially available to every individual of the
community irrespective of means, to assist him in achieving his full potentials for productive and
satisfied living. Social work stands in relation to social welfare as the medical profession stands in
relation to the field of health.

6. In spite of some similarities there are some visible lines of distinctions between the two, which can be
stated in the following points:
i) Social work is a professional practice and the social workers are highly trained professional
practioners, whereas social welfare is not a professional practice and employees involved in the welfare
activities are untrained.
ii) Social work is getting into a more formalized activity and has emerged as a new profession, where
as social welfare continues to be an informal activity.
iii) Social work activity is rendered to the individual, groups and communities who are in need, by
using different problem solving methods where as social welfare services are given to the needy
individuals, groups and communities but it doesn’t have any specific method to deal with the problems
of the people.
iv) Technically speaking, social work is a systematic and scientific process and not an end in itself, but
social welfare is a system of services and is a means to an end.
v) Social work is an art and science of working for and with the people, but social welfare aims at
working only for the people and not necessarily with the people.
vi) Social work is a professional service based on scientific knowledge and skills in human relationship
which helps the individuals to obtain social or personal satisfaction, where as social welfare is a system
of laws, programs, benefits and services which strengthens or assures provisions for the well-being of
the individuals.
vii) A social worker respecting the autonomy and worth of individual does not impose anything upon
him, however beneficial it may be, but a social welfare worker who is convinced of the usefulness of
his program for his clientele feels that it should be made available to them for their benefit.
viii) Social work can be undertaken by any individual who is professionally qualified and equipped
with the knowledge of social work. On the other hand, social welfare is mainly undertaken by
government through its workers.
ix) Social work emphasizes on all the aspects of human development but social welfare gives more
emphasis on the material needs of the individuals group and communities.
III) HUMAN RIGHTS
Concept of Human Rights
In general, right may be defined as a justified claim or entitlement. It is giving one something that he/
she deserves or is entitled to have. The Oxford dictionary defines right as “a justification for a fair
claim.” It further states “right is also something that one may legally or morally claim; the state of
being entitled to a privilege or immunity or authority to act.”
Human rights are commonly understood as "inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is
inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as
universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as
natural rights or as legal rights, in both national and international law.
Human Rights basically include:

7. -esteem and so on.
The fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution and are coming under the human rights can be
stated in the following lines:
1) Right to equality, including equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment,
abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.
2) Right to freedom which includes speech and expression, assembly, association or union or
cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation (some of these
rights are subject to security of the State, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order,
decency or morality), right to life and liberty, right to education, protection in respect to conviction
in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
3) Right against exploitation, prohibiting all forms of forced labour, child labour and traffic in human
beings;
4) Right to freedom of religion, including freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and
propagation of religion, freedom to manage religious affairs, freedom from certain taxes and freedom
from religious instructions in certain educational institutes.
5) Cultural and Educational rights preserving Right of any section of citizens to conserve their
culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions
of their choice.
6) Right to constitutional remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
7) Right to education which ensures that children up to the age of 14 get education. It can also be free
of cost.
Nature of Human Rights
Human Rights are of universal character and do not have any geographical or political boundary. It
endorses the use of persuasion aswell as force by the international community on any country violating
human rights. However, these impositions may be restricted in the interest of public peace, social
decency and political security of a particular country. Also it has to be kept in mind that individua l
countries have cultural uniqueness with own set of traditions which restrict people from enjoying
certain rights that are recognized as against human rights. For instance in Sudan Bull-man fighting is
tradition where bull may tear the man into pieces which is enjoyed by the public. But these are termed
as violation of human rights there, as they are socially accepted as tradition. This point acts as a huge
barrier in the universalization of human rights.
However, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 states that “All human rights are universal,
indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. So it is the duty of the states regardless of their political,
economic, and cultural systems to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedom.”

8. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948 was the first
occasion on which the organized community of nations made a Declaration of human rights and
fundamental freedom for humanity.
In the Proclamation of Teheran, adopted by the International Conference on Human Rights in 1968,
the Conference agreed that the Universal Declaration states a common understanding of the peoples of
the world concerning the inalienable and inviolable rights of all members of the human family and
constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community.
The Declaration consists of 30 articles setting forth the civil and political, and economic, social and
cultural rights to which all persons are entitled, without discrimination.
Economic, social and cultural rights are set out in Articles 22-27, and are rights to which everyone is
entitled as a member of society. Article 22 characterizes these rights as indispensable for human dignity
and the free development of personality, and indicates that they are to be realized through national
effort and international cooperation. At the same time, it points out the limitations of realization, the
extent of which depends on the resources of each State. The article-wise universal declaration of
human rights by the United Nation can be stated as follows:
Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal.
Article 2: Everyone is entitled to the same rights without discrimination of any kind.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security.
Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6: Everyone has the right to be recognized everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7: Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection of the law.
Article 8: Everyone has the right to justice.
Article 9: No one shall be arrested, detained, or exiled arbitrarily.
Article 10: Everyone has the right to a fair trial.
Article 11: Everyone has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty.
Article 12: Everyone has the right to privacy.
Article 13: Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and to leave and return to one's country.
Article 14: Everyone has the right to seek asylum from persecution.
Article 15: Everyone has the right to a nationality.
Article 16: All adults have the right to marry and found a family. Women and men have equal rights
to marry, within marriage, and at its dissolution.
Article 17: Everyone has the right to own property.
Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
Article 20: Everyone has the right to peaceful assembly and association.
Article 21: Everyone has the right to take part in government of one's country.
Article 22: Everyone has the right to social security and to the realization of the economic, social and
cultural rights indispensable for dignity.
Article 23: Everyone has the right to work, to just conditions of work, to protection against
unemployment, to equal pay for equal work, to sufficient pay to ensure a dignified existence for one's
self and one's family, and the right to join a trade union.
Article 24: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure.
Article 25: Everyone hasthe right to a standard of living adequate forhealth and well-being,including
food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services.
Article 26: Everyone has the right to education.
Article 27: Everyone has the right to participate freely in the cultural life of the community.

9. Article 28:Everyone is entitled to a socialand international orderin which these rights can be realized
fully.
Article 29: Everyone has duties to the community.
Article 30: No person, group or government has the right to destroy any of these rights.
Human rights are Universal, Indivisible, interconnected and interrelated with equality and without
discrimination for all women and men, youth and children. Democracy must be a delivery system of
human rights.
Three generations of Human Rights
As per the categorization, offered by Karel Vasak, there are three generations of human rights such
as:
The first-generation: civil and political rights (right to freedom of expression and opinion, assembly
and life),
The second-generation: economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and
The third-generation: solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean and healthy environment, cultural
integrity, self-governance and right to development).
Classification of Human Rights
1. Civil Rights
2. Political Right
3. Economic Rights
4. Social Rights
5. Cultural Rights
IV) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
In India the term ‘Social development’ was first used in Indian Council of Social Welfare in the year
1973.
Definitions OF SD
 M.S. Gore, a famous sociologist and social work scientist of India defined social
development ‘as a process of bringing about totality of the socio-economic, political, social
and cultural development of the society’.
 The journal “International Social Development Review-1971, page-17 by UNO, said,
“social development is: human aspect, raising income, equitable distribution of materials,
structural changes to create a favorable condition for inclusive growth etc.”
 John stated, “Social development is the process of planned institutional change to bring
about a better correspondence between human need on the one hand and social policies and
program on the other”.
 Devi writes, “Social development is a comprehensive concept which implies major structural
changes-political, economic and cultural, which are introduced as a part of deliberate action
to transform the society”.

10. Indicators of Social development
In order have a more analytical understanding of social development; it is necessary to look into the
indicators of social development. Because these are the criteria for a society to be called as socially
developed and these also serve as yardsticks to measure social development.
Some generally accepted major indicators of social development are:
1. Positive change in the levels of living
2. Elimination of poverty
3. Expansion of education
4. Increasing in the level of employment
5. Social justice- that is equal distribution of development fruits.
6. Upliftment of weaker members of the society
7. Well organized and reliable provisions for security against various contingencies of life.
8. Improvement of social welfare measures
9. Reduction of regional and sectoral inequalities
10. Protection and improvement of health.
11. Increased popular participation in the developmental programs.
12. Improved mechanisms for environment protection
13. Good governance
Objectives ofSocial Development
The main purpose of social development is to raise the standard of living of individuals in the
society. Some of the objectives adopted by most of the nations for their social development are:
1. A shift in emphasis from the individual to larger collectivities, encompassing the poor majority or
greater emphasis on collective betterment.
2. To define social goals in terms of the satisfaction of human needs.
3. To improve the quality of life
4. To create a redistributive institutional structure for the attainment of new social objectives.
5. To evolve a broad strategy for organizational and value change to ensure speedy attainment of
redefined social goals.
6. To formulate indicators so as to evaluate social progress and to assess emerging social needs
7. To set up monitoring mechanisms to ensure that the growth levels are measurable and sustainable
8. To anticipate upcoming growth-related and other problems and to prepare for handling them
quickly and effectively.
9. To create an ethos in which it is possible to question and rethink the appropriateness and adequacy
of existing social formations and to work towards their restructuring.

11. Principles of SD
1. Law & Theory
2. Stages of social change
3. Process of development
4. Accomplishment
5. Instruments of development
6. Social institutions
7. Levels of consciousness
8. Aspects of life
9. Human nature
10. Miscellaneous
V) SOCIAL CHANGE
Change is the law of nature. The word ‘change’ denotes a difference in anything observed over a period
of time. Social change, therefore, would mean observable differences in any social phenomena over
any period of time. When change in social structure, social order, social values, certain customs and
traditions, socio- cultural norms, code of conduct, way of conducting oneself in the society, standards,
attitudes, customs and traditions of the society and related factors take place, it is said that there is
social change.
Definition of SC
 “Social change refers to the modifications which occur in the life patterns of people.”
– Samuel Koening
 “By social change is meant only such alterations as occur in social organizations, that is,
structure and functions of society.” – Kingsley Davis
Characteristics of SC
1. Universal phenomenon
2. It is a community change rather than individual change
3. Rate & speed of change differs from society to society and from time to time
4. Essential law of nature
5. Definite prediction is not possible
6. Shows chain-reaction sequence (industrialism-destroyed domestic production-women
from home to factory or office-independence from man-change in attitude-affected
family life)
7. Results from the interaction of a number of factors
8. Modifies social structure, social organization and social functioning
9. Modifies the life-pattern of people
10. Reflected through social attitudes, social values and way of living
Type of Social Change
From the ensuing discussion it appears that social change can be categorized to two types;

12. (1) Evolutionary Social Changes:
Evolutionary changes occur in course of a long period slowly and gradually and through evolutionary
process. Such changes are not very drastic or remarkable. They proceed gradually like the process of
conditioning and people learn to adjust with such changes gradually.
(2) Revolutionary Changes:
It is the opposite of evolutionary change. When the changes in various sectors of our social system
occur suddenly, drastically and sufficiently so as to differentiate it from gradual, slow change, it is
called revolutionary social change.
Agents or Factors of SC
Social change has occurred in all societies and in all periods of time. But the rate of social change
differs from society to society. This rate and direction of social change is determined by various factors.
They are:
 Physical factors – human life is closely related with the geographical conditions of earth,
which is subject to change. Physical compulsions such as famines, droughts, floods,
earthquakes, leads to human migration to distant places with consequences of disruption to
settled human life. Human society is deeply influenced by place, land, water, air, forests, rivers,
sea and natural resources.
 Biological factors – man utilizes the available plants and animal life. He uses many types of
plants for medicinal purposes. Eg: worship snakes and holy fig trees. Cow is regarded as sacred
among Hindus. Lack of useful animals, birds and herbs may create a number of problems
concerning foods, medicine etc. Likewise biological processes like human procreation,
fertility, birth rate, density of population etc. also influence social change.
 Demographic factors – demography is the study of human population. ‘Demos’ is a Greek
word which means ‘people’. Demographic factors that induce social change are fertility,
mortality, migration, changing age structures, age at marriage, sex ratio, patterns of marriage,
child bearing age, life expectancy, and use of contraceptives, levels and types of morbidity.
 Technological factors – industry, agriculture, transportation, communication, sources of
energy, food processing, housing and physical environment are influenced by technologica l
changes. Changes in agricultural techniques have affected the rural community, by raising their
standards of living and also mobility.
 Culture factors – knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, etc. are the cultural traits.
When any of these changes or varies, the social order itself becomes changed.
 Social Movement and Social Revolution
 Common Motivation
 Common Need
 Long Standing Suffering due to Suppression and Oppression
 Impact of Communication
 Education
VI SOCIAL SEVICES
Social services are a range of public services provided by the government, private, and non-profit
organizations. These public services aim to create more effective organizations, build stronger

13. communities, and promote equality and opportunity. Social services include the benefits and facilities
such as education, food subsidies, health care, police, fire service, job training and subsidized housing,
adoption, community management, policy research, and lobbying.
The term social service is used to denote help given by a volunteer to an individual or group at the time
of need. Social service does not attempt at the study of needs and resources. It is a service given to any
person on the basis of desires to serve.
It does not help the individual to help himself. It neither involves any trained person nor professional
techniques. It does not attempt to make a person independent.
Eg. Students distributing lunch to poor patents in district hospital
Giving old clothes to the inmates of an orphanage.
Social work fulfills the objectives of Social service.
Difference between Social Service and Social Work
Definition
• Social work is a profession as well as an academic discipline that expects to improve the quality
of life and the well-being of people who are especially under some kind of distress.
• Social services are, generally, those services that are provided by the government or private
organizations such as free education, health facilities, etc.
Structure
• Social work is done by organizations where social workers work.
• Social service is done by governments or organizations, as well as individuals.
Educational Background
• To be a social worker, you need to have educational qualifications as a degree.
• To do social service, you do not need to have any educational qualifications in the field of social
services.
VII SOCIAL ACTION
Social Action is one of the secondary method of professional social work. It is used for mobilizing
masses in order to bring structural changes in the social systems or to prevent adverse changes. It is an
organized effort to change or improve social and economic institutions or to prevent the negative
change from happening which may influence the general population or a large number of people.
Narmada Bachao Andolan is an example.
Definition of SA
● Mary Richmond (1922) Social action is “mass betterment through propaganda and social
legislation”.
● Lee Porter R (1937)
Social action seems to suggest efforts directed toward changes in law or social structure or toward the
initiation of new movements for the modification of current social practices.
Objectives ofSA
Mishra (1992) has identified following objectives of social action:
1. Prevention of needs.
2. Solution of mass problems.
3. Improvement in mass conditions.
4. Influencing institutions, policies, and practices.
5. Introduction of new mechanisms or programs.
6. Redistribution of power and resources (human, material, and moral).

14. 7. Appropriate decision making for effects of thought, action and structure.
8. Social development through change.
Models of SA
On the basis of nature, objectives, strategies used and people involve all the models are grouped into
two categories.
1. Elistist model
Social action initiated and conducted only by the elites for the benefits of the masses.
➢ Legislative socialaction model - In this model, group of elites try to modify the social policy
by creating public opinion against the problem. Economic sanction model. The elites by gaining control
over some economic, social, political or religious weapons and use those weapons to obtain benefits
for the society.
➢ Direct physical model - The elite take action and punish those responsible for the cause of
Injustice and try to obtain benefits for the clientele.
2. Popular social action
In this model the elites may help the people through guidance, education, facilitation and advocacy but
do not directly involved in this movement.
➢ Conscientization model - It is based on the Paulo Friere’s concept of creating awareness
among masses through education.
➢ Dialectical mobilization model - This model promoting conflict to exploit the contradictions
in a system with the belief that a better system will emerge as a result.
➢ Direct mobilization - In this model, specific issues are taken up by the social activists and
masses are mobilized to protest and strike to achieve the objectives.
Principles of SA
Considering Gandhi an principle of mobilization as a typical example of the direct mobilization model
of social action brings out the following principles:
1. Principle of credibility building - It is the task of creating public image of leadership, organization
and the participants of the movement as champions of justice , rectitude and truth.
2. Principle of legitimization - Legitimization is the process of convincing the target group and the
general public that the movement objectives are morally right. The idea would be making a case for
the movement as a moral imperative.
3. Principle of dramatization - Dramatization is the principle of mass mobilization by which the
leaders of a movement galvanize the population into action by emotional appeals to heroism,
sensational news management, novel procedures, pungent slogans and such other techniques.
4. Principle of multiple strategies - Two basic approaches to development conflictual and non-
conflictual. Taking the main trust of a program, one can classify it as political, economic or social. The
basic principle indicate the adoption of multiple strategy, using combined approaches and also a
combination of different types of programs.
5. Principle of dual approach - Any activist has to build counter systems or revive some unused
system, which is thought to be beneficial to the mobilized public on a self-help basis without involving
the opponent.
6. Principle of manifold programs - This means developing a variety of programs with the objective
of mobilization.
● Economic
● Social
● Political

15. Elements of SA
Kingsley Davis mentioned about 4 factors which constitute the elements of social action they are:
1. An Actor – who initiates the action
2. An End – the goals that sets in order to attain objectives.
3. A Set of Conditions – obstacles in the path of the realization of end
4. A Set of Means – the end can be achieved only with the application of some means/resources
Social Action Process
1. Awareness building stage
2. Organizing stage
3. Strategy development stage
4. Action stage
Strategies of SA
Strategies means policy or approach of SA process. They are;
 Collaboration – collaborate with the local authorities to bring changes or improvements in the
existing social policy.in this strategy, peaceful means like education, persuasion,
demonstration etc. are used in the action process.
 Competition – it is not much collaborative or co-operative. Some pressure is used in this
strategy with the anticipation of a little resistance to change. Here the means used are
negotiation and bargaining.
 Confrontation – it is more conflictual in nature. The means like strikes, boycotts, fasts, tax-
refusal, ‘sit-ins’ etc. are used in this strategy.
VIII SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Social exclusion is the process in which individuals or people are systematically blocked from (or
denied full accessto) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members
of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights
within that particular group (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic
participation, and due process). Social exclusion is about the inability of our society to keep all groups
and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society [or] to realize their full potential
Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching groups and
individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full participation in the
normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live.
Social exclusion at the individual level results in an individual's exclusion from meaningful
participation in society. Social exclusion has many contributors. Major contributors include race,
income, employment status, social class, geographic location, personal habits and appearance,
education, religion and political affiliation. Social exclusion is the act of making certain groups of
people within a society feel isolated and unimportant.
The term was initially coined in France in 1974 where it was defined as a rupture of social bonds.
This term was used to denote various categories of people, identified as mentally and physically ill or
handicapped, suicidal people, aged invalids, abused children, substance abusers, delinquents, single
parents, marginal asocial persons and other social misfits. In Indian context, the main bases of
social exclusion are religion, ethnicity, gender and caste.

16. Types of Social Exclusion
Social exclusion, which is based on discrimination, may be active or passive. In active exclusion, its
agents (government or private agencies) refuse to lure or accept the participation of the members of
the group excluded despite their equal formal qualifications. In passive exclusion, discriminated group
is prevented indirectly through discouragement and intimidation and thus lowering their self-
confidence. This results in their poor performance, directly through routes that limit access to income
or education.
Exclusion may be direct or indirect. In direct exclusion, fair norms of exclusion are violated which
sometimes is termed as unfavorable exclusion while in indirect exclusion, fair norms of inclusion are
violated and is also termed as unfavorable inclusion.
Components of Social Exclusion
(1) The excluded,
(2) The agents whose actions result in the exclusion,
(3) The institutions from which they are excluded, and
(4) The process through which it occurs.
Mechanisms of Social Exclusion
Christine Bradley (1994) pointed out following five main mechanisms through which social exclusion
is practiced:
1. Geographical segregation:
It is generally observed that the so-called untouchables (dalits) and even minorities are residentially
segregated from the mainstream society. They are made to live and construct their residential places
and dwellings outside the villages or at the periphery of village or town. Most of the tribal live in hills
and forests and are excluded from the mainstream population.
2. Intimidation:
To exclude, intimidation in any form is used as the main arm. Verbal abuse, sarcastic remarks, threat
of harm are the main means of intimidation. It can be observed at every level in a society. Intimidation
is a major form of control used by men over other men and women.
3. Physical violence:
When threat of harm does not work, actual (physical) violence is used. It can be committed by the
state, community, group or individuals. Violence against women in the household and against poor
people and ethnic and religious minorities is reported to be practiced all over the world. Domestic
violence is rooted in the norms of gender inequality and patriarchy.
4. Barriers to entry:
At many places and in many spheres, people excluded are debarred from entry. Barriers to entry
involving the state are mostly related to documentation requirements. Other than documents, transition
costs is another way to put hurdle in the entry of the excluded. Transition costs are the costs that are
involved in acquiring a good service above and beyond its actual price.
5. Corruption:
Corruption is the main cause of many social evils in India and elsewhere. It prevails all over the world.
The people who are excluded from obtaining goods and services do not have the required necessary
amount to pay for securing jobs, health care and other public services. It causes insecurity among the
excluded. Corruption denies access to resources, opportunities and information.

17. Impact of Social Exclusion
Social exclusion results in the following main consequences:
1. It leads to various kinds of deprivations—economic, educational, cultural and social.
2. It leads to the impoverishment of human life and develops a poorer sense of well-being.
3. It leads to inequality, poverty, unemployment and involuntary migration.
4. It leads to social stigmatization and marginalization.
5. It develops fear complex among the excluded.
6. It puts various restrictions on the excluded about their free and full participation in the economic,
cultural and political activities.
7. On the whole, it puts an intense negative impact on the quality of life.
Social inclusion
Social inclusion, the converse of social exclusion, is affirmative action to change the circumstances
and habits that lead to (or have led to) social exclusion. The World Bank defines social inclusion as
the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and dignity of people, disadvantaged on the basis
of their identity, to take part in society.
IX EMPOWERMENT
The term empowerment refers to measures designed to increase the degree of autonomy and self-
determination in people and in communities in order to enable them to represent their interests in a
responsible and self-determined way, acting on their own authority. It is the process of becoming
stronger and more confident, especially in controlling one's life and claiming one's rights
.Empowerment as action refers both to the process of self-empowerment and to professional support
of people, which enables them to overcome their sense of powerlessness and lack of influence, and to
recognize and use their resources. It is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think,
behave, take action, and control work and decision-making in autonomous ways. It is a state of feeling
self-empowered to take control of one’s own destiny.
The term empowerment originates from American community psychology and is associated with the
social scientist Julian Rappaport (1981).
In social work, empowerment forms a practical approach of resource-oriented intervention.
Definition of Empowerment
Rappaport's (1984) definition includes: "Empowerment is viewed as a process: the mechanism by
which people, organizations, and communities gain mastery over their lives."
To become Empowered
 Take responsibility
 Share responsibility
 Enhance personal and team creativity
 Be prepared
 Maintain balance between work and life
 Enjoy the work
 Keep learning

18. Need of Empowerment
 Educational problem
 Society
 Gender prejudice
 Low confidence
 Lack of unity
 Problem related with health
 Poverty and ignorance
 Traditional barriers
Types of Empowerment
1. Economic Empowerment - how people work to create wealth. Things to do with: jobs, money
and needs
2. Political Empowerment - all the things we do to organize ourselves and to make decisions.
Things to do with: government, voting and politic
3. Cultural Empowerment - everyday things such as food, language, clothing, spiritual beliefs,
and ideas
4. Societal Empowerment - everything people do when they live, work, and play together.
5. National Empowerment - a nation having the power to make decisions for itself
6. Social Empowerment - the process of accessing opportunities and resources in order to make
personal choices (e.g. choosing what to eat, what to wear, what neighborhood to live in etc.)
and have some control over our environment.
7. Individual Empowerment – developing the confidence and strength to set realistic goals and
fulfill one’s potential
8. Group Empowerment – consciousness raising, mutual help, developing skills, & exercising
problem-solving.
9. Community Empowerment – increased control of people as a collective over outcomes
important to their lives
10. Women Empowerment – the ability for women to enjoy their rights to control and benefit from
resources, assets, income, and their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve
their economic status and well-being

19. Module 02
I) PHILOSOPHY OF SW
Herbert Bisno’s Philosophical tenets to SW.
1. The Nature of Individual
2. The Relations b/w Groups, Groups and Individual, and b/w Individuals
3. The Functions & Methods of SW
4. Social Maladjustment & Social Change
1) The Nature of Individual
 The most fundamental thing in sw is belief in inherent worth of the individual is the focus of
several cardinal principles: equality of opportunity, right of minorities, the rights of free
expression.
 Human sufferings is undesirable and should be prevented or at least alleviated, whenever
possible. Sw believes that sufferings are the result of weakness of the social system.
 All human behavior is the result of interaction b/w the biological organism and its environment.
No single factor is considered.
 Man does not act naturally in rational manners. The ability to act rationally is the result of life
experience.
 Man is moral and social being at birth. The behavior is the result of interacting forces in the
society.
 There are both individual and common needs. The social worker believes that it is essential for
individuals to have an opportunity to express these needs and desires in a satisfying and socially
useful manners.
 Provide importance to individuals.
 Human behavior is the result of certain needs which motivates.
 Family relationship have primary importance in the early devt of the individual.
 Having experience is an essential aspect of the learning process.
2) The Relations b/w Groups, Groups & Individuals, and b/w Individuals
 Each should be given the fullest opportunity to cope with his environment in his best possible
manner.
 Sw has rebelled against the acquiring of wealth and power with fitness and superiority.
 Sw believes that the participation in group living and in group experience is the chief
instrument of personality devt.
 A major responsibility of the welfare of individual is community.
 All classes have equal right to social service, i.e. community responsibility.
 The govt have an important responsibility in providing various types of public assistance and
social insurance programs.
 Public assistance should be based on the concept of need.
 Organized labour makes a positive contribution to community, i.e. constructive rather than
destructive.
 Needs to be complete social cooperation of all racesand ethnic groups, on the basis of complete
equality and mutual respect.
 Freedom and security are not mutually exclusive; security and freedom are part of the same
problem.

20. 3) The Functions and Methods of SW
 Sw has a functionally dualistic approach, i.e. case work and group work.
 The swker relies on the devt of insight and/or environment manipulation for the purpose of
modifying behavior.
 Sw service should be provided by professionally trained persons.
 Sw accept democracy and individuality.
4) Social Maladjustment & Social Change
 Bridge the gap b/w social facts and social values.
 Allow the institutions to adopt necessary changes according to circumstances.
 Sw recognize the needs and feasibility of social planning.
a) Stimulate people to use power
b) Give technical assistance.
II) GANDHIYAN PHILOSOPHY
Gandhiji’s vision of the new society was that ‘young men and women can fruitfully be employed for
eliminating the social evils and re-instalment of higher moral values in the society.
Factors tackle for social devt:
 Tackling of dowry
 Elimination of age old caste taboos and other discriminatory practices
 Discouraging child marriage
 Discouraging ill treatment of widows
Gandhiji’s 2 Fold Strategies to Resolve Community Problem
i) NON-VIOLENCE
 It against the use of power of domination control and profit.
 Antodaya is the main aim.
 By non-violence all the problems of society can be solved.
 Truth and non-violence are not only for individual but also for the practice of groups,
communities and nations.
ii) SATYAGRAHA
 Use of truth as a force to achieve one’s goal.
 Suffering for others.
 ‘Satya’ – ‘Truth’, ‘Agraha’ – ‘Insistence’ – ‘a holding firmly to’.
iii) RAM RAJYA
 Once the individual is perfect he will acquire an enlightened state of perfection called
Ram rajya.
 Individual is the central point of all social service for the alleviation of his sufferings.
 He give importance not only to material benefit but also to moral and ethical standard
of individual.
 Any change in human being that is being induced or manipulated or planned, will
involve the consideration of multiple factors.
iv) LOKSEVA
 Which means nothing less than social, moral and economic independence of
individual.
 He formulated 18 point programs:

21. 1. Communal harmony
2. Removal of untouchability
3. Prohibition
4. Khadi
5. Gramodyog
6. Nai Talim
7. Adult education
8. Village hygiene
9. Services to backward class
10. Emancipation of women
11. Health education
12. Encouraging national education
13. Nature cure
14. Removal of economic disparities
15. Establishing organizations for farmers, labours and youth
16. Self-Purification
17. Sarva Dharma Sambhav
18. Physical labour
 These programs aims to bring a total change in the society by generating will and
strength in the people themselves.
 Gandhiji felt that involvement of organizations would serve 2 basis purpose –
implement with help of govt and implement program with help of voluntary orgzs.
v) ASHRAM
 Institutions were established to prepare the person for the devt activities.
 An ashram placed under the charge of a person possessing further image and the
trainees were inspire a community life based on 11 vows:
1. Truth (Satya)
2. Non-Violence (Ahimsa)
3. Non-Possession (Aparigraha)
4. Control of palate (Aswada)
5. Non- Stealing (Asteya)
6. Fearlessness (Sarvatra Bhayavarjana)
7. Removal of untouchability (Sparshbhavna)
8. Bread labour (Sharrshrama)
9. Equality of different religion (Sarva Dharma Samatva)
10. Use of home made goods (Swadesh)
11. Self-Discipline (Brahmacharya)
vi) CHARKHA
 Process of decentralization
 Self-autonomous on production
 Surplus given to cities
III) HISTORY OF SW IN UK
 Duty of the church was to protect the poor
 Charity – for the purification of soul
 Beginning of 14th
century – Poor divided into Able bodied and destitute

22.  In 1349 – King Edward III – Statute of Labours – forced the able bodied to do work, not to
leave the parish, rigorous punishment for violators
 In 1531 – Henry VIII – Statute of Henry VIII – directions of assistance to poor, judges and
parish in charge scrutinize the application of the poor, destitute have to register and take license
to beg
 In 1563 – Parliament – passed a resolution- compulsory for householders to provide funds
weekly for the relief of poor
 In 1572 – Queen Elizabeth – signed a statute – general tax for financing poor relief programs,
appointed overseers of poor, govt take total responsibility for the maintenance of poor
 In 1601 – The Elizabethan Poor Law
 “43 Elizabeth”
 Relief for the next 233 years
 Law divided poor into 3:-
1. The Able bodied poor:forced to work in the House of Corrections or in Work
Houses. People were not allowed to give them alms.
2. The impotent poor or unemployable poor: placed in alms houses or given
outdoor relief for their livelihood. They were sick, old, blind, deaf and dumb,
handicapped and mentally sick.
3. The dependentchildren: orphans, parentless children, children from very poor
family. These children were given to persons willing to take them without any
charge. They had to work upto the age of 24 years (male) and 21years (female).
Apprentice was given to those dependent children.
 ‘Overseers of the poor’ were responsible for the execution of the Poor Law.
 Poor tax was collected on the basis of property.
 In 1662 - Settlement Act – Charles II – empowered the justice of the peace.
 In 1696 – Work House Act – made provisions for the training of inmates of the work houses.
 In 1869 – Charity Organization Society
 Thomas Chalmers, a Scottish Minister – criticized the method and administration of
Poor Law.
 Suggested that investigation should be under the direction and supervision of NGOs.
 In 1869, London COS was formed.
 Leading ideas - Doles giving should be stopped, Relief giving should be coordinated
and each applicant for assistance should be carefully studied.
 COS interview the applicants, drawn up plans for the treatment of their social
disabilities, and secure the needed funds from already established organizations.
 COS – considered as the begging of organized SW.
 Community Organizations & Social Case Work methods were applied in the COS’s
activities.
 COS workers assisted the poor to utilize the existing relief services effectively.
 Nobody was getting assistance without investigation.
 COS help them to: (i) find a job, (ii) medical treatment, (iii) education, (iv) counselling
for financial gain and (v) encouragement for creative plans.
(Allowed friendly visitors, later they got payments, they were known as Almoners, and
they are the pioneers of Social Workers).
 Settlement House Movement
 Edward Edison was the first volunteer who in 1867 thought that the distribution of
alm or relief had no meaning in the context of the solution of the problem.
 Cannon Samuel Augustas Barnet founded University Settlement House which was
named as Toynbee Hall.

23.  It has 3 objectives:- (i) educational and cultural devt of poor, (ii) to provide information
to the students and other inmates of the settle house regarding the poor for the
improvement of their conditions for social reform, (iii) to develop consciousness
towards social and health problems and the need for enacting legislation.
 In 1905 – The Poor Law Commission
 In the beginning of 20th century England faced a big unemployment problem.
 Royal Commission on the Poor Law and Relief of Distress was appointed in 1905.
 Gorge Hamilton was its Chairman.
 4 Recommendations:
1. Country councils should be established
2. Abolish the punishable nature of poo welfare and start public welfare programs
on humanitarian basis.
3. Mixed orphanages should be stopped.
4. National pension for the aged, free treatment facilities for the poor in the
hospitals, public employment services, and insurance for the unemployed be
started.
 Acts passed on the basis of these recommendations are:
1. The Provision of Meals Act, 1906
2. The Education Act, 1907
3. Prevention of Crime Act, 1908
4. National Insurance Act, 1911
5. The Children Act, 1912
6. The Juvenile Court Metropolis Act, 1920
7. The Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pension Act, 1925
8. National Economy Act, 1931
9. Old Age Pension Act, 1940
10. Labour Exchange Act
 In 1941 – The Beverridge Report
 An Inter – Departmental Commission on Social and Allied Services was appointed
under the chairmanship of William Beverridge in 1941.
 Objective - to make survey and efficiency of social services of England and to
recommend the proper course of action.
 5 Giant Evils found by the commission: physical needs, diseases, ignorance, squalor,
& idleness.
 Recommendations:
a) Social insurance
b) Public assistance
c) Children’s allowance
d) Comprehensive free health and rehabilitation services
e) Maintenance of full employment
 British Social Insurance programs are based on this report.
 Acts passed on the basis of this report are:
1. Disabled Persons (employment) Act, 1944
2. Family Allowance Act, 1945
3. National Insurance Act, 1946
4. Industrial Injuries Act, 1946
5. National Assistance Act, 1948

24. IV) HISTORY OF SW IN USA
 To understand the historical devt of SW in USA can be divide it into the following stages:
1. The colonial period (1620-1776)
2. Civil war & Industrial Revolution (1776-1860)
3. Industrialism –The Human Side (1860-1900)
4. Social work seeking Professional Characteristics (1900-1930)
5. Highly Professionalized Discipline (1930)
 Social welfare services have existed in USA since the establishment of the original 13 colonies
on the eastern sea board in the 17th
and 18th
century.
 Elizabethan Poor Law served as the basic pattern for extending financial assistance to person
in need.
 Assistance to the poor in their own homes (outdoor relief) was the initial method followed in
the growing colonial towns.
 The first alm house was established in Massachusetts in 1662.
 It started functioning in 1685 both as an alm house for the disabled and as a work house for
the able-bodied paupers.
 These houses also took care of their health problems.
 Most of the specialized and advanced general hospitals of USA like Bellevue Hospital in New
York and Philadelphia General Hospital were in the form of alm houses in its original form.
 Orphan masters were appointed to protect the interest and properties of widows and orphans.
 The first ‘overseers of the poor’ were appointed in 1691 in the city of Boston.
 Associations for the function of charitable aid or mutual benefit were also formed on the basis
of national origins and church affiliations.
 Scots Charitable Society was the first such association that was established in 1657 in Boston.
 The outstanding association with welfare activities was the Society of Friends in
Pennsylvania.
 The system of poor relief during colonial period in USA reflected the Elizabethan Poor Law.
 The primary motive of the town was to protect itself against the poor and destitute.
 The rapid growth of manufacturing industries after the civil war intensified the complexities
of social needs.
 People came in large number to the urban areas and faced the wrath of poor wages, poor
housing, unemployment etc. but on the other hand a wealthy class of industrialists emerged
which stimulated voluntary relief efforts through their contributions to private charities.
 To solve the problems of maladjustment in the cities and of the labour class, there developed a
Settlement Movement that had great influence on the evolving pattern of the social services.
 Beginning with the establishment of ‘Neighbourhood Guilt’ (it is known as University
Settlement) in the lower east side of New York City in 1880.
 The most important settlement were Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago and Mary
Simkhovitch’s Greenrich House in New York City.
 These settlement houses provided direct services to people living in the neighbourhoods.
 An early result of the settlement house movement was the devt of playgrounds in American
cities.
 By the last decades of the 19th
century thousands of immigrants were reaching the eastern
seaport, mainly from the countries of southern and eastern Europe.
 Several new social agencies were established to help these immigrants.
 The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society was established in 1884 in New York
City.

25.  For the care of the children and patients, the state govt also established mental hospitals,
orphanages, and schools.
 There were three important developments in social welfare during this period.
1. The gradual recognition of the social needs of the people-Special institutions, both
public and private, were developed for children, handicapped, and for the mentally
ill, Child Labour Legislation was enacted, in 1797. Massachusetts legislature
passed a bill holding that more dangerous people were send to the house of corrections
and less serious and less dangerous were send to the alms-house.
2. The assumption of greater responsibilities by the states when local units could not
provide adequate relief to the special groups. State govt opened the first Juvenile
Reformatory in New York in 1825, the first school for deaf was opened in 1817 and
the first school for the blind was opened in 1830. Dorothea Lynde Dix popularize d
institutional care and treatment for mental patients.
3. The emergence of the private agency. Around 1850 several maternity homes for
unmarried mothers were established. YMCA movement was also started during this
period.
 The first Charity Organization Society was organized in Buffalo in 1877.
 Later on, Boston, Philadelphia, New Haven had established societies in 1878.
 The COS operated on the 4 general principles:
1. Detailed investigation of the application
2. A central system of registration to avoid duplication
3. Cooperation between the various relief agencies
4. Extensive use of volunteer friendly visitors.
 Functions of COS were three fold:
1. The rehabilitation of families which for any reason fail to be self-sufficient
2. The education of the community in correct principles of relief
3. Aid in the elimination of the causes of poverty
 By the end of 19th
century the COS began to employ paid workers.
 Many of these societies established training courses for their workers.
 The New York COS established the first School for Training Social Worker in 1898.
It was called as the New York School of Philanthropy and now it is known as the New
York School of Social Work, Columbia University.
 During the first-two decades of the 20th
century the following major social welfare programs
were developed:
i) The rise of the philanthropic foundations devoted to health, education, research,
international peace, social welfare, etc.
ii) The growth of public parks and playgrounds, programs for the conservation of rural
areas, and the greater expansion of neighbourhood centres and other cultural and
recreational agencies.
iii) Special war time programs were developed during First World War (1914-18) included
the home service program of the American Red Cross and services promoted by a
number of national agencies, including the National Recreation Association. The
federal govt enacted the War Risk Insurance Act.
iv) Establishment and growth of state and local depts. of public health, devt of general
hospitals.
v) Improvement in raising funds and programs planning for voluntary welfare agencies.
vi) Improvements in state institutions for the mentally ill.
vii) Juvenile courts were established separately.
viii) Civil liberties and inter-group relations were advanced.

26.  The depression of 1929 may be recognized as the turning point in the relief policies in the
United States, Federal Govt started taking responsibility of the welfare activities. Federal
Relief Act was approved in 1933. This provided the first direct federal grants to the states.
 Beginning of Professional Social Work
 Mary E Richmond could be considered as the first professional social worker in the
USA.
 She became the assistant treasurer of Baltimore Charity Organization and later on
became practitioner, teacher, and theoretician of the charity organization movement.
 In 1897 in the National Conference of Charities and Corrections in Toronto, she
advocated for the establishment of a training school for professional social workers.
 In 1898 when COS of NewYork started training course for perspective workers, Mary
Richmond was appointed as one of the teacher.
 Later on New York School of Philanthropy was created which today is Columbia
University School of SW.
 The Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy was established in 1901 and soon
affiliated with the University of Chicago.
 The third school of SW was established at Simmons College in Boston. This school
was the pioneer in the devt of Medical SW. Dr. Robert Clot did pioneer work in
relation to medical care.
 The American Association of Schools of SW was founded in 1919 with the purpose
to facilitate communication among schools of SW.