A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.

2. WHAT IS A GENE ?
A Gene is a fundamental, physical and
functional unit of heredity.
It is responsible for the physical and
inheritable characteristics of an
organism.

3. Genetic Engineering is
manipulation/alteratio
n of structure of a gene
to create a desired
characteristic in an
organism.

4. If genetic material from another species is added to
the host, the resulting organism is called
transgenic.
Genetic engineering can also be used to remove
genetic material from the target organism, creating
a knock out organism.

5. The term “Genetic Engineering" was first coined by Jack
Williamson in his science fiction novel.
James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule
has a double-helix structure.
In 1972, Paul berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules
by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the
lambda virus.

6. In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first
transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into
the plasmid of an
E.coli bacterium.
The first trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in
France and the USA in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to
be resistant to herbicides.

8. The Flavr Savr tomato was a tomato
engineered to have a longer shelf
life.
In 1995, Bt Potato was approved safe
by the Environmental Protection
Agency.

9. Bt-Cotton is a genetically
modified cotton which is resistant
to pests.
Golden Rice genetically modified
to contain
beta-carotene
(a source of
Vitamin A).

10. Transgenic fruit obtained
from pear and apple.
A Blue Rose is a
genetically modified
Rose.

12. It’s a miracle of genetic
engineering.
You can see through the
skin how organs grow, how
cancer starts and
develops without dissecting
the Frog.

13. The GloFish was the first
genetically modified animal to
become available as a pet. It is a
natural Zebrafish which has
genetic information from
bioluminescent jellyfish added to
its DNA.

14. Using Modern DNA and
cross fertilization
techniques; the Dolion i
a cross between a lion
and a dog.

16. Dolly the sheep is the world’s
most famous clone.
Dolly was born 5 July 1996
to three mothers (one
provided the egg, another the
DNA and a third carried the
cloned embryo to term).

17. The Zorse is a cross
between a zebra and a
domestic horse.
The crosses were originally
done in England and Africa
to try to produce a domestic
horse like animal that was
resistant to diseases spread
by a fly in Africa.

20. Isolating a gene to be inserted
Inserting the gene in a Vector(Agent used to carry foreign gene)
Inserting Vector into the host.
Multiplication of host cells by cloning.
Extraction of desired product.

22. Vaccination generally involves injecting
weak live, killed or inactivated forms of
viruses or their toxins into the person being
immunized.
Gene therapy is the genetic engineering of
humans by replacing defective human genes
with functional copies.

23. Agriculture:
.
Benefits of genetically modified plants:
1. Improved nutritional quality.
2. Better Nitrogen Fixation.
3. Disease resistant Plant.
4. Enhanced efficiency of minerals used
by plants to prevent early exhaustion of
fertility of soil.
5. Reduced post harvest losses.