ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS UK WIND CURTAILMENT •Evidence of grid balancing problems from Germany and Denmark •Problems start at 20% capacity •UK hit this threshold at the end of 2013 •Wind curtailment is rising faster than wind capacity

1. GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
DR KRIS HYDE
TECHNOLOGY MANGER – ITM POWER
@H2KH

2. Contents:
• The principles of energy storage, grid balancing and demand side management
• The role that hydrogen can play in improving the utilisation of renewable power
• Power-to-gas energy storage
GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY

3. INTRODUCTION
THE NEED
GRID BALANCING
P2G RATIONALE
ENERGY STORAGE

4. ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
UK WIND CURTAILMENT
• Evidence of grid balancing problems from Germany and Denmark
• Problems start at 20% capacity
• UK hit this threshold at the end of 2013
• Wind curtailment is rising faster than wind capacity

5. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
• A total of £725m paid for balancing services in 2010–11; £1,100m in 2014/15
• Estimates in 2020 are: circa £1.9bn – £5.9bn pa
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
*Source: National Grid: Note: The dip in value reflects the UK’s recession

6. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
• A total of £725m paid for balancing services in 2010–11; £1,100m in 2014/15
• Estimates in 2020 are: circa £1.9bn – £5.9bn pa
• Tariffs already operational in the UK: FCDM response sub 2 seconds
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS

7. GRID
BALANCING
FREQUENCY
SUPPLY SIDE
DEMAND SIDE

8. POWER GRID
Mechanical Inertia | Dynamic Coupling
• 3000 rpm | 50Hz (60Hz USA)
• Power | Frequency shedding
• Max 4% swing 48Hz|52Hz
• 0.5 Hz activates primary balancing action
• Obligation average 50Hz in 1hour
MECHANICAL INERTIA
POWER GRID OPERATION

9. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND:
SECOND BY SECOND
Dynamic
Rising
Frequency
Falling
Frequency
Supply Side
Balancing Action
Turn OFF a
generator
Turn ON a
generator
Demand Side
Balancing Action
Turn ON a
load
Turn OFF a
load

10. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
PRIMARY VS SECONDARY RESPONSE
RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS

11. POWER-TO-GAS
ENERGY STORAGE
RATIONALE
TECHNOLOGIES
ELEMENTS OF VALUE

12. WHY POWER-TO-GAS?
POWER-TO-GAS RATIONALE
Electricity cannot be stored easily | Hydrogen can be stored easily in the gas grid
Source: ITM Power plc
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS

13. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Power-to-gas is efficient | long term | low energy cost
Source: ITM Power plc

14. P2G: ELEMENTS OF VALUE
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
Value to the Power Grid
• Avoided wind curtailment
• Avoided infrastructure upgrades
• Reduced reserve power
• Reduce CO2 from open cycle GTs
Value to the Gas Grid
• Decarbonising gas
• Providing renewable heat
• Reducing GHG emissions
from gas transportation
Value to the Economy
• Reducing fuel imports
• Improved energy security
• Creating jobs in manufacturing
• Value to the power grid
• Value to the gas grid
• Value to the economy
P2G: ELEMENTS OF VALUE

15. 32MWH BATTERY | P2G COST COMPARISON
BATTERY | P2G COST COMPARISON
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
Lithium Ion System (6,300 sqft)
• Project will cost $53.5m
• 8MW with 4hr duration | 32MWh
• $6.7m/MW | $1.67m/MWh
Power-to-Gas System (3,530 sqft)
• Project will cost $21.6m
• 8MW with 4hr duration | 32MWh
• $2.7m/MW | $0.67m/MWh
• 8MW with 12hr duration | 192MWh
• $2.7m/MW | $0.22m/MWh
The Tehachapi Energy Storage Project features 604,832 lithium-ion battery cells, housed in
10,872 modules of 56 cells each, stacked in 604 racks arranged in rows.Tehachapi Energy Storage Project

16. COMPLIANCE
NTS
DISTRIBUTION
DOMESTIC

17. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
EU POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
EU Hydrogen Limits for Injection into the HP Gas Grid
Covered by a range of local laws and EU Directives
Note: interpretation of these rules is complex
Limit falls to 2% if there is a
CNG station downstream

18. An international network
• Needs a coordinated approach
• International standards
• 0.1% limit needs revisiting
• Needs the formation of an
international standards group
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
P2G IN THE NATIONAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK
P2G IN THE NTS

19. Open and Closed Network Compliance
• The current 0.1% Vol H2 is NOT based on safety!
• Network entry rules are based on gas refineries
• Recommend revising for small green gas facilities
• We recommend increasing the GSMR limit to 3%
• Standardise the procedure for exemptions
• Form a standards working group specifically looking at
hydrogen in the gas grid
GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

20. Examined the effect of natural gas enriched hydrogen on
the UK gas network; key findings:
• Injection of hydrogen at concentrations of 20% v/v or less is unlikely
to have a deleterious effect on the gas network and most appliances
• There is no evidence that pipes and fittings made from polyethylene
(PE) will be adversely affected.
• Modern, CE marked, naturally aerated appliances appear to be able
to burn hydrogen-enriched natural gas available in the UK safely at
up to 20% v/v without modification
• It is not expected that the fire and explosion hazards arising from
the ignition of accumulations of mixtures of natural gas and
hydrogen (up to 20% v/v) from unintentional escapes will be
significantly more severe than for leaks of natural gas alone.
INJECTING HYDROGEN INTO THE GAS NETWORK:
A LITERATURE SEARCH BY THE UK HSL
GAS GRID INJECTION
RESEARCH BY HEALTH AND SAFETY LABORATORY

21. DEPLOYMENT
THUGA PROJECT
RWE

22. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL

23. NRM: MIXING PLANT
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS

24. ON-SITE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL

25. Summary:
• Renewable power needs energy storage
• Power-to-Gas is at the required scale
• Power-to-Gas provides long timescale energy storage
• Low cost | small footprint | mature technology
GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY

26. GRID BALANCING AND SUPPORT:
POWER-TO-GAS ENERGY STORAGE
5TH MAY 2015 | ALL ENERGY
DR KRIS HYDE
TECHNOLOGY MANGER – ITM POWER
@H2KH