Tracking and Surveillance

Copy Right Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Chapter SixteenChapter Sixteen
Hi-Tech CrimeHi-Tech Crime

Copy Right Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raym
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
 The difference between computer crime,The difference between computer crime,
computer related crime and technologycomputer related crime and technology
crime.crime.
 Why Hi-Tech crime may be under-reported.Why Hi-Tech crime may be under-reported.
 How the Internet changed traditional crime.How the Internet changed traditional crime.
 Explore system attack, theft of services andExplore system attack, theft of services and
software piracy.software piracy.
 Explore the Independent ComponentExplore the Independent Component
Doctrine.Doctrine.

Hi Tech CrimeHi Tech Crime
Technology has changed theTechnology has changed the
nature of crime – to prevent, deternature of crime – to prevent, deter
and arrest you must understandand arrest you must understand
the nature of the crime.the nature of the crime.
Was the computer the target?Was the computer the target?
Was the technology inside theWas the technology inside the
computer the target? Did thecomputer the target? Did the
computer facilitate the crime? Or,computer facilitate the crime? Or,
has the technology morphed thehas the technology morphed the
nature of a traditional crime?nature of a traditional crime?

Computer CrimeComputer Crime
 The computer is the object of the attack;The computer is the object of the attack;
however, the attack is not physical, it ishowever, the attack is not physical, it is
virtual –virtual –
 VirusVirus
 HackingHacking
 Theft of servicesTheft of services

Computer Related CrimeComputer Related Crime
 These types of crimes occur when theThese types of crimes occur when the
offender uses a computer to:offender uses a computer to:
 Commit a traditional crimeCommit a traditional crime
 The computer is used to commit the crime.The computer is used to commit the crime.
 Stores evidence of a crimeStores evidence of a crime
 The computer is used to facilitate the crime.The computer is used to facilitate the crime.
 Software PiracySoftware Piracy

Technology CrimeTechnology Crime
 A crime directed at a technology, otherA crime directed at a technology, other
than a computerthan a computer
 Theft of services – cellular telephones, cableTheft of services – cellular telephones, cable
televisiontelevision
 Theft of computer componentsTheft of computer components

Hi Tech CrimeHi Tech Crime
Classification Unique Feature Types of crime
Computer Computer system or capability is the object
of the crime.
Viruses, theft of system capabilities
Computer
Related
Computer facilitates crime or keeps records
of crime. Some are traditional crimes, others
are crime created as a result of computer
age.
Traditional:
Child pornography, Narcotics Trafficking
Non-Traditional:
Software Piracy, Internet Fraud.
Technology
Crime
Technology is stolen, or other technology
services are stolen
Computer Hardware theft, theft of cellular
telephone service, theft of cable television
services

VirusesViruses
 A malicious software program whichA malicious software program which
attempts to replicate itself and spread.attempts to replicate itself and spread.
 Most commonly spread by emailMost commonly spread by email
attachment, file download or infected discattachment, file download or infected disc
 Attaches to executable programAttaches to executable program
 Sometimes to use host computer to infectSometimes to use host computer to infect
others via email list.others via email list.
 Causes disruption, including complete failureCauses disruption, including complete failure

VirusesViruses
 Viruses can spreadViruses can spread
rapidly, in somerapidly, in some
instances a computerinstances a computer
virus canvirus can
circumnavigate thecircumnavigate the
globe in under anglobe in under an
hour – infectinghour – infecting
millions of computersmillions of computersScreen Capture – Panda SoftwareScreen Capture – Panda Software

Hacking, Cracking and WhackingHacking, Cracking and Whacking
 Hacking refers to the non-malicious virtualHacking refers to the non-malicious virtual
entry into a software program.entry into a software program.
 May still be illegalMay still be illegal
 A non-illegal aspect might be purchasing aA non-illegal aspect might be purchasing a
computer game and hacking it to ease yourcomputer game and hacking it to ease your
playplay
 Cracking refers to the illegal and oftenCracking refers to the illegal and often
malicious virtual entry into a softwaremalicious virtual entry into a software
program, system or network.program, system or network.

Hacking, Cracking and WhackingHacking, Cracking and Whacking
 Whacking is theWhacking is the
illegal and oftenillegal and often
malicious virtual entrymalicious virtual entry
into a softwareinto a software
program, system orprogram, system or
network via wirelessnetwork via wireless
connection.connection.

Virtual Street NamesVirtual Street Names
 Coders – Semi-professional softwareCoders – Semi-professional software
engineers who write code and experimentengineers who write code and experiment
in virtual zoos. Their codes arein virtual zoos. Their codes are
sometimes used by the cyber-punks.sometimes used by the cyber-punks.
 Cyber-punks – anti-social, angry; theyCyber-punks – anti-social, angry; they
write and use code for maliciouswrite and use code for malicious
purposes.purposes.
 Old Guard Hackers – Generally, noOld Guard Hackers – Generally, no
malicious intent. However, their softwaremalicious intent. However, their software
is often used by cyber-punks.is often used by cyber-punks.

Virtual Street NamesVirtual Street Names
 Cyber-terrorists – Professional criminalsCyber-terrorists – Professional criminals
who sell their computer skills. Often usedwho sell their computer skills. Often used
in corporate espionage.in corporate espionage.
 Old-School Hackers – Belief that InternetOld-School Hackers – Belief that Internet
is open source. No criminal intent.is open source. No criminal intent.
 Script kiddies – juvenile cyber-punks.Script kiddies – juvenile cyber-punks.
 Phreaker – uses technology to stealPhreaker – uses technology to steal
telephone system capabilitiestelephone system capabilities

 The Internet affords a wider net of victims.The Internet affords a wider net of victims.
 The Internet affords greater anonymityThe Internet affords greater anonymity
 The Internet can connect offendersThe Internet can connect offenders
togethertogether
 The Internet makes jurisdiction issuesThe Internet makes jurisdiction issues
difficult.difficult.
 The Internet is new to law enforcement.The Internet is new to law enforcement.

Crimes Against ChildrenCrimes Against Children
 Use of Internet Relay Chat (IRC) toUse of Internet Relay Chat (IRC) to
contact children.contact children.
 Arrange meetings.Arrange meetings.
 Engage in sexual talk, exchange of images.Engage in sexual talk, exchange of images.
 Use of the Internet to exchange ideas onUse of the Internet to exchange ideas on
committing crimes against children.committing crimes against children.
 Use of the Internet to exchange images ofUse of the Internet to exchange images of
children.children.

New InformationNew Information
 Steganography – from the greekSteganography – from the greek
“steganos” meaning hidden and “graphy”“steganos” meaning hidden and “graphy”
meaning writing.meaning writing.
 The process of hiding messages orThe process of hiding messages or
images inside of the coding of images.images inside of the coding of images.
 It is considered the newest challenge to lawIt is considered the newest challenge to law
enforcement’s prosecution of pedophiles.enforcement’s prosecution of pedophiles.
 It may have been used by internationalIt may have been used by international
terrorist to transmit messages to remote cells.terrorist to transmit messages to remote cells.

FraudFraud
 The “box of rocks” becomes auction fraud.The “box of rocks” becomes auction fraud.
 On the street – offender uses a sealedOn the street – offender uses a sealed
package to entice victim. On the Internet –package to entice victim. On the Internet –
photographs and descriptions are used.photographs and descriptions are used.
 The Pigeon Drop becomes the NigerianThe Pigeon Drop becomes the Nigerian
419 scam.419 scam.
 On the street found money entices the victim.On the street found money entices the victim.
On the Internet – email is used to describeOn the Internet – email is used to describe
inheritances, overages, etc.inheritances, overages, etc.

FraudFraud
 In most fraud wereIn most fraud were
the victim is an activethe victim is an active
participant the streetparticipant the street
and the Internet shareand the Internet share
a common theme –a common theme –
The victim’s thoughtThe victim’s thought
they were gettingthey were getting
something forsomething for
nothing!nothing!

Software PiracySoftware Piracy
 A very broad category that involves theA very broad category that involves the
theft of any intellectual property usingtheft of any intellectual property using
computer, primarily the internet.computer, primarily the internet.
 Illegal music downloads.Illegal music downloads.
 Copy Right infringementCopy Right infringement
 Trademark infringementTrademark infringement
 Illegal downloads of music.Illegal downloads of music.
 Copying any work, including software, music,Copying any work, including software, music,
written work and providing it to a third person.written work and providing it to a third person.

FraudFraud
 Credit card fraud and theftCredit card fraud and theft
 Email used to “Phish.” An email looksEmail used to “Phish.” An email looks
like it comes from a legitimate source.like it comes from a legitimate source.
Asks for personal information which isAsks for personal information which is
then to steal the victim’s identity orthen to steal the victim’s identity or
using the victim’s credit.using the victim’s credit.
 Personal information is hacked from aPersonal information is hacked from a
legitimate sourcelegitimate source

FraudFraud
 Pump and DumpPump and Dump
 Emails and websitesEmails and websites
used to drive up orused to drive up or
down the price of andown the price of an
equity. The offenderequity. The offender
then sells/buysthen sells/buys
accordinglyaccordingly
 ToutingTouting
 Employee of legitimateEmployee of legitimate
publication publishespublication publishes
false or exaggeratedfalse or exaggerated
newsnews

Technology CrimeTechnology Crime
 Theft of components.Theft of components.
 ShopliftingShoplifting
 BurglaryBurglary
 HijackingHijacking
 Theft of cellular telephone services.Theft of cellular telephone services.
 Theft of telephone serviceTheft of telephone service
 Theft of cable televisionTheft of cable television

Legal Aspects of Computer CrimeLegal Aspects of Computer Crime
 Approximately half of theApproximately half of the
states modeled theirstates modeled their
computer crime relatedcomputer crime related
statutes after the 1977 andstatutes after the 1977 and
1979 versions of the1979 versions of the
Federal ComputerFederal Computer
Systems Protection Act.Systems Protection Act.

Independent Component DoctrineIndependent Component Doctrine
 The Search and Seizure of computerThe Search and Seizure of computer
equipment is protected by the Fourthequipment is protected by the Fourth
Amendment.Amendment.
 Generally, a desk top computer consists ofGenerally, a desk top computer consists of
a computer, monitor, printer and othera computer, monitor, printer and other
peripheral devices.peripheral devices.
 Investigators should consider listing eachInvestigators should consider listing each
component separately on the searchcomponent separately on the search
warrantwarrant

JurisdictionJurisdiction
 One of the mostOne of the most
difficult issues.difficult issues.
 Greatly benefits theGreatly benefits the
offender.offender.
 Offender can live inOffender can live in
one state (or country)one state (or country)
and victim in another.and victim in another.
 Different laws.Different laws.
 Poor interagencyPoor interagency
cooperationcooperation

Under-ReportedUnder-Reported
 Federal Bureau of Investigation recentlyFederal Bureau of Investigation recently
updated the Uniform Crime Reporting toupdated the Uniform Crime Reporting to
include certain technology related crimes.include certain technology related crimes.
 Victims don’t know they are victimsVictims don’t know they are victims
 Companies stand to loose customerCompanies stand to loose customer
confidence if breach is reported.confidence if breach is reported.
 Law enforcement is often weak in itsLaw enforcement is often weak in its
responseresponse

Task ForcesTask Forces
 Combine investigative and computerCombine investigative and computer
expertise.expertise.
 Share costs.Share costs.
 Help solve jurisdictional problems.Help solve jurisdictional problems.
 Help the exchange of information andHelp the exchange of information and
trend identificationtrend identification

Protection - TheftProtection - Theft
 The recording ofThe recording of
serial numbers andserial numbers and
periodic audits canperiodic audits can
detect theft.detect theft.
 Some companiesSome companies
have installedhave installed
software that if asoftware that if a
laptop is stolen, it willlaptop is stolen, it will
report its locationreport its location
when it connects towhen it connects to
the Internetthe Internet
Screen capture provided by Absolute Software CorpScreen capture provided by Absolute Software Corp

ProtectionProtection
 Software and hardware is being used toSoftware and hardware is being used to
detect intrusions in real-time.detect intrusions in real-time.
 Software and hardware is used to preventSoftware and hardware is used to prevent
SPAM and email attachments that mightSPAM and email attachments that might
contain viruses.contain viruses.
 Education programs reduce haplessEducation programs reduce hapless
victimizationvictimization

Copy Right Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police TechnologyPolice Technology
Go to theGo to the Student ResourcesStudent Resources page atpage at
www.hitechcj.comwww.hitechcj.com

Tracking and Surveillance

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (13)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (7)

Ähnlich wie Tracking and Surveillance

Ähnlich wie Tracking and Surveillance (20)

Mehr von Hi Tech Criminal Justice

Mehr von Hi Tech Criminal Justice (16)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Tracking and Surveillance