Aquatic Invasive Plants: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
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Presentation by Liliana Duarte (Centre for Functional Ecology, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra) at the Invasive Aquatic Species Workshop in Beja, 6 February 2018.
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Aquatic Invasive Plants: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
- 1. Liliana Duarte Invasive Aquatic Species - Workshop Beja, 6th February 2018 International Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis Aquatic Invasive Plants: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
- 2. I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) II.i Invasive features and impacts II.ii Management options III. Guadiana river III.i Detection and control – what has been done Content I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 2
- 3. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Water fern (Azolla filiculoides) Giant reed (Arundo donax) Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) African elodea (Lagarosiphon major) Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta) I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 3
- 4. Humans have been the main agent of the species spread around the world since the late 1800’s as an ornamental pond plant Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms) (Pontederiaceae) • Free-floating aquatic macrophyte • Amazon basin of Brazil – South America → 5 continents • 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species List (IUCN) • Regulation (EU) 1143/2014 (Union list) • Europe: Portugal, Spain and Italy I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 4
- 5. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms) (Pontederiaceae)I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 5 Distribution map of Eichhornia crassipes in Europe Source: Coetzee et al. (2017)
- 6. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms) (Pontederiaceae) • Two distinct morphologies: short (< 30 cm) or long (> 30 to 150 cm) I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 6
- 7. Taller than those on the edge “Elongated-petiole" vs. "bulbous-petiole" rosette Source: USDA Agricultural Research Service Morphology of water hyacinth plants I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 7
- 8. II.i Invasive features and impacts Seeds • One inflorescence produces up to 3000 seeds • Cross-pollination by Apis mellifera • Low size (1–1.5 mm) • Long-lived seeds: remain viable for up to 20 years • Its flowers and seeds can be produced within 12 weeks after germination Vegetative propagation • Major form of reproduction • Clones/ramets separate from the mother plant once they have developed roots • Easily transported with the water flow • Populations can double every 5 to 11–15 days I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 8Image source: Cifuentes/ Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana (2012)
- 9. Colonises still or slow moving water (estuarine habitats, lakes, urban areas, water courses, wetlands, rice fields, and irrigation canals) Extremes of water-level fluctuation Seasonal variations in flow velocity Extremes of nutrient availability, pH, temperature and heavy metals II.i Invasive features and impacts Does not tolerate brackish and saline water October I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river January 9 Absence of natural enemies
- 10. II.i Invasive features and impacts I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana riverWhich are the impacts of these mats!? 10
- 11. Impacts of water hyacinth : Competes with native vegetation Ecosystem conditions change drastically Affects support services: photosynthetic activity and nutrient cycle Affects provisioning services: water, fish and rice growing areas availability Affects regulating services: floods, water quality and diseases Interfere with water body usage and supply Risk of mechanical damage to hydro-electric installations and other structures (eg. bridges) Source: Scalera et al. (2012) and Coetzee et al. (2017) II.i Invasive features and impacts I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 11
- 12. II.ii Management options Prevention Early detection Rapid response Physical methods Chemical methods Biological control I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 12
- 13. II.ii Management options I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 13 Physical methods • Manual removal (hand pull and pitch forks) Labour intensive, only effective for small infestations Image source: Cifuentes/ Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana (2012)
- 14. II.ii Management options I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 14 Physical methods • Floating booms or fixed barriers Floating booms may prevent the spread of the infestation down rivers Image source: Cifuentes/ Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana (2012)
- 15. II.ii Management options I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 15 Physical methods • Mechanical removal (boat, aquatic-harvester) Mechanical removal in Guadiana river a) b) c) d) Image source: Cifuentes/ Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana (2012/2013)
- 16. Mechanical removal in Guadiana river: Aquatic harvester I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 16 II.ii Management options Physical methods
- 17. II.ii Management options I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 17 Chemical methods • Foliar application of herbicide Very susceptible to herbicides such as 2,4-D, diquat, paraquat and glyphosate Not an option against E. crassipes in the EU Biodegradable herbicide Comprises essential oil of Thymbra capitata (WO 2012113956 A1) (Ruiz-Téllez et al. 2016) • Follow-up applications • Environmental side effects • Expensive and it needs special conditions to be successful
- 18. II.ii Management options I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 18 Biological control Several arthropods and fungi • Release of host-specific natural enemies Weevils are the most commonly used: • Neochetina eichhorniae (37 countries) and • N. bruchi (34 countries) - both feed in the inside of the stems Highly successful in Africa, Thailand and Papua New Guinea Most cost-effective method… and environmentally safe! Not yet an option in EU Source: https://www.ibiocontrol.org/catalog/index.cfm
- 19. Recently in the portuguese news: I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river
- 20. I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana 20 Guadiana River
- 21. • 810 km (150 km in Portugal) • 4th largest hydrographic river basin in Iberian Peninsula (66 800 km2) Guadiana River I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 21
- 22. Abiotic factors Optimal conditions Guadiana (2005) Observations Medium temperature (ºC) 28 - 30 17,7 – 19 It’s growth stops when T< 8ºC ou T> 40ºC pH 6 a 8 7,25 a 8,1 - Nutrients (mg/L) NO3 - 21 19,63 a 23,52 - PO43 - 62 0,02 a 3,31 - Ca+ 5 48,58 - Source: (Gopal 1987 in OEPP/EPPO 2008; Ruiz-Téllez et al. 2008) Ideal growth conditions for water hyacinth I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river Jael Palhas Easily 22
- 23. Very high and High risk: agricultural areas between Mérida and Badajoz (‘zona regable de Montijo y Lobón’) and Alqueva in Portugal (orange and yellow, respectively) I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 23 There are no physico-chemical conditions that limit the distribution and persistence of Echhornia crassipes Map of the risk of water hyacinth infestation in the Guadiana River Basin Source: Ruiz-Téllez et al. (2008)
- 24. What happened in Guadiana river? • Autumn of 2004: first detection of the water hyacinth, and removal near Medelín; • Summer of 2005: in April occurred a strong regeneration of the fragments that had been left on the banks; • October - November of 2005: it occupied approximately 200 ha, covering 75 km of river (the equivalent to 175 000 tons of biomass); I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 24
- 25. I. Jacinto-de- água (Eichhornia crassipes) II. Introdução do jacinto-de-água em Portugal e Espanha III. Rio Guadiana Guadiana river 25
- 26. What happened in Guadiana river? • 2006: 183.000 tons were removed manually and mechanically • 2010: 5,53 tons were removed • 2011: 40.000 tons were removed • 2012: > 51.000 tons were removed • 2015: 505 to 825,94 tons/day were removed • 2016: 170.000 tons were removed I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 26 Manual and Mechanical control • Autumn of 2004: first detection of the water hyacinth, and removal near Medelín; • Summer of 2005: in April there occurred a strong regeneration of the fragments that had been left on the banks; • October - November of 2005: it occupied approximately 200 ha, covering 75 km of river (the equivalent to 175 000 tons of biomass);
- 27. I. Jacinto-de- água (Eichhornia crassipes) II. Introdução do jacinto-de-água em Portugal e Espanha III. Rio Guadiana Guadiana river 27
- 28. I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana 28 What happened in Guadiana river? Year Removed biomass (tons) 2005-2006 183.000 2010 5,54 2011 40.000 2012 > 51.000 2016 170.000 TOTAL > 420.000 In ten years (2005 – 2015/16) about 360.000 tons were removed with costs of about €26.000.000 Source: CHG 2016
- 29. November 2013 I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 29 Mérida (March and November 2013)
- 30. I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana Badajoz (May 2016) 30
- 31. Early detection of new invasive spots (or species) and rapid response Combine different control methods: Manual removal for small patches and channels; Mechanical removal for larger extensions; Biological control agents, for long term purposes, Chemical (biodegradable herbicide) Persistence is fundamental in the control Environmental education and public awareness Final remarks I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 31
- 32. Ethiopia – Lake Tana I. Aquatic Invasive Plants in Portugal II. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) III. Guadiana river 32 Ethiopia's largest lake is disappearing
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- 38. References• Cifuentes N (2012). El Jacinto de Agua en la Cuenca del Guadiana. Experiencias de Manejo. Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana. http://www.agroambient.gva.es/documents/91061501/91067829/Camalote+CH+Guadiana/95de79fe-0c7c- 4fe1-b788-6468e7fe3577?version=1.0 Accessed February 5, 2018. • Coetzee JA, Hill MP, Ruiz-Téllez T, Starfinger U, Brunel S (2017). Monographs on invasive plants in Europe N° 2: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Botany Letters, 164(4), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/23818107.2017.1381041 • CHG - Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadiana (2016) El Gobierno autoriza invertir 600.000 euros para intensificar la lucha contra el camalote en el río Guadiana en Badajoz. http://www.chguadiana.es/corps/chguadiana/data/resources/noticias/file/2016/febrero/16_02_12%20Actuaci ones%20contra%20el%20camalote%20Guadiana.pdf Accessed February 5, 2018. • OEPP ⁄ EPPO (2008) Data sheets on quarantine pests – Eichhornia crassipes. In: Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 441–449 https://doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01261.x • Ruiz-Téllez T, Brufao Curiel P, Blanco Salas J, Vázquez Pardo F (2016) “Pasado, presente y futuro de una invasión biológica: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (camalote) en el río Guadiana.[Past, Present and Future of A Biological Invasion: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Water Hyacinth) in the River Guadiana].” Conservación Vegetal 20: 8–9. • Ruiz-Téllez T, López EM, Granado G, Pérez EA, López RM, Sánchez Guzmán JM (2008) The water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes: an invasive plant in the Guadiana River Basin (Spain). Aquatic Invasions 3(1), 42–53 https://doi: 10.3391/ai.2008.3.1.8 • Scalera R, Genovesi P, Essl F, Rabitsch W (2012) The impacts of invasive alien species in Europe. EEA Technical38
- 39. 39 Thank you for your attention! http://invasoras.pt/ https://www.facebook.com/InvasorasPt/ Email: lduarte@esac.pt invader@uc.pt
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Eichhornia crassipes’ showy flowers are pale blue or violet, with a central yellow patch, and are borne on spikes. According to this regulation “invasive alien species of Union concern” may not be brought into the territory of the Union, kept, bred, transported to, from or within the Union, placed on the market, etc. Invasive species are assigned to this list on the basis of detailed risk assessments. The first list of 37 animal and plant species was published by the European Commission in July, 2016.
- It has 6–10 shiny green leaves arranged in basal rosettes, borne on bulbous or elongate petioles, depending on crowding conditions: in dense stands, the petioles are elongate, up to 1 m tall, but in sparse infestations or at the edge of infestations, the petioles are bulbous and short (<30 cm) (Center and Spencer 1981).
- A germinação é favorecida por temperaturas + altas e/ou aumento da radiação em combinação com humedecimento, dessecação e nova imersão das sementes em água.
- In Southern Europe, E. crassipes outcompetes a number of aquatic plant species, including species in the Potamogeton L., Ranunculus L., Myriophyllum L., Nuphar Sm., Nymphea L. and Zanichellia L. genera (GIC 2006). Ecosystem conditions change drastically: This kind of canopy roof at the water's surface inhibits light penetration and decreases photosynthetic activity and abundance of phytoplankton. This decrease reduces algal primary production, increases water clarity and decreases oxygen levels. Predatory zooplankton and consequently fish come across reduced food supply and their abundance often decreases. Floating mats may also limit access to breeding and nursery grounds for some fish species and fish stocks are often reduced to the detriment of local fisheries. Interfere with water body usage (ship navigation, restricted access to the water for recreation and fisheries, recreation, tourism and real estate values, hydropower stations)
- Não são conhecidos casos de sucesso de erradicação de jacinto-de-água no mundo. O controlo de populações estabelecidas requer uma programação de longo termo que inclua monitorização permanente e intervenções frequentes (controlos de seguimento).
- Water hyacinth is very susceptible to herbicides such as 2,4-D, diquat, paraquat and glyphosate (Gopal 1987), which have resulted in successful control in small, single-purpose water systems such as irrigation canals and dams of around 1 hectare in size. Herbicides are not permitted for application onto waterways in Europe, so this control method is not an option against E. crassipes in the EU.
- This control method has been widely accepted, and the two weevil species are the most commonly used with N. eichhorniae released in 39 countries, and N. bruchi in 36 counties around the world (Winston et al. 2014). The biological control of water hyacinth has been highly successful in a number of large tropical water bodies, mainly in Africa (Coetzee et al. 2011; Hill and Julien 2004), but also in Australia (Julien 2001) and Papua New Guinea (Orapa and Julien 2001).
- Em Espanha a presença de jacinto-de-água, até há pouco tempo, fazia-se de forma muito localizada, o 1º registo foi em Aliante em 1988
- Pode constatar-se que em 2010 o problema estava “aparentemente” controlado, no entanto em 2011, tal como em 2012 a população de jacinto-de-água voltou a recuperar