HEPATITIS IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, CAUSED BY VIRUSES, TOXINS, OR CHEMICALS (INCLUDING DRUGS).
1.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
2.
TOXIC HEPATITIS
3.
CHRONIC HEPATITIS
4.
ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
9. INFLAMMATION
OF LIVER WITH
AREAS OF
NECROSIS
IMPAIRMENT
OF FUNCTION
CHANGES IN
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
LIVER
FUNCTIONS
ALTERED
KUPFFER
CELLS
INCREASES IN
SIZE AND
NUMBER
INFLAMMATION
OF VASCULAR
AND DUCTLAR
TISSUES
HEPATITIS
13. INCUBATION
PERIOD
30 TO 180 (60-90)
ONSET INSIDIOUS OR ACUTE
AGE
PREFERENCE
YOUNG ADULTS, BABIES, TODDLERS
MODE OF
TRANSMISSIO
N
BLOOD BORN INFECTION,
HBV CARRIER MOTHER TO BABIES,
HOMOSEXUAL PARTNERS.
PROGNOSIS WORSE WITH AGE
PROPHYLAXIS HBIG RECOMBINANT VACCINE
15. INCUBATION PERIOD 15 TO 160 (50)
ONSET INSIDIOUS
AGE PREFERENCE ANY AGE,(MORE COMMON IN ADULTS)
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
UNSAFE SEX PRACTICES, & BY BLOOD
PROGNOSIS MODERATE
PROPHYLAXIS NONE
THERAPY PEGYLATED INTERFERON PLUS
RIBAVIRIN.
17. INCUBATION
PERIOD
30 TO 180 (60-90)
ONSET INSIDIOUS OR ACUTE
AGE PREFERENCE ANY AGE
RISK FACTORS CO-INFECTS WITH HEPATITIS B.
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
BY BLOOD, BY SEXUAL
CONTACT, MOTHER TO BABY
PROGNOSIS ACUTE-GOOD, CHRONIC-POOR
PROPHYLAXIS HBV VACCINE
19. INCUBATION
PERIOD
14 TO 60 (40)
ONSET ACUTE
AGE PREFERENCE YOUNG ADULTS (20 TO 40
YEARS)
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
FECAL ORAL ROUTE,
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND
WATER
PROGNOSIS GOOD
PROPHYLAXIS EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE
BEING TESTED.
25. History taking & Physical examination
Blood studies-LFT(albumin, bilirubin),HBsAg, hepatitis A
antigen
Urine & stool investigations.
Liver biopsy
DNA test for hepatitis B â high levels indicate the virus is
active and rapidly replicating itself.
31. Fulminant Hepatitis
Is rare, seen primarily in
hepatitis B & D as well as
in hepatitis E and A.it
includes jaundice, hepatic
encephalopathy & ascites.
32. Autoimmune Hepatitis
Generally a disease of young
women & is characterized by
hepatic inflammation with plasma
cells and fibrosis. Affected people
often positive for human leukocyte
antigen B8 (HLA-B8) & HLA-DR3.
Clinical manifestations include
multiple spider, acne, &
hepatomegaly.
Treatment includes prednisone
with or without azathioprine.
33. Chronic Carrier State
A carrier state is possible in
clients who demonstrate
persistent HBsAg without
clinically evident disease but
who are able to transmit the
disease. A carrier state may also
develop for hepatitis C, blood
donated by apparently healthy
clients may transmit hepatitis C
when transfused.
34. Carries a high death rate when it occurs after cute
viral hepatitis.
Management is supportive and palliative.
Therapy includes--Iv fluids to provide hydration
-Correction of electrolyte abnormalities.
-Medications for reduction of pain & nausea and
-Adequate calorie intake.
38. Clinical manifestations
include fatigue and
intermittent or persistent
jaundice. Treatment of
chronic HBV depends on
the level of virus replication
but generally includes
lamivudine 100mg orally
daily.
39. One fourth of cases progressing eventually to end
stage cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations are similar
to those for chronic hepatitis B includes fatigue,
depression, weight loss and arthralgia.
Combination of recombinant interferon alpha
(IFNa) & ribavirin.
41. NURSING INTERVENTION
DETAILED DRUG HISTORY, ENSURE REMOVAL OF
CAUSATIVE AGENT
ADEQUATE REST,PROMOTE ALLEVIATION OF SIDE
EFFECTS.
HIGH CALORIE DIET WITH FAT AND PROTEIN
TOLERATED.
TOXINS & DRUGS
PRODUCES VARIETY
OF PATHOLOGIC LESIONS IN LIVER.
42. PARENCHYMAL NECROSIS FROM HEAVY
ALCOHOL INGESTION.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE
ANOREXIA, NAUSEA, ABDOMINAL PAIN,
SPLENOMEGALY, HEPATOMEGALY,
JAUNDICE, ASCITIS, FEVER,
ENCPHALOPATHY.
43. LAB STUDIES SHOWS-ANEMIA,
LEUKOCYTOSIS & AN ELEVATED
SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVEL, LIVER
BIOPSY REVEALS FATTY ACID.
HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIET, FOLIC
ACID AND THIAMINE SUPPLEMENTS
AND PARENTRAL FLUID AS
ORDERD.