Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines

TALES FROM THE SEWER: The Story of Collection, Disinfection,
Storage – and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines
Francisco Arellano
Francisco Arellano
May 27,2016

Water – A Fundamental Element
• Most widespread mineral substance on the Earth’s
surface
• Most important compound (2nd to air)
• Life form began with the creation of the water
compound
• Water constitutes 70% of the Earth’s surface
• Water regulates the temperature of the Earth
97.4%
2.0% 0.6%
Water Sources
Oceans, Seas
Ice
Continental
Fresh Water

• Water is life itself
• It is vital to the functioning of each and every
single cell
• It comprises the major organ systems of our
body
• 60-70% of the human body is water
• 83% of human blood is water, 25% for human
bones, 90% for the lungs and 70% for the
brain.
• On the average, a person uses 2 – 2.5 liters of
water per day to maintain health (includes
drinking and cooking food)
• A person can live without food for a month,
but only one week without water
• You get your immunity and vitamins from
water

• To produce a car, 146 m3 of water is used
• For one can of processed fruit, 40 liters of water is used
For an orange fruit, 30 liters of water is used
For a watermelon, 378 liters of water is used
For an egg, 454 liters of water is used
For a quarter pounder of hamburger, 3.78 liters is used
• 95% of tomato is water
80% in the ear corn
93% in the watermelon
70% in the elephant
75% in the chicken
60-70% in the human body

• Water is the source of life and a
destroyer of life
• It is the major conveyance of diseases
(cholera, typhoid, infectious hepatitis
and amoebiasis)
• It can also be the source of water
related diseases resulting from poor
supply (parasitic diseases)
• It causes destruction of property from
floods, typhoons and other natural
disasters

Natural Drinking Water Sources
Groundwater Surface Water Seawater

The Philippines is endowed with
abundant water resources. However,
the resource differs spatially (space)
and temporally (time)

Land area : 300,000 km2
Rivers and lakes occupy 1,830 km2
Bays and Coastal Waters cover an
area of 266,000 km2
Annual Average rainfall : 2,400 mm
12 Water Resources Regions based on
hydrological boundaries
XI: Southeastern
Mindanao
IV: Southern Tagalog
I: Ilocos
III: Central Luzon
II: Cagayan Valley
V: Bicol
VII: Central
Visayas
VI: Western
Visayas
VIII: Eastern
Visayas
IX: Southwestern
Mindanao
XII: Southern
Mindanao
X: Northern
Mindanao
Water Source

Health Impact (Global)
• 1.8 M people die from diarrheal diseases
• 1.5 M deaths in the 0 – 5 y.o. age group
every year or 5,000 child deaths/day
• 88% attributed to unsafe water,
• Inadequate sanitation and hygiene
• 1.1 billion lack of access to an improved
drinking water supply

Health Impact (Philippines)
Diarrhea is the 2nd leading cause of morbidity affecting
all ages (2007 DOH-Field Health Service Information
System)
Acute watery diarrhea affects about 640/100,000
population (2007 FHSIS)
Diarrhea is the 3rd leading cause of child mortality ages 1-4
years old with 804 deaths or 9.33/100,000 population

Causes of death in children
Source: CHERG estimates of under-five deaths, 2000-03
Under-
nutrition
53%
The Philippines is one of the 42 countries that account for 90% of
global record under five mortalities

Total Area of Coverage 540 sq. km.
Total No. of Customers
Residential
Commercial/Industrial
630,000
580,000
50,000
Service Population 9,200,000
WEST ZONE
Metro Manila:
Valenzuela
Caloocan
Malabon
Navotas
Parts of Quezon City
Manila
Pasay
Parts of Makati
Las Piñas
Parañaque
Muntinlupa
Cavite Province:
Cavite City
Rosario
Imus
Noveleta
Bacoor
Kawit
Basic Information on Maynilad

Operations Snapshot
Assets Water System
Wastewater
System
Service Area 540 square kilometers
Produced/Treated per
Year
(in Million Cubic Meters)
526 42
Treatment Facilities 3 19
Combined treatment
capacity
2,500
Million Liters/Day
541,000
Cubic Meters/Day
Pipelines (in Km) 7,571 527
Pumping Stations 23 62 (lift stations)
Reservoirs 22 n/a

Our Water Sources
97% of our raw water supply come from Angat Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan.
The rest come from Laguna Lake and deepwells.

Service Expansion
 From 4,576 km in 2006, our water distribution line has increased by
65% to 7,571 km by the end of December 2015.
318
685
441
456
375
234
221
152
113
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Pipes Laid per Year
(in km)

Water Losses
 38-percentage point reduction since re-privatization
67
60 57
51
42 41
35 33
29.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Non Revenue Water (NRW)
(in %)

Wastewater Management
Sewerage 2007 2011 2015
Population served 530,228 664,063 1,286,799
Volume of wastewater treated,
million liters, cumulative since
2007
45,967 216,422 428,568
Septic tanks cleaned, cumulative
since 2007
42,686 241,595 403,941

Service Improvements
2007 2011 2015
Coverage (%) 80.5 84.9 93.6
24-hour service
(%)
46 84 99.8
Average 7 psi
pressure (%)
53 96 100
Number of
Connections in
'000
704 1,005 1,266
Population
Served (million)
6.5 7.9 9.2

BTP 1BTP 1
BTP 2BTP 2
LMTP 1
LMTP 2
UMIRAY – ANGAT
TUNNEL
ANGAT RESERVOIR
(NPC)
IPO DAM (MWSS)
UMIRAY DIVERSION
DAM (MWSS)
LA MESA
RESERVOIR
NOVALICHES
DIVERSION WEIR
ALAT DAM (MWCI)
BTP 1BTP 1
BTP 2BTP 2
LMTP 1
LMTP 2
UMIRAY – ANGAT
TUNNEL
ANGAT RESERVOIR
(NPC)
IPO DAM (MWSS)
UMIRAY DIVERSION
DAM (MWSS)
LA MESA
RESERVOIR
NOVALICHES
DIVERSION WEIR
ALAT DAM (MWCI)
The WATER SYSTEM

Our La Mesa Water Treatment Plants 1 & 2 are ISO 9001 Certified

LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT No. 1
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Junction
Box
Structure
Coagulation Sedimentation
Filtration
Recovery
Lagoon
Raw water
from LP-1
Open canal
(Portal)
Caustic
Soda
Potassium
Permanganate
Aluminum
Sulfate Pre-chlorination
Polymer
Losses due to leakages of
24 Butterfly valves
(3.3 mld or 137 cu.m./hr.)
Intermediate Chlorination
Post Chlorination
To Bagbag
Reservoir
Losses due to:
a. Backwashing (2340 cu.m./bed/12 min.)
b. Filter Drain Sluice Gate leakage (negligible)
c. Unfiltered Water (900cu.m./basin) - to be drained
before backwash
FlocculationScreening

PRIMARY PIPES
LEGEND :
BC BOUNDARY
MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY
CALOOCAN
NORTH
NOVALICHES
QUIRINO
VALENZUELA
MALABON/
NAVOTAS
CALOOCAN
SOUTH
ROOSEVELT
SAMPALOC
STA CRUZ
TONDO
SOUTH
MANILA
PASAY/
MAKATI
PARANAQUE/
MUNTINLUPA
CAVITE/ LAS
PINAS
COMMONWEALTH
La Mesa PS &
Reservoir
Bagbag
Sacred Heart Reservoir
Algeciras
PS & Res
Ermita PS
& Res
Espiritu
PS & Res
Pasay PS &
Res
D. Tuazon PS
& Res
Novaliches Booster
& Res
Binuksuk Res
Caloocan PS & Res
Tondo PS & Res
19 ML
19 ML
NoveletA PS
& Res
9 ML
19 ML
50 ML
19 ML
19 ML
19 ML
7 ML
30 ML
10 ML
38 ML
200 ML
Reservoir
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Trunk line
Primary line
Major Gauging Point
DGP 181
SBGP 45
SBGP 66
SBGP 48
DGP 391
DGP 145
GP Kaybiga
Villamor PS
Operational PS
Non- operational PS

Training on the Development of Water
Safety Plans for Water Utilities Serving
Health Care Facilities in Tourism Areas
Managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer

WATER SAFETY PLAN ORIENTATION SEMINAR
RATIONALE :
In its 2004 (3rd) Edition of the GDWQ, the WHO emphasized the
use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management
approach as the most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of
a drinking water supply.
These approaches were altogether referred to as WSP and
encompass all processes involved in the provision of drinking water supply
from the catchment to the consumer.
This WSP is emphasized in the 2007 PNSDW.

A new approach: Water Safety Plan
- a management tool
- uses a comprehensive risk
assessment and risk
management approach
encompassing all steps in water
supply
- from water source to
consumer.

• Prevent the risks caused by environmental
hazards
• Remove or eliminate the risks
• Reduce the risks
Objectives of Water Safety Plan

WSP - 11 Steps
Assemble the team to prepare the
water safety plan
Describe the water supply system
Assess the existing proposed system ( including a
description of the system and a flow diagram)
Undertake a hazard assessment and risk
assessment to identify and understand how
hazards can enter into the water supply
Determine and validate control measures,
reassess and prioritize the risks
Develop, implement and maintain an
improvement / upgrade plan
Define monitoring of control measures - what
limits define acceptable performance and how
these are monitored
Establish procedures to verify that the water
safety plan is working effectively and will meet the
health-based targets
Prepare management procedures documenting
actions to be taken when the system is operating
under normal conditions (SOPs) and incident
situations (corrective actions)
Develop supporting programmes (e.g., training,
hygiene practices, research and
development, calibration of equipment, preventive
maintenance, etc.)
Plan and carry out periodic review of the WSP
Revise the WSP following an incident
PreparationSystemAssessmentUpgrade
OperationalMonitoring
Management&Communication
Feedback

OBJECTIVES
To provide sufficient information to identify where
the system is vulnerable to hazardous events and
various types of hazards
Description should result in :
• Flow diagram to conceptually understand the
water supply system
• Understanding of water quality issues
• Knowledge of users and uses

• Relevant water quality standards
• Current version of National Guidelines or
Standards
• Law, Policy, Regulations
• The source of water including the runoff
and/of recharge processes;
• source: spring, surface water, ground
water, bulk water
• runoff: agricultural, industries, landfill
operation, etc
• recharge: septic tanks, landfill operation,
etc
Information/Data Required
Spring
Surface Water
Garbage Landfill

• Known or suspected changes in source water
quality relating to weather or other conditions;
• Turbidity, Mn, Fe, As, etc.
• Historical data on water quality and disease
outbreaks

• Any interconnectivity of sources and
conditions
• multiple sources feeding a treatment
works
• distribution area receiving water from
more than one
treatment works

•
• Details of the land use in the
catchment
• intensive agriculture
• urban development
• landfill operation
• industrial
• The abstraction point
• location, urban. Rural, geological
characteristics of the
soil
Urban area
Agricultural
Volcanic area
Industrial
Forested area

 Information relating to the
storage of water
 underground, overhead reservoir,
covered reservoir
 steel, concrete
 Information relating to the
treatment of water
 Filtration, ozonation, chlorination,

Hi-rate permanent
filtration system
Gas chlorinator
Concrete
storage tank
Timber
storage tank

 Details of how water is distributed
 Piped and pumped reticulated
distribution
 Description of the materials in
contact with water
 coagulants; gas, liquid or powder
chlorine
 lime
Polyaluminium Chloride
Chlorine Gas

 Identification of users and uses of the
water
 residential, commercial, industrial etc.
 domestic, commercial, industrial,
irrigation, etc.
 Availability of trained staff
 number of trained staff
 How well existing procedures are
documented
 ISO system, electronic, manual
Laboratory analyst
Industrial
Commercial

Some points to bear in mind in this step:
1. Control measures may also be called barriers or
mitigation
2. The aim of these steps is to create an envelope
around the entire water supply system to prevent
contamination
3. An envelope may require multiple barriers
4. The final improvement plan should ensure that
control measures are design to address the hazards
identified so as to create the envelope of safety –
otherwise there may be gaps in the protection
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Understanding Hazards, Hazardous Events and Risk
Hazards
Physical, biological or chemical agents that can cause
harm to public health.
Hazardous events
Event that introduce hazards to, or fails to remove
them from, the water supply.
Risk
The likelihood of identified hazards causing harm in
exposed populations in a specified timeframe,
including the magnitude of that harm and/or the
consequences.

Potential Hazard Identification
Hazardous Events

Hazard Types:
Biological/Microbial
Chemical
Physical
Radiological

Biological /Microbial Hazards
Opportunistic pathogens such as
• bacteria
• viruses
• protozoan; and
• helminths

Physical Hazards
By posing a direct risk to health (e.g., choking)
Reducing the effectiveness of treatment (in particular,
residual disinfectant)
Consumers find the water unacceptable and alternative
more contaminated water sources
Together with particulates, can also include pipe materials,
pipe liner materials, sloughed biofilms, or iron and
manganese
Suspended or resuspended sediments can contain toxic
substances or pathogens attached and can co-transport
other hazards

Chemical Hazards
Radiological
Watershed/
Catchment
Storage Treatment Process Distribution
Nitrate Algal toxins Flocculants Copper
Arsenic Cleaners pH adjusters Lead
Fluoride Liner chemicals Disinfection by-
products
Cleaners
Pesticides Lubricants Impurities in
treatment chemicals
Petroleum
products
Other heavy
metals
Pesticides Liner chemicals
Organic
toxicants
Herbicides

Radiological Hazards
Occurs as a result of contamination by man-made sources
of radiation
Contamination can arise from:
• Naturally occurring radioactive species in drinking-
water sources
• Contamination of water from mining industry
• Radionuclides from the medical or industrial use of
radioactive materials

Risk Assessment
 Approach to rule (and/or rule out) hazardous
events
 Quantitative or semi-quantitative
 Mechanism to decide whether any hazardous
event present a significant risk and need to be
elevated for action
 Basis for prioritization of hazardous events

Risk Prioritization
 Ranking of hazards to establish
priorities

Water Quality
Polluted?
Unsafe?
Dirty?
Clean?
Safe?
Pure?

57
Guidelines for Selecting the
Location of Sampling Points
• Piped water supply zoning
- coverage area per source
- service reservoir supplies specific area,
- an area of distribution systems of different
water pressures and elevations,
- area where leakage or reliability is
different
• Point source – hand pump or spring outlet

58
• Selection of sampling sites – fixed or
random
- key fixed points for considerations
a. water leaving treatment works
b. the inlets and outlets of service
reservoirs
c. critical points in the distribution
system
- regular sampling points - taps in high-
density areas

59
To Quote:
“With true friends… even
WATER drunk together is
sweet enough.”
a Chinese Proverb

60
The 2007 Philippine National
Standards for Drinking
Water
DOH ADMINISTRATIVEORDER NO. 2007 – 0012

61
OBJECTIVE
To protect public health, safety and welfare
by ensuring quality standards of drinking
water

62
MICROBIOLOGICAL
INDICATORS
• Fecal indicator organisms
• Coliform bacteria
- total coliform
- thermotolerant fecal coliform or
E. coli
- Heterotrophic Plate Count
(HPC)

63
Minimum Frequency of Sampling
for Microbiological Examination
Sources and mode of
Supply
Population Served Minimum Frequency
of Sampling
a. Level I 90 – 150 1 sample/quarter
b. Level II 600 Once in 2 months
c. Level III Less than 5,000
5,000 – 100,000
More than 100,000
1 sample monthly
1 sample per 5,000
population monthly
20 samples and
additional 1sample per
10,000 population
monthly
d. Emergency supplies of
drinking water
Before delivery to users
e. Water refilling stations 1 sample monthly
f. Water vending machines 1 sample monthly

64
Minimum Frequency of Sampling
for Microbiological Examination
Sources and mode of
Supply
Population Served Minimum Frequency
of Sampling
a. Level I 90 – 150 1 sample/quarter
b. Level II 600 Once in 2 months
c. Level III Less than 5,000
5,000 – 100,000
More than 100,000
1 sample monthly
1 sample per 5,000
population monthly
20 samples and
additional 1sample per
10,000 population
monthly
drinking water
Before delivery to users
e. Water refilling stations 1 sample monthly
f. Water vending machines 1 sample monthly

65
Standard Methods of Detection and
values for Microbiological Quality
Compliance to Total Coliform
a) For water systems analyzing
at least 40 samples per
month, no more than 5% of
the monthly sample maybe
positive for total coliform
b) For water samples analyzing
fewer than 40 samples per
month, no more than one
(1) sample per month may
be positive for total coliform
Point of
Compliance
Consumer’s
taps

66
Compliance to Total Coliform
At least 95% of standard samples
taken in each year from
each reservoir are total
coliform negative
No standard samples taken
each month should exceed
maximum allowable value
specified in the above
Point of
Compliance
• service
reservoirs
•Water treatment
works
•Refilling stations
•Water haulers
•Water vending
machines

67
Parameter Method of
detection
Value Units of
Measurement
Point of
Compliance
Fecal
Coliform
Multiple
Fermentation
Technique
Chromogenic
substrate test
Membrane
Filter Technique
<1.1
<1.1
<1
MPN/100 Ml
MPN/100 Ml
Fecal
coliform
colonies/100
mL
•Service reservoir
•Water
treatment works
•Consumer’s
taps
•Point sources
•Water haulers
•Water vending
machines

68
Parameter Method of
detection
Value Units of
Measurement
Point of
Compliance
Heterotrophic
Plate Count
•pour plate
•Spread
plate
•Membrane
filter
technique
<500 CFU/mL
•Service reservoir
•Water
treatment works
•Consumer’s
taps
•Water haulers
•Water vending
machines

69
Standard Values for Inorganic
Chemical Constituents with Health
Significance
Constituents Maximum
Level (mg/L)
Method of Analysis
Antimony 0.02 FAAS,EAAS,ICP/MS
Arsenic 0.05 ICP/MS, hydride
generation AAS, Silver
Diethyldithiocarbamate
method, EAAS
Barium 0.70 ICP/MS,FAAS,EAAS,ICP
Boron 0.50 ICP/MS,ICP/AES
Cadmium 0.003 ICP/MS,FAAS
Chromium (Total) 0.05 FAAS,EAAS,ICP,ICP/MS

70
Standard Values for Inorganic
Chemical Constituents with Health
Significance
Constituents Maximum
Level (mg/L)
Method of Analysis
Cyanide (total) 0.07 Titrimetric, Colorimetric,
CN Selective Electrode
Fluoride 1.0 Ion chromatography,
ion selective
electrodes, SPADNS
colorimetric,
complexone method
Lead 0.01 FAAS, EAAS, ICP/MS,
Anodic Stripping
Voltammetry Dithizone
Mercury (total) 0.001 Cold vapor AAS,
ICP/MS

71
Organic Chemical Constituents from
Industrial Pollution (with health
significance)
Constituent Maximum
Level (mg/L)
Method of Analysis
Benzene 0.01 GC/PID.GC/MS
Carbon Tetrachloride 0.004 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS
1,2 –
Dichlorobenzene
1.0 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS
1,4 - Dichlorobenzene 0.30 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS
1,2 – Dichloroethane 0.03 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS
1,1 – Dichloroethene 0.03 GC/PID,GC/ELCD,GC/MS

72
Standard Value for Organic Chemical
(Pesticides)
Constituent Maximum
Level (mg/L)
Method of Analysis
Aldrin and Dieldrin
(combined)
0.03 GC with ECD
Atrazine 2.0 GC/MS
Carbofuran 7.0 GC with nitrogen
phosphorous detector,
reverse[phase HPLC with
fluorescence detector
Chlordane 0.2 GC/ECD, GC/MS
DDT 1.0 GC/ECD, GC/MS
1,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane
(DBCP)
1.0 GC/ECD, GC/MS

73
Standard Values for Physical and
Chemical Quality for Acceptability
Aspects
Constituent Maximum Level
(mg/L)
Method of
Analysis
Taste No objectionable
taste
Sensory Evaluation
Technique
Odor No objectionable
odor
Sensory Evaluation
Technique
Color Apparent
True
10 color units
5 color units
Visual Comparison
Colorimetric
Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidimetry
Aluminum 0.2 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
Colorimetry
Method

74
Aspects
(mg/L)
Method of
Analysis
Taste No objectionable
taste
Sensory Evaluation
Technique
Odor No objectionable
odor
Sensory Evaluation
Technique
Color Apparent
True
10 color units
5 color units
Visual Comparison
Colorimetric
Turbidity 5 NTU Turbidimetry
Aluminum 0.2 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
Colorimetry
Method

75
Aspects
(mg/L)
Method of
Analysis
Chloride 250 Argentometric
Method, IC
Copper 1.0 FASS, EAAS, ICP,
Neocuproine
Method,
Bathocuproine
Method
Hardness 300 as CaCO3 FAAS, EAAS, ICP,
Colorimetry Method
Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 Methylene Blue
Method, Todometric
Method

76
Aspects
(mg/L)
Method of
Analysis
Iron 1.0 Phenanthroline, AAS,
ICP, Colorimetric
Method
Manganese 0.4 Persulfate Method,
AAS, ICP, ICP/MS
pH 6.5 – 8.5
5 – 7 for product
water that
undergone reverse
osmosis or
distillation process
Electrometric
method

77
Aspects
Constituent Maximum Level (mg/L) Method of
Analysis
Sodium 200 AAS (Flame
absorption mode),
ICP/MS, Flame
photometry
Sulfate 250 Turbidimetric method,
Ion Chromatography,
Gravimetric method
Total Dissolved
Solids
500
<10 for product water that
undergone reverse osmosis
or distillation process
Gravimetric, dried at
1800C
Zinc 5.0 FAAS, ICP,ICP/MS

78
Standard Values for Chemicals Used in Treatment
and Disinfection and Disinfection by-products
(mg/L)
Method of Analysis
A. Contaminants from
Treatment Chemicals
Acrylamide
Epichlorohydrin
0.0005
0.0004
GC/ELCD, HPLC with
UV Detection
GC/ECD, GC/MS,
GC.FID
B. Disinfection Chemicals
Chlorine Residual
- farthest point of the
distribution system
- at any point in the
distribution system
0.3 minimum
1.5 maximum
Iodometric,
Amperometric,
Titration, DPD,
Colometric Method
Iodine – not
for
Recommended
Long term

79
(mg/L)
Method of Analysis
C. Disinfection by-
products
Bromate 0.01 IC
Chlorite
Chlorate
0.7
0.7
IC with suppressed
conductivity
detection for
chlorine
Chloral hydrate
(trichloroacetaldehyde
0.01 GC/ECD.GC/MS
Dibromoacetonitrile 0.07 GC/ECD
Dichloroacetic acid 0.06 GC/ECD, GC/MS

80
(mg/L)
Method of Analysis
C. Disinfection by-
products
Dichloroacetonitrite 0.02 GC/ECD
Formaldehyde 0.9 GC/ECD
Monochloroacetate 0.02 GC/ECD, GC/MS
Trichloroacetate 0.20 GC/ECD, GC/MS
2,4,6- trichlorophenol
Trihalomethane
Bromoform
Dibromochloromethane
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.06
0.2
GC/ECD, GC/MS
GC/ECD, GC/MS

81
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for
Physical-Chemical Examination
Source and Mode of Supply
Minimum
Frequency of
Sampling
a. Level 1
b. Level II
c. Level III
drinking water
Once a year
e. Water refilling stations
f. Water Vending machines
Twice a year

83
Sampling Frequency
Requirements
Type Frequency Condition
Initial Four consecutive
quarters for one
year
Routine One sample
every 3 years
If running average from
four consecutive
quarterly samples is >50%
of MCL
Reduced One sample
every 5 years
If initial average is 50% of
MCL

84
Guidelines in identifying priority drinking
water quality parameter for monitoring
• List of Priority parameters
microbiological arsenic
cadmium lead
nitrate benzene
color turbidity
iron pH
manganese chloride
sulfate TDS

85
Guidelines in identifying priority drinking
water quality parameter for monitoring
• Other considerations
- naturally occurring chemicals
- chemicals used in agriculture
- chemicals used in industries
- chemical disinfection-by-products
- chemicals leaching from plumbing system
materials
- hardness if undesirable taste and odor is
present
• The list may change based on the results of
previous water examinations. Parameters that
are less likely to occur may be tested less
frequent

86
Water Safety Plans
• The application of a comprehensive risk
assessment and risk management approach
that encompasses all steps in water supply
system from sources, production, storage and
conveyance to consumers to ensure safety of
drinking water.

87
Water Safety Plans
• Follows the concepts of multiple-barrier
approach and HACCP (food industry)
• Proposed to be available for all water systems

88
Water Safety Plans
• Three key components
• System assessment
– Determines whether water supply chain meets health-based
targets
– Assesses design criteria
• Operational monitoring
– Identifies measures to control identified risks
– Detects any deviation from required performance
• Management plans
– Describes actions to be taken during normal operation or
incident conditions

89
• Piped water supply zoning
- coverage area per source
- service reservoir supplies specific area,
- an area of distribution systems of different
water pressures and elevations,
- area where leakage or reliability is
different
• Point source – hand pump or spring outlet

90
• Selection of sampling sites – fixed or
random
- key fixed points for considerations
a. water leaving treatment works
b. the inlets and outlets of service
reservoirs
c. critical points in the distribution
system
- regular sampling points - taps in high-
density areas

Water Quality Objectives
Regulatory Compliance
• Chapter I, Section 4, Code of
Sanitation of the Philippines
• Philippine National Standards for
Drinking Water, (PNSDW) 2007

Water Quality Monitoring
and Analysis
1. Raw Water
2. Before Water Treatment
3. After Water Treatment
4. Distribution Lines

Key Performance Indicators KPI
1. Water Quality and Plant Outlet
• Bacteriological requirements 728 determinations 100% passing
• 37 physical chemical analysis 100% passing
2. Water Quality and Distribution
• 700 monitoring points 7409 determinations 95% satisfactory in 12
mos.
• Physical chemical analysis
MWSS Regulatory Office Requirements

CONTROL POINTS AND MONITORING Distribution System – Consumers’ taps
- 1 sample per 10, 000 population + 10 samples
- number of sampling points 700, 645 for
surface water and 55 sampling points for ground
water supply
- Bacteriological quality 7649 samples a year 638
samples a month
- Physical and chemical quality 700 samples a year or
56 to 60 samples a month
- These KPI’s for bacteriological quality and physical
chemical quality must satisfy 95% passing rate for 12
months

Sampling Locations in Water Distribution Network
Imus-Bacoor
Upper Caloocan Novaliches
Pasay-Makati
Roosevelt
Malabon-Navotas
Tondo
Sampaloc
Lower Caloocan
W D-1 1 C VC
W D-1 0 C VC
W D-0 4 C VC
W D-0 7 C VC
W D-0 6 C VC
W D-0 5 C VC
W D-0 3 C VC
W D-0 2 C VC
W D-0 1 C VC
W D-0 1 KW T
W D-0 2 KW T
W D-0 3 KW T
W D-0 4 KW T
W D-0 5 KW T
W D-0 6 KW T
W D-0 3 N O .M X.
W D-0 2 N O .M X.
W D-0 1 N O .M X.
W D-1 0a RO S
W D-1 0b RO S
W D-0 9b RO S
W D-0 9a RO S
W D-0 5 IMS
W D-0 1b IM S
W D-0 1a IM S
W D-0 1c IMS
W D-0 2a IM S
W D-0 2b IM S
W S-00 6 BA
W S-00 2 BA
W S-00 9 BA
W S-01 2 BA
W S-00 7 BA
W S-01 0 BA
W S-01 8 BAW S-01 5 BA
W S-00 1 BA
W S-01 1 BA
W S-01 3 BA
W S-00 3 BA
W S-00 8 BA
W S-01 7 BA
W S-01 4 BA
W S-01 6 BA
W S-00 5 BA
W S-00 4 BA
W S-00 3 BA
W D-0 1 ML
W D-1 4 ML
W D-0 2 ML
W D-1 3 ML
W D-0 3 ML
W D-1 2 ML
W D-0 9 ML
W D-0 8 ML
W D-0 6 ML
W D-0 7 ML
W D-0 4 ML
W D-1 1 ML
W D-0 5 ML
W D-1 0 ML
W S-00 1 C C
W S-00 2 C C W S-00 3 C C
W S-00 4 C C
W S-00 5 C C
W S-00 6 C C
W S-00 7 C C
W S-00 8 C C
W S-00 9 C C
W S-01 0 C C
W S-01 1 C C
W S-01 2 C C
W S-01 3 C C
W S-01 4 C C
W S-01 5 C C
W S-01 6 C C
W S-01 7 C C
W S-01 8 C C
W S-01 9 C C
W S-02 0 C C
W S-02 1 C C
W S-02 2 C C
W S-02 3 C C
W S-02 4 C C
W S-02 5 C C
W S-02 6 C C
W S-02 7 C C
W S-02 8 C C
W S-02 9 C C
W S-03 0 C C
W S-03 1 C C
W S-03 2 C C
W S-03 3 C CW S-03 4 C C
W S-03 5 C C
W S-03 6 C C
W S-03 7 C C
W S-03 8 C C
W S-03 9 C C
W S-04 0 C C
W S-04 1 C C
W S-04 2 C C
W S-04 3 C C
W S-04 4 C C
W S-04 5 C C
W S-04 6 C C
W S-04 7 C C
W S-04 8 C C
W S-04 9 C C
W S-05 0 C C
W S-05 1 C C
W S-05 2 C C
W S-05 3 C C
W S-05 4 C C
W S-05 5 C C
W S-05 6 C C
W S-05 7 C C
W S-05 8 C C
W S-05 9 C C
W S-06 0 C C W S-06 1 C C
W S-06 2 C C
W S-06 3 C C
W S-06 4 C C
W S-06 5 C C
W S-06 6 C C
W S-06 7 C C
W S-06 8 C C
W S-06 9 C C
W S-07 0 C C
W S-07 1 C C
W S-07 2 C C
W S-07 3 C C
W S-07 4 C C
W S-07 5 C C
W S-07 6 C C
W S-07 7 C CW S-07 8 C C
W S-07 9 C C
W S-08 0 C C
W S-08 1 C C
W S-08 2 C C
W D-0 93 CC
W S-08 3 C C
W S-08 4 C C
W S-08 5 C C
W S-08 6 C C
W S-08 7 C C
W D-0 97 CC
W S-08 8 C C
W S-08 9 C C
W S-00 1 C M
W S-00 2 C M
W S-00 3 C M
W S-00 4 C M
W S-00 5 C M
W S-00 6 C M
W S-00 7 C M
W S-00 8 C M
W S-00 9 C M
W S-01 0 C M
W S-01 1 C M
W S-01 2 C M
W S-01 3 C M
W S-01 4 C M
W S-01 5 C M
W S-01 6 C M
W S-01 7 C M
W S-01 8 C M
W S-01 9 C M
W S-02 0 C M
W S-02 1 C M
W S-02 2 C M
W S-02 3 C M
W S-02 4 C M
W S-02 5 C M
W S-02 6 C M
W S-02 7 C M
W S-02 8 C M
W S-02 9 C M
W S-03 0 C M
W S-03 1 C M
W S-03 2 C M
W S-03 3 C M
W S-03 4 C M
W S-03 5 C M
W S-03 6 C M
W S-03 7 C M
W S-03 8 C M
W S-03 9 C M
W S-04 0 C M
W S-04 1 C M
W S-04 2 C M
W S-04 3 C M
W S-04 4 C M
W S-04 5 C M
W S-04 6 C M
W S-04 7 C M
W S-04 8 C M
W S-04 9 C M
W S-05 0 C M
W S-05 1 C M
W S-05 2 C M
W S-05 3 C M
W S-05 4 C M W S-05 5 C M
W S-05 6 C M
W S-05 7 C MW S-05 8 C M
W S-05 9 C M
W S-06 0 C M
W S-06 1 C M
W S-06 2 C M
W S-06 3 C M
W S-06 4 C M
W S-06 5 C M
W S-06 6 C M
W S-06 7 C M
W S-06 8 C M
W S-06 9 C M
W S-07 0 C M
W S-07 1 C M
W S-07 2 C M
W S-07 3 C M
W S-07 4 C M
W S-07 5 C M
W S-07 6 C M
W S-07 7 C M
W S-07 8 C M
W S-07 9 C M
W S-08 0 C M
W S-08 1 C M
W S-08 2 C M
W S-08 3 C M
W S-08 4 C M
W S-08 5 C M
W S-08 6 C M
W S-08 7 C M
W S-08 8 C M
W S-08 9 C M
W S-09 0 C M
W S-09 1 C M
W S-09 2 C M W S-09 3 C M
W S-09 4 C M
W S-09 5 C M
W S-09 6 C M
W S-09 7 C M
W S-09 8 C M
W S-09 9 C M
W S-10 0 C M
W S-10 1 C M
W S-10 2 C M
W S-10 3 C M W S-10 4 C M
W S-10 5 C M W S-10 6 C M
W S-10 7 C M
W S-10 8 C M
W S-10 9 C M
W S-11 0 C M
W S-11 1 C M
W S-11 2 C M
W S-11 3 C M
W S-11 4 C M
W S-11 5 C M
W S-11 6 C M
W S-11 7 C M
W S-11 8 C M
W S-11 9 C M
W S-12 0 C M
W S-12 1 C M
W S-12 2 C M
W S-12 3 C M
W S-12 4 C M
W S-12 5 C M
W S-12 6 C M
W S-12 7 C M
W S-12 8 C M
W S-12 9 C M
W S-13 0 C M
W S-13 1 C M
W S-13 2 C M
W S-13 3 C M
W S-13 4 C M
W S-13 5 C M
W S-13 6 C M
W S-13 7 C M
W S-13 8 C M
W S-13 9 C M
W S-14 0 C M
W S-00 1 L P
W S-00 2 L P
W S-00 3 L P
W S-00 4 L P
W S-00 5 L P
W S-00 6 L P
W S-00 7 L P
W S-00 8 L P
W S-00 9 L P
W S-01 0 L P
W S-01 1 L P
W S-01 2 L P
W S-01 3 L P
W S-01 4 L P
W S-01 5 L P
W S-01 6 L P
W S-01 7 L P
W S-01 8 L PW S-01 9 L P
W S-02 0 L P
W S-02 1 L P
W S-00 1 MB
W S-00 2 MB
W S-00 3 MB
W S-00 4 MBW S-00 5 MB
W S-00 6 MB
W S-00 7 MB
W S-00 8 MB
W S-00 9 MB
W S-01 0 MB
W S-01 1 MB
W S-01 2 MB
W S-01 3 MB
W S-01 4 MB
W S-01 5 MB
W S-01 6 MB
W S-01 7 MB
W S-01 8 MB
W S-01 9 MB
W S-02 0 MB
W S-02 1 MB
W S-02 2 MB
W S-02 3 MB
W S-02 4 MB
W S-02 5 MB
W S-02 6 MB
W S-02 7 MB
W S-02 8 MB
W S-02 9 MB
W S-03 0 MB
W S-03 1 MB
W S-03 2 MB
W S-03 3 MB
W S-00 1 MK
W S-00 2 MK
W S-00 3 MK
W S-00 4 MK
W S-00 5 MK
W S-00 6 MK
W S-00 7 MK
W S-00 1 N V
W S-00 2 N V
W S-00 3 N V
W S-00 4 N V
W S-00 5 N V
W S-00 6 N V
W S-00 7 N V
W S-00 8 N V
W S-00 9 N V
W S-01 0 N V
W S-01 1 N V
W S-01 2 N V
W S-01 3 N V
W S-01 4 N V
W S-01 5 N V
W S-01 6 N V
W S-01 7 N V
W S-01 8 N V
W S-01 9 N V
W S-02 0 N V
W S-02 1 N V
W S-00 1 PC
W S-00 2 PC
W S-00 3 PC
W S-00 4 PC
W S-00 5 PC
W S-00 6 PC
W S-00 7 PC
W S-00 8 PC
W S-00 9 PC
W S-01 0 PC
W S-01 1 PC
W S-01 2 PC
W S-01 3 PC
W S-01 4 PC
W S-01 5 PC
W S-01 6 PC
W S-01 7 PC
W S-01 8 PC
W S-01 9 PC
W S-02 0 PC
W S-02 1 PC
W S-02 2 PC
W S-02 3 PC
W S-02 4 PC
W S-02 5 PC
W S-02 6 PC
W S-02 7 PC
W S-02 8 PC
W S-02 9 PC
W S-03 0 PC
W S-03 1 PC
W S-03 2 PC
W S-03 3 PC
W S-00 1 PQ
W S-00 2 PQ
W S-00 3 PQ
W S-00 4 PQ
W S-00 5 PQ
W S-00 6 PQ
W S-00 7 PQ
W S-00 8 PQ
W S-00 9 PQ
W S-01 0 PQ
W S-01 1 PQ
W S-01 2 PQ
W S-01 3 PQ
W S-01 4 PQ
W S-01 5 PQ
W S-01 6 PQ
W S-01 7 PQ
W S-01 8 PQ
W S-01 9 PQ
W S-02 0 PQ
W S-02 1 PQ
W S-02 2 PQ
W S-02 3 PQ
W S-02 4 PQ
W S-02 5 PQ
W S-00 1 VZ
W S-00 2 VZ
W S-00 3 VZ
W S-00 4 VZ
W S-00 5 VZ
W S-00 6 VZ
W S-00 7 VZ
W S-00 8 VZ
W S-00 9 VZ
W S-01 0 VZ
W S-01 1 VZ
W S-01 2 VZ
W S-01 3 VZ
W S-01 4 VZ
W S-01 5 VZ
W S-01 6 VZ
W S-01 7 VZ
W S-01 8 VZ
W S-01 9 VZ
W S-02 0 VZ
W S-02 1 VZ
W S-02 2 VZ
W S-02 3 VZ
W S-02 4 VZ
W S-02 5 VZ
W S-02 6 VZ
W S-02 7 VZ
W S-02 8 VZ
W S-02 9 VZ
W S-03 0 VZ
W S-03 1 VZ
W S-03 2 VZ
W S-03 3 VZ
W S-03 4 VZ
W S-03 5 VZ
W S-03 6 VZ
W S-03 7 VZ
W S-03 8 VZ
W S-03 9 VZ
W S-04 0 VZ
W S-04 1 VZ
W S-04 2 VZ
W S-11 7 Q C
W S-10 6 Q C
W S-04 6 Q C
W S-07 6 Q C
W S-04 5 Q C
W S-01 3 Q C
W S-06 5 Q C
W S-00 5 Q C
W S-08 9 Q C
W S-06 4 Q C
W S-13 6 Q C
W S-12 7 Q C
W S-02 3 Q C
W S-05 3 Q C
W S-09 5 Q C
W S-11 2 Q C
W S-09 0 Q C
W S-07 4 Q C
W S-01 0 Q C
W S-05 2 Q C W S-01 4 Q C
W S-11 4 Q C
W S-09 6 Q C
W S-06 3 Q C
W S-09 4 Q C
W S-04 3 Q C
W S-07 3 Q C
W S-06 6 Q C
W S-02 1 Q C
W S-03 2 Q C
W S-05 6 Q C
W S-08 0 Q C
W S-13 8 Q C
W S-03 3 Q C
W S-00 4 Q C
W S-10 7 Q C
W S-05 1 Q C
W S-06 2 Q C
W S-04 2 Q C
W S-05 9 Q C
W S-09 3 Q C
W S-08 2 Q C
W S-12 8 Q C
W S-02 2 Q C
W S-13 4 Q C
W S-13 1 Q C
W S-00 2 Q C
W S-12 6 Q C
W S-03 0 Q C
W S-03 1 Q C
W S-12 3 Q C
W S-04 4 Q C
W S-01 8 Q C
W S-10 8 Q C
W S-10 1 Q C
W S-13 5 Q C
W S-11 1 Q C
W S-09 1 Q C
W S-13 2 Q C
W S-12 1 Q C
W S-05 7 Q C
W S-02 9 Q C
W S-01 1 Q C
W S-00 1 Q C
W S-00 8 Q C
W S-00 3 Q C
W S-00 6 Q C
W S-00 7 Q C
W S-00 9 Q C
W S-01 2 Q C
W S-01 5 Q C
W S-01 6 Q C
W S-01 7 Q C
W S-01 9 Q C
W S-02 0 Q C
W S-02 4 Q C
W S-02 5 Q C
W S-02 6 Q C
W S-02 7 Q C
W S-02 8 Q C
W S-03 4 Q C
W S-03 5 Q C
W S-03 6 Q C
W S-03 7 Q C
W S-03 8 Q C
W S-03 9 Q C
W S-04 0 Q C
W S-04 1 Q C
W S-04 7 Q C
W S-04 8 Q C
W S-05 0 Q C
W S-05 4 Q C
W S-05 5 Q C
W D-0 60 QC
W S-06 1 Q C
W S-06 7 Q C
W S-06 8 Q C
W S-06 9 Q C
W S-07 2 Q C
W S-07 5 Q C
W S-07 7 Q C
W S-07 8 Q C
W S-08 3 Q C
W S-08 4 Q C
W S-08 5 Q C
W S-08 6 Q C
W S-08 7 Q C
W S-08 8 Q C
W S-09 7 Q C
W S-09 8 Q C
W S-09 9 Q C
W S-10 2 Q C
W S-10 3 Q C
W S-10 4 Q C
W S-10 5 Q C
W S-10 9 Q C
W S-11 3 Q C
W S-11 6 Q C
W S-11 8 Q C
W S-11 9 Q C
W S-12 0 Q C
W S-12 2 Q C
W S-12 4 Q C
W S-12 5 Q C
W D-1 47 QC
W S-13 7 Q C
W S-13 9 Q C
W S-14 0 Q C
W S-12 04 Q C
W D-0 49 QC
W D-0 58 QC
W D-0 70 QC
W D-0 71 QC
W D-0 79 QC
W D-0 81 QC
W D-0 92 QC
W D-1 00 QC
W D-1 10 QC
W D-1 15 QC
W D-1 29 QC
W D-1 33 QC
W D-0 92 CCW D-0 90 CC
W D-0 91 CC
W D-0 98 CC
W D-0 96 CC
W D-0 94 CC
W D-0 95 CC
W D-1 49 QC
W S-13 0 Q C
W D-1 46 QC
W D-1 48 QC
W D-1 42 QC
W S-14 1 Q C
W D-1 43 QC
W D-1 45 QC
W D-1 44 QC
W S-14 9 C M
W D-0 89 PQ
W D-0 30 PQ
W D-0 26 PQ
W D-0 31 PQ
W D-0 28 PQ
W D-0 27 PQ
W D-0 15 ML
W D-0 16 ML

Metro Manila Drinking Water Quality Committee MMDWQC an external regulatory audit tool
to verify and assess water quality.
• To undertake regular collection and water analysis of drinking water samples from
within the distribution system of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
and their concessionaires and other drinking water sources in the Metro Manila Area.
• To evaluate laboratory water analysis results and their compliance with the PNSDW
• To conduct immediate ocular analysis inspection and sanitary survey for suspected
contaminated water sources
• To recommend applications of appropriate measure to control deficiency in water
supply and to resolve water quality problems
• To issue bulletins and conduct information dissemination on water quality

WHO-DOH PWWA Maynilad Project on
Water Safety Plan for Hospitals and WD
• Maynilad has also assisted Philippine Waterworks
Association (PWWA) in finalizing WSP for 11 Water
Districts and developing WSP for 11 Hospitals.
• Luzon (5) – Metro Vigan WD, Ilocos Norte WD,
Tagaytay City WD, Metro Lipa WD and Puerto Princesa
WD
• Visayas (4) – Bacolod City WD, Metro Iloilo WD, Metro
Kalibo WD and Boracay Water
• Mindanao (2) – General Santos WD and Metro
Kidapawan WD.

98
To Quote:
“With true friends… even
WATER drunk together is
sweet enough.”
a Chinese Proverb

Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines

Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines

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Tales from the Sewer: The Story of Collection, Disinfection, Storage and Distribution of Water Supply in the Philippines