TVA p3 00 COMPONENTS OF IMMC
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Malaria is a killer disease. Since 2000 there has been a massive expenditure on reducing the prevalence of malaria, but the results achieved have been quite modest relative to the cost. Using an integrated approach would be more cost effective. This slideset describes the various components that go into an integrated approach to mosquito and malaria control.
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TVA p3 00 COMPONENTS OF IMMC
- 1. File: TVA-p3-00-COMPONENTS-OF-IMMC-2005-160207.odp Peter Burgess (c) All rights reserved TRUE VALUE ACCOUNTING Components of IMMC 2005
- 2. CONTEXT This slideset is a Work-in-Progress and will be updated from time to time. It is part of a series that aims to enable better metrics for the complex socio-enviro-economic system that we all live in. Metrics are powerful, but they must be the right metrics. TRUE VALUE ACCOUNTING
- 3. ABOUT THIS SLIDESET The following slides were prepared in 2005 by Peter Burgess in connection with the work of the Integrated Malaria and Mosquito Consortium in collaboration with the Transparency and Accountability Network (Tr-Ac-Net), a precursor of TrueValueMetrics. TRUE VALUE ACCOUNTING
- 4. The IMMC Consortium Integrated Mosquito and Malaria Control Components of IMMC
- 5. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components The concept of Integrated Mosquito and Malaria Control (IMMC) is that very much more cost effective results can be achieved through a multi-intervention approach than any single intervention approach. Integrated Mosquito and Malaria Control (IMMC) Modern science gives us the tools to have rapid and low cost success ... but only if the program is driven by science and facts about the situation, and the performance of program interventions. The goal is to reduce the negative impact of malaria in African communities ... rapidly and at lowest possible cost.
- 6. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components A critical parameter of success is reduction in the rate of re-infection. No matter how good the malaria therapy, malaria will remain a socio-economic problem of major proportion as long as there is a continuing cycle of re-infection. This is one of the reasons for the build up of resistance to drugs, and the reason that limited anti-malarial programs do not succeed. Disrupting the Continuing Cycle of Re-infection
- 7. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components The IMMC Components ● Collect data (entomological data, environmental data, spatial data, medical data, cost data) and do thorough, rapid analysis to define and optimize interventions and program activities. ● Do environmental cleanup and get community involved. ● Use interior residual spraying (IRS) to control mosquitoes near human beings. Use best available insecticides, including DDT. ● Use larvicides to control (stop) the maturation of mosquitoes. ● Kill / control flying mosquito population using aerial and ground application of adulticides. ● Medical - malaria case management to improve health situation and reduce malaria parasite in the area. ● Use insecticide impregnated bednets to limit mosquito bites.
- 8. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Management Process Collect data Do analysis Make operational decisions Collect more data Do more analysis Revise operational decisions Publish performance to all stakeholders
- 9. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Collect data – get it from the habitat. Not comfortable, but very important. Learn WHERE and what is going on with the mosquito: larva ... mosquito population ... prevalence of malaria in the mosquitoes ... etc. Collect Data: Entomology
- 10. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Left picture: A satellite image of Monrovia, Liberia, West Africa showing 15,000 acres of marsh within the main urban area (dark brown area) Right picture: Aerial image of part of the urban area ... very congested and difficult to access by vehicle. Collect Data: Geographical
- 11. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Keep score ... the goal is to reduce the prevalence of malaria, and to do it at least cost and in the most sustainable manner. Part of this requires knowledge of issues like resistance and the cost and effectiveness of various forms of therapy. Collect Data – Malariology
- 12. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Everyone needs to have access to treatment ... it is important for two reasons: (1) the patients need treatment to get better and avoid getting worse; and (2) good public health policy requires that there is a lowering of malaria prevalence as fast as possible to give a sustainable outcome. This child did not get adequate treatment ... this clinic did not have effective medications ... as reported in the New York Times in June 2006 Collect Data – about malaria and treatment
- 13. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Data is used to determine what interventions are most likely to give rapid sustainable progress towards the ultimate goal of reducing malaria prevalence. A cost and operations model suggests that best practice using multiple interventions is several times more cost effective than any other approach. Data analysis, cost and value optimization
- 14. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Operational Components Environmental Cleanup Interior Residual Spraying (IRS) Larviciding Exterior Spraying (Air ULV, Ground Fogging) Medical Treatment Bednets (ITN)
- 15. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Stagnant water facilitates mosquito breeding. Cleanup is something that people in all communities should undertake as a civic responsibility. It takes education, leadership and motivation. This can be organized through community groups like churches and mosques, youth groups, soccer teams, etc. This should be one of many IMMC interventions. Environmental Cleanup
- 16. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Interior Residual Spraying (IRS) has been very effective in reducing the incidence of malaria ... and especially when DDT is used as the primary insecticide. IRS operates in three ways: (1) as a repellant that keep mosquitoes outside the living space; (2) as an irritant that accelerates exit of mosquitoes; and, (3) toxicity that kills mosquitoes. Interior Residual Spraying (IRS)
- 17. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components The best time to eliminate the mosquito vector is BEFORE the mosquito can fly. This can be done with knowledge about the environment and larviciding to kill larva before they become flying mosquitoes. Various approaches to larviciding are possible ... manual, with mechanized support and, in some cases, using aerial application. Larviciding
- 18. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components ● Aerial spraying makes rapid treatment of large and/or inaccessible areas possible. ● Aerial operations are expensive per hour, but LOW COST in terms of work done. ● Ultra Low Volume (ULV) spraying does NO environmental damage. ● Treatment strategy determined by entomological analysis. Aerial Treatment – ULV, Adulticiding, Larviciding
- 19. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Ultra Low Volume (ULV) and aerosol ground fogging is common practice in places where malaria has been controlled. It serves to reduce mosquito populations in areas reached by insecticide sprays and limit malaria transmission. A variety of chemicals are used that are highly toxic to mosquitoes but safe for humans, animals and the environment. By varying the chemicals used build up of resistance is minimized. ULV Ground Fogging – mechanized and manual
- 20. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components The need for malaria treatment is enormous ... over 400 million cases a year in Africa. But most do not get effective treatment. Public funding for programs is small, and most individuals do not have their own resources. Untreated malaria can be fatal. Use effective drugs. Avoid building up drug resistance. Treatment
- 21. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components Insecticide treated bednets (ITN) help reduce malaria transmission. They reduce contact with malaria infected mosquitoes and reduce malaria among people using bednets. But what about protection outside the house? Insecticide Treated Bednets (ITN) Widespread bednet use requires a lot of effort and bednets are expensive relative to local incomes. ITN is a valuable part of a total solution, but only a part. ITN cannot achieve full success on its own.
- 22. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Components The Panama Canal Zone around 1904. Most of temperate Europe ended malaria largely by improved environment that reduced vector. USA eliminated endemic malaria Japan almost totally reduced malaria Italy and lastly Sardinia reduced malaria India had major reduction in malaria prevalence Considerable reduction in Caribbean locations Considerable reduction in Latin America Australia eliminated endemic malaria South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique used regional control and IRS (including use of DDT) to reduce malaria epidemic arising after about 10 years of no DDT use. Examples of success Success in the early part of the 20th Century Immediate post WW2 era to around 1960 (heavy use of DDT) Recent experience in Africa
- 23. Transparency and Accountability Network IMMC Integrated Mosquito and Malaria Control Questions? For more information: Peter Burgess 1 212 772 6918 peterbnyc@gmail.com
- 24. REMINDER This slideset is A WORK-IN-PROGRESS. It will be upgraded periodically. It is part of a series of more than 100 slidesets. Navigation to these is available here: http://www.truevaluemetrics.org/DBadmin/DBtxt001.php?vv1=N1-Slidesets-p3 More about the True Value Metrics initiative is at: http://www.truevaluemetrics.org/DBadmin/DBtxt001.php?vv1=list0100-MainNav FEEDBACK is welcome. Please email to Peter Burgess … peterbnyc@gmail.com … with a catchy phrase in the subject line so that it gets attention, and please identify the specific slideset(s) or webpage involved. TRUE VALUE ACCOUNTING
- 25. THANK YOU Some links and contact information: Email Peter Burgess … peterbnyc@gmail.com Peter Burgess LinkedIn profile https://www.linkedin.com/in/peterburgess1 Link to TrueValueMetrics.org website http://www.truevaluemetrics.org/ Link to navigation to other resources: http://www.truevaluemetrics.org/DBadmin/DBtxt001.php?vv1=list0100-MainNav#1 TRUE VALUE ACCOUNTING
Hinweis der Redaktion
- The purpose of this presentation is to describe the various interventions that comprise a comprehensive, integrated mosquito and malaria control (IMMC) program.
- Tr-Ac-Net (Peter Burgess) has collected a lot of material from peer reviewed papers about the costs of various interventions, but the information is, by good cost accounting standards, rather weak and not at all clear The reference material is listed in a “reference” file. Many of the authors of the papers have been contacted for clarification and guidance ... and an encouraging number of authors have shown interest in the IMMC Consortium initiative.
- Aerial treatment is very cost effective when the operations are used optimally. Work done is fast, and results can be significant. But operations need to be driven by good data, good analysis and good science. Aerial operations can do work in areas that cannot be reached easily on the ground ... marshy areas and informal shantytown areas with limited road access. Very low volumes of insecticide are used ... ultra low volume (ULV) droplets are tiny and kill mosquitoes while they are flying. The residue may never actually reach the ground. Other techniques such as larvaciding are effective when applied precisely where needed ... this requires good data and equipment such as GPS gear to operate with precision.
- This is just an introduction. More information is available in a variety of formats including pdf files, spreadsheet versions and presentation files. Generally speaking this material is available free to members of the Transparency and Accountability Network (Tr-Ac-Net Inc.) a not for profit corporation incorporated in Vermont USA. Contact Tr-Ac-Net ([email_address] or www.tr-ac-net.org) about becoming a member. The major theme of Tr-Ac-Net information is the critical value of management information, the decision making process and accounting and accountability. Another recurrent theme is the importance of value adding activities in socio-economic progress, and the profile of the value chains so that there is reasonable equity between all the legitimate stakeholders.