1. Smart Cities….Smart Future
1
Payam Barnaghi
Institute for Communication Systems (ICS)/
5G Innovation Centre
University of Surrey
Guildford, United Kingdom
The IET Surrey Network, December 2015

2. “A hundred years hence people will be so avid
of every moment of life, life will be so full of
busy delight, that time-saving inventions will
be at a huge premium…”
“…It is not because we shall be hurried in
nerve-shattering anxiety, but because we shall
value at its true worth the refining and restful
influence of leisure, that we shall be impatient
of the minor tasks of every day….”
The March 26, 1906, New Zealand Star :
Source: http://paleofuture.com

3. 3
IBM Mainframe 360, source Wikipedia

4. Apollo 11 Command Module (1965) had
64 kilobytes of memory
operated at 0.043MHz.
An iPhone 5s has a CPU running at speeds
of up to 1.3GHz
and has 512MB to 1GB of memory
Cray-1 (1975) produced 80 million Floating
point operations per second (FLOPS)
10 years later, Cray-2 produced 1.9G FLOPS
An iPhone 5s produces 76.8 GFLOPS – nearly
a thousand times more
Cray-2 used 200-kilowatt power
Source: Nick T., PhoneArena.com, 2014
image source: http://blog.opower.com/

5. Computing Power
5
−Smaller size
−More Powerful
−More memory and more storage
−"Moore's law" over the history of computing, the
number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit
has doubled approximately every two years.

6. Smaller in size but larger in scale
6

7. The Internet:A brief history
7
− 1961: Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on
packet switching theory in July 1961.
− 1962: J.C.R. Licklider of MIT discussed his "Galactic Network"
concept - a globally interconnected set of computers through
which everyone could quickly access data and programs from
any site.
− 1968: an RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of
one of the key components, the packet switches called
Interface Message Processors (IMP's).
− The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by
Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN).
Source: Internet Society

8. The Internet:A brief history
8
− 1970: the Network Working Group (NWG) working under S.
Crocker finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol,
called the Network Control Protocol (NCP).
− 1972: Bob Kahn organized a large, very successful
demonstration of the ARPANET at the International
Computer Communication Conference (ICCC).
− This was the first public demonstration of this new network
technology to the public.
− 1972: the first "hot" application, electronic mail, was
introduced.
Source: Internet Society

9. The old Internet timeline
9Source: Internet Society

10. Submarine cables
10
Image source: mail online

12. Fibre optic cables around the world
A single fibre can
transmit as much as 100
billion bits per second
(100 Gbps, about ten
thousand times faster
than a typical home
broadband connection)
- A cable can contain
hundreds of fibres, a
single cable can have
enough capacity for the
communications of
millions of users.
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

13. Countries at risk of getting disconnected from the
internet
Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

14. Connectivity and information exchange was
(and is ) the main motivation behind the
Internet; but Content and Services are now
the key elements;
and all started growing rapidly by the
introduction of the World Wide Web.
14

15. The World Wide Web
15
Tim Berners-Lee

16. Early days of the web
16

17. Search on the Internet/Web in the early days
17

18. And there came Google!
18
Google says that the web has now 30 trillion
unique individual pages;

19. Source: Intel, 2012

20. Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

21. Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

22. 22
AnyPlace AnyTime
AnyThing
Data Volume
Security, Reliability,
Trust and Privacy
Societal Impacts, Economic Values
and Viability
Services and Applications
Networking and
Communication

23. 23
Sensor devices are becoming widely available
- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

24. 24
More “Things” are being connected
Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public infrastructure
Health-care
…

25. 25
Internet of Things (IoT)
− Extending the current Internet and providing connection,
communication, and inter-networking between devices and
physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is often
referred to as the Internet ofThings.
− “The technologies and solutions that enable integration of
real world data and services into the current information
networking technologies are often described under the
umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”

26. 1G
AMPS, NMT,
TACS
2G
GSM. GPRS,
TDMA IS-136,
CDMA IS-95, PDC
3G
UMTS, CDMA2000,
4G
5G
LTE, LTE-A
People
Things
Voice
Text
Data
5G technologies
and standards
Connection + Control M2M/IoT
Change in the communication
technologies

27. Internet of Things: The story so far
RFID based
solutions
Wireless Sensor and
Actuator networks
, solutions for
communication
technologies, energy
efficiency, routing, …
Smart Devices/
Web-enabled
Apps/Services, initial
products,
vertical applications, early
concepts and demos, …
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
ECG sensor
Physical-Cyber-Social
Systems, Linked-data,
semantics, M2M,
More products, more
heterogeneity,
solutions for control and
monitoring, …
Future: Cloud, Big (IoT) Data
Analytics, Interoperability,
Enhanced Cellular/Wireless Com.
for IoT, Real-world operational
use-cases and Industry and B2B
services/applications,
more Standards…

28. Cities of the future
28
http://www.globalnerdy.com/2007/08/28/home-electronics-of-the-future-as-predicted-28-years-ago/

29. What does makes smart cities “smart”?

30. Smart Citizens (more informed and more in control)
Smart Governance (better services and informed decisions)
Smart Environment
Providing more equality and wider reach
Context-aware and situation-aware services
Cost efficacy and supporting innovation
What does makes smart cities “smart”?

31. 31
Source: BBC News

32. Image sources : The dailymail, http://helenography.net/, http://edwud.com/

33. Smart Cities:
What type of problems we expect to solve?

34. 34Source LAT Times, http://documents.latimes.com/la-2013/
Future cities: A view from 1998

35. 35
Source: http://robertluisrabello.com/denial/traffic-in-la/#gallery[default]/0/
Source: wikipedia
Back to the Future: 2013

36. Applications and potentials
− Analysis of thousands of traffic, pollution, weather, congestion, public
transport, waste and event sensory data to provide better transport and
city management.
− Converting smart meter readings to information that can help prediction
and balance of power consumption in a city.
− Monitoring elderly homes, personal and public healthcare applications.
− Event and incident analysis and prediction using (near) real-time data
collected by citizen and device sensors.
− Turning social media data (e.g.Tweets) related to city issues into event and
sentiment analysis.
− Any many more…
36

37. Some examples
37

38. Live data Visualisation
38

39. 39
Event Visualisation

40. CityPulse demo
40

41. Analysing social streams
41
With

42. An example: Extraction of events and semantics from
social media
42
City Infrastructure
Tweets from a city
P. Anantharam, P. Barnaghi, K. Thirunarayan, A. Sheth, "Extracting city events from social streams,“, 2014.
https://osf.io/b4q2t/

43. Activity 3.4 – Event Detection for Social Media
43
City Infrastructure
Yes it is police @hasselager
… there directing traffic
CRF-
based
NER
Tagging
CRF-
based
NER
Tagging
Multi-
view
Event
Extractio
n
Multi-
view
Event
Extractio
n
Loc. Est. =
“hasselager,
aarhus”
Loc. Est. =
“hasselager,
aarhus”
Temp. Est.
= “2015-2-
19
21:07:17”
Temp. Est.
= “2015-2-
19
21:07:17”
Level = 2Level = 2
Event Type
= Traffic
Event Type
= Traffic
OSM
Loc.
OSM
Loc.
CrimeCrimeTransp.Transp.
City Event Extraction
CNN
POS+NER
Event
term
extraction
CNN
POS+NER
Event
term
extraction
CulturalCultural SocialSocial Enviro.Enviro. SportSport HealthHealth
DataData
Transp.Transp.
Yes <O> it <O> is <O> police <B-CRIME>
@hasselager <B-LOCATION>… <O> there <O>
directing <O> traffic <B-TRAFFIC>
Yes <S-NP/O> it <S-NP/O> is <S-VP/O> police
<S-NP/O> @hasselager <S-LOC> ... <O/O> there
<S-NP/O> directing <S-VP/O> traffic <S-NP/O>

44. 44
http://iot.ee.surrey.ac.uk/citypulse-social/

45. Not so good examples
45

46. Social media analysis (deep learning –
under construction)
46
http://iot.ee.surrey.ac.uk/citypulse-social/

47. Future of the Internet
47
In next 5 years

48. Smart data collection
− Smart data collection
− Intelligent data Processing
(selective attention and
information-extraction)
48
(image source: KRISTEN NICOLE, siliconangle.com)

49. The rise of sharing economy
49Source: the Economist

50. More broadband in remote areas
50

51. More connected wearable devcies
51

52. The rise of village notebook/internet kiosks
52Source: wikipedia, green diary

53. More privacy/control issues
53
Source: wikipedia, the economist

54. Applications and Services
54

55. Future of the Internet
55
In next 25 years

56. Mind will be the machine
56
And all will be connected!

57. The borders blend
57Source: IEEE Internet Computing

58. Information will find you, not you the information
58

59. Boundary between human, technology and devices
59

60. Desire for innovation
60
Driverless Car of the Future (1957)
Image: Courtesy of http://paleofuture.com

61. Let’s hope
−The Internet of the Future will be
−For everyone, everywhere, available at anytime,
−People will have control on their data
−Data will be used for helping people
−Smart applications will contribute to a better life
and to a better use of of our resources in the
world!
61

62. Q&A
− Thank you.
− EU FP7 CityPulse Project:
http://www.ict-citypulse.eu/
@pbarnaghi
p.barnaghi@surrey.ac.uk