Rethinking Parking

Rethinking Parking
Paul Barter
http://www.reinventingparking.org/
http://www.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities

Is parking like toilets?
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
What is parking?
Infrastructure needed on every site

Is parking like the local streets?
What is parking?
Infrastructure serving multiple sites within each local area

Is parking like restaurants?
What is parking?
A real-estate service serving an area
Photo: Matthew Roth

Conventional approach
Worldwide, cities model
parking efforts on the USA’s
conventional suburban
approach:
Parking is on-site
infrastructure
Every site needs enough
parking for its own demand
(Like toilets with buildings)
Source Seth Goodman http://graphingparking.wordpress.com/
2013/02/06/parking-requirements-for-restaurants/
Do high parking norms help?

Conventional approach
efforts in South and
Southeast Asia
http://www.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities
The conventional approach in Asia

Increasing off-street supply is not as
useful as you may think
It is common for off-street
parking to be under-used
even when nearby on-
street parking is chaotic
ESPECIALLY when on-street
parking is chaotic
Shenzhen, China

Dhaka
Indonesia

Daoli district,
Harbin, China
Photos from NelsonNygaard and ITDP’s study

No amount of off-street
parking will magically
attract vehicles if it is easier
and cheaper to park in the
streets
Dhaka

Only on-street management
can solve on-street problems
Efficient pricing increases
perceived capacity of
on-street parking
How?
Mostly NOT by shifts to public
transport!
Primarily by nudging long-
duration parking away from
busiest places
Makati, Metro Manila

On-street
management helps
with off-street supply
too
Improves willingness
to pay for off-street
parking
Seoul, Korea

1. Obstruction
Usual lesson taken?
Remove parking from
streets
More off-street parking
THREE ways parking can cause congestion
Palembang, Indonesia

2. Parking search traffic
FULL on-street parking
causes ‘cruising for
parking’, double parking,
and waiting
Even if the parking itself is
orderly and no obstruction
Seoul, Korea

3. Traffic generation
In dense cities, parking supply efforts
can quickly create more parking than
surrounding road network can cope with
Bangkok

High parking minimums are a
‘fertility drug for cars’
Auckland, New Zealand

High parking minimums are an obstacle to
transit-oriented development

High parking minimums harm housing affordability
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

High parking minimums (and government-
built parking) involve regressive subsidies and
unjust cross-subsidies towards motorists A new, heavily subsidized
parking structure in Delhi
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

High (and rigid) parking norms hasten blight
of old urban districts
Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)

A “map” of reform options
Every site should
have its own
parking
Parking facilities
serve whole
neighbourhoods
Parking is
“infrastructure”
1. conventional
2. parking
management
Parking is a
“real-estate
based service”
3. Responsive
With sub-types distinguished by parking policy goals (especially regarding parking supply)
So what else can we do?

1. Moderate the conventional suburban approach
Same assumptions but a moderated goal: Avoid excessive
wasteful parking supply, not just shortage
For example, King County, Washington, USA:
“Right-sizing” of parking requirements
http://www.rightsizeparking.org/

2. “Parking management”
Parking is still ‘infrastructure’
but now for whole area
Active management (prices,
eligibility, time-limits, sharing, supply, etc.)
Various goals
Management often favours residents
and retailers
Many cities limit parking
supply in city centres

Conventional approach works badly in old areas
Initially tried building public parking facilities
Found they still had no choice but to manage on-
street more vigorously
Prompts the “parking management” MINDSET
Parking is infrastructure (like streets and bus stops)
Mostly planned district by district,
not site by site
Inner cities in the West (especially Europe)

‘Parking management’
Many tools
Various goals
Manages conflict
Tools:
pricing, restricted eligibility, time-limits,
design, sharing, public parking not private,
parking taxes, supply adjustments
Inner cities in the West

City Centre parking supply
restriction
To limit traffic
And for public realm
improvements
See also Seoul in Korea
Nyhavn in Copenhagen – before and after 1980
Source: Kristian Skovbakke Villadsen, May 2012
Inner cities in the West

3. Responsive
Parking is a real-estate based
service (like meeting rooms) serving
each area
Make on-street prices
responsive (occupancy target)
Make off-street supply choices
responsive to context
Involve very local stakeholders
Source: Shoup, D. The High Cost of Free Parking

Responsive: Donald Shoup’s proposals
i. Price on-street parking for 85%
occupancy
ii. Use revenue as desired by local
stakeholders
iii. Abolish minimum parking
requirements

Responsive (de facto) in Japan
Almost no on-street parking
Parking minimums are low
and exempt small buildings
Proof of parking law
In inner areas of Japanese cities, most
parking is commercial and supply and
prices depend primarily on market
conditions in each area

Adaptive Parking
A variation on, and extension of,
Donald Shoup’s proposals
Nudge policies along these five reform
directions to make your parking system
more responsive to local context
Share! (make most parking
shared or open to the public)
Price! (price to prevent queues
and cruising for parking)
Sweeten! (make
stakeholders happy)
Relax! (about supply)
Choice! (improve options
and ensure competition in
parking)
For more information see
www.reinventingparking.org

Adaptive Parking
Share! (make most
parking shared or open
to the public)
Foster ‘park-once districts’
Discourage
this
Australia
Various cities have incentives for parking with buildings to be open to the public
Shared parking, like shared seating
at food courts, is much more efficient

San Francisco has an ambitious
version (SFPark) but many cities do
this to some extent. This is Central
Seattle for example.
Adaptive Parking
Price! (price with the aim of
preventing queues and
cruising for parking)
For example, have an on-street
OCCUPANCY TARGET
If >>85% full THEN ↑ price
If <<85% full THEN ↓ price
Otherwise no change
See http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/parking/paidparking.htm

Adaptive Parking Sweeten! (make
stakeholders happy)
For example, spend local parking
revenue very locally
Parking Benefit Districts are one
possible mechanism
Singapore

Adaptive Parking
Despite high car ownership, Japan has
very low parking requirements and
exempts small buildings
Relax! (about supply)
Many jurisdictions have
abolished parking
requirements, with little
evidence of ill-effects:
For example, England, Berlin,
central parts of San Francisco, New
York, Boston, Portland and Seattle
and city centres in Australia.
http://beta.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities

Adaptive Parking
Parking options
Alternatives to
driving a private car
Counter “my car is
necessary” pleas
Choice! (improve options and
ensure competition in parking)
Tokyo
Ahmedabad
Sydney
Vienna

A “map” of reform options
Every site should
have its own
parking
Parking facilities
serve whole
neighbourhoods
Parking is
“infrastructure”
1. conventional
2. parking
management
Parking is a
“real-estate
based service”
3. Responsive
http://www.reinventingparking.org/

Rethinking Parking

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