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The fundamentals of cryptocurrencies
1.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-1/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! - - ! ! - - - - ! - - - - - - - - - - ! ! ! ! ! CH&Cie- Market-Study- Cryptocurrenc The#fundamentals# - September-9th,-2014- Patrick-BUCQUET,-Chief-Inspiration-Officer- pbucquet@chappuishalder.com!/!+1!347!419!7709! -
2.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-2/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! Contents' What-are-bitcoin,-litecoin,-peercoin,-etc.?-.........................................................................................................-3! What-is-a-cryptocurrency?-................................................................................................................................-3! Basic!definition!.................................................................................................................................................!3! Is!cryptocurrency!a!real!currency?!Or!is!it!a!commodity?!................................................................................!4! Regulations!in!major!countries!.........................................................................................................................!5! How!does!cryptocurrency!work?!......................................................................................................................!6! 4!Key!concepts!in!cryptocurrency!.....................................................................................................................!6! Overview!of!the!major!cryptocurrencies!today!................................................................................................!7! Major-events-and-recent-developments-of-cryptocurrencies-.............................................................................-8! Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cryptocurrencies-today-................................................................................-9! Using!cryptocurrencies!has!many!advantages!over!the!other!existing!alternatives!........................................!9! However!there!are!also!disadvantages!of!using!cryptocurrencies!over!the!other!existing!alternatives!........!10! The-future-of-cryptocurrency-W-opportunities-against-challenges-.....................................................................-11! On-volatility:-Bitcoin-as-an-investment-for-the-public-market!......................................................................!11! Bitcoin!Exchange!Traded!Fund!(ETF)!by!the!Winklevoss!twins!.......................................................................!11! Bitcoin!Investment!Fund!by!SecondMarket!...................................................................................................!11! On-acceptance:-Bitcoin-as-mobile-money-in-transfers-and-payments!.........................................................!11! Focusing!on!P2P!transfers!in!developing!markets!..........................................................................................!12! Bitcoin!wallet!in!Kenya!by!Kipochi!..................................................................................................................!12! Rebit.ph!in!the!Philippines!by!Satoshi!Citadel!Industries!...............................................................................!12! Focusing!on!P2B!payments!.............................................................................................................................!13! On-legality:-Bitcoin-as-a-solution-to-eradicating-web-based-illicit-activities!................................................!13! On-security:-Heightened-security-platform-with-insured-bitcoin-storage-service!........................................!13! On-regulation:-Positive-impacts-beyond-regulatory-barriers!.......................................................................!14! ConclusionW-The-future-of-bitcoin-and-cryptocurrencies-..................................................................................-14! Glossary-.........................................................................................................................................................-14! About-CH&Cie-.................................................................................................................................................-15! -
3.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-3/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! What-are-bitcoin,-litecoin,-peercoin,-etc.?- - -
- - Following!the!initial!launch!in!2009!by!pseudonymous!developer!Satoshi!Nakamoto,!bitcoin! has!been!in!the!media!limelight!for!both!good!and!bad!reasons.!Its!meteoric!global!adoption! has!also!inspired!the!introduction!of!other!alternative!coins!including!litecoin,!peercoin,! namecoin!and!the!list!goes!on!with!over!275!cryptocurrencies!trading!online!to!date.!!So! what!are!these!“coins”?!Industry!associates!and!researches!have!endeavoured!to! collectively!agree!on!the!terminology!to! describe!these!“coins”!as!cryptocurrencies.!! As!the!majority!of!the!cryptocurrencies!are! payment!systems!that!work!peer_to_peer! without!a!central!repository!or!single! administrator,!they!are!therefore!also!known!as! decentralised!digital!currencies.!Technically,! cryptocurrencies!are!digital!currencies!but!not! all!digital!currencies!are!actually! cryptocurrencies.!Other!digital!currencies! include!e_gold!and!Rand!and!they!are!not!to!be!confused!with!cryptocurrencies.!! What-is-a-cryptocurrency?- Basic!definition! ! Cryptocurrency!is!named!as!such!because!of!its!relation!to!cryptography!and!currency.! Cryptography!is!the!study!of!the!methods!of!encrypting!information!to!send!out!a!message! securely!and!privately,!and!currency!is!commonly!referred!to!generally!accepted!money! used!as!a!medium!of!exchange!for!goods!and!services.- Cryptocurrency!is!hence!a!form!of!digital!currency!that!relies!on!distributed!networks!and! shared!transaction!ledgers!to!become!secure,!anonymous!or!pseudonymous,!traceable!and! potentially!stable.!Bitcoin!is!the!first!and!most!popular!cryptocurrency!and!other! cryptocurrencies!are!often!termed!as!alternative!currencies!or!altcurrencies.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Bitcoin,!Litecoin,!Peercoin,!etc.!are!known!as!cryptocurrencies!and digital!currencies!such!as!e_gold,!they!rely!on!distributed!network transaction!ledgers!through!cryptography!to!become!secure,!anon traceable!and!potentially!stable.!
4.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-4/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Is!cryptocurrency!a!real!currency?!Or!is!it!a!commodity?! ! Cryptocurrency,!though!in!name!shares!great!resemblance!with!currency,!is!very!dissimilar!to!a!real!currency.! Most!major!cryptocurrencies,!except!for!peercoin,!have!limited!supply!(e.g.,!Bitcoin!has!a!total!of!21!million! bitcoins),!therefore!prices!will!need!to!vary!according!to!the!shifts!in!demand.!For!fiat!currencies,!this!works!the! other!way!round!whereby!supply!can!be!adjusted!to!maintain!stability!of!the!value!of!the!currencies.!! So!with!limited!supply,!is!cryptocurrency!a!commodity!like!gold!which!is!a!good!store!of!value!and!remains!stable! over!time?!To!understand!how!similar!or!different!cryptocurrency!is!from!real!fiat!currency!and!commodity,! table!1!is!drawn!up!to!compare!Bitcoin!with!USD!and!gold!based!on!their!respective!attributes.!! - - - - Attributes- ------- -
------ -------- -- - Limited!supply! Yes,!21!million,! decentralised! No,!supply!is!adjusted!to! maintain!stability!of!the! value,!centralised! Yes,!a!finite!resource! Ease!of!storage! Yes,!private!keys!are!used! Yes,!physical/e_cash!in! savings!account! Yes,!non_radioactive!and! dense!element! Portability! Yes,!very!minimal! transportation!cost! Yes,!minimal!transportation! cost! No,!high!transportation!costs! Stability!and! predictability! No!(at!present),!“reactive”!! based!on!software!used!and! demand!is!not!predictable! Yes,!it!is!known!as!a!hard! currency! Yes,!least!reactive!solid! element!with!predictability! on!demand! Substitutability!! Yes,!it!can!be!substituted!by! other!cryptocurrencies!such! as!!Litecoin!or!Ripple,! although!they!are!not!yet! serious!threats! No,!widely!accepted! globally! No,!silver!and!platinum,!the! closest!elements,!are!unable! to!substitute!the!value!of! gold! Acceptance! Weak,!but!rising!use!in! payments!and!investment! High,!widely!accepted! globally! High,!industrial,!medical!and! technological!uses! Table!1:!Comparison!of!bitcoin,!USD!and!gold! As!illustrated!in!table!1,!Bitcoin!shares!greater!similarities!with!gold!than!USD!but!because!of!its!unstable!value! and!limited!alternative!uses,!its!status!as!a!commodity!still!remains!debatable.! As!Bitcoin!and!altcurrencies!are!generally!still!in!their!early!stages!of!development,!the!status!of!Bitcoin!as!a! currency!or!a!commodity!is!therefore!highly!subject!to!the!regulator’s!definition.!For!example,!Germany!has! defined!them!as!“private!money!and!a!financial!instrument”!and!on!the!other!hand,!the!People's!Bank!of!China! has!stated!that!bitcoin!"is!fundamentally!not!a!currency".!As!the!definition!of!bitcoin!is!not!yet!universal,! cryptocurrencies!are!still!largely!distinguished!from!real!currency!in!the!media.!!
5.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-5/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Regulations!in!major!countries! With!varied!accepted!definition!of!what!a!cryptocurrency!is!across!regions!and!countries,!the!regulatory!and! legal!status!of!bitcoin!is!also!different,!with!the!majority!having!legalised!the!usage,!and!a!few!restricting!the! usage!and!implementing!partial!or!full!prohibition!of!bitcoin.!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! To!highlight,!besides!Iceland,!which!has!prohibited!engagement!in!foreign!exchange!trading!with!electronic! currency,!and!Bolivia,!which!has!explicitly!banned!the!bitcoin!for!fear!of!permitting!enterprises!to!evade!taxes,! China!(excluding!Hong!Kong),!Taiwan,!India!and!Indonesia!have!also!implemented!restricted!measures!to! prevent!money!laundering!and!limit!speculation!of!bitcoins.!On!the!other!hand,!the!other!major!countries!have! developed!warm!attitudes!towards!the!use!of!bitcoin!by!legalising!the!usage!of!bitcoin,!though!with!increasing! number!of!propositions!to!tighten!regulations.!For!instance,!in!August!2014,!New!York!State’s!Department!of! Financial!Services!has!recently!proposed!regulatory!framework!for!virtual!currency,!which!may!require!any! businesses!in!New!York!that!store!or!exchange!virtual!currencies!to!first!obtain!a!license!from!the!state.!Also,! licensed!virtual!currency!firms!may!need!to!hold!the!same!amount!of!virtual!currency!they!owe!to!customers! without!selling!or!loaning!it!out,!which!is!somewhat!similar!to!the!liquidity!principles!behind!the!Third!Basel! Accord!(Basel!III).!In!Australia,!the!tax!legislation!has!taken!steps!to!consider!bitcoin!as!legal!tender.! ! Full/!partial!prohibition! Legalised!usage!Restricted!legal!usage! Figure!1:!Legal!status!of!bitcoin!by!country! Source:!"Legal!status!of!bitcoin"!by!Habarithor!_!Own!work!
6.
! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-6/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! How!does!cryptocurrency!work?! Cryptocurrency!involves!a!solution!to!what!is!known!as!the!doubleWspending-problem.!Any!payment!that!is!not! cash!handed!over!in!person,!such!as!entries!in!a!bank!account,!may!be!duplicated,!allowing!people!to!spend!the! same!money!twice.!A!trusted!third!party,!such!as!a!payment!system!run!by!Visa,!MasterCard!or!a!Bank’s! payment!system!confirms!identities!and!ownership!preventing!double_spending.! The!problem!is!solved!by!creating!a!public!ledger!that!establishes!ownership!by!anonymously!recording!who! owns!what!bitcoins.!A!volunteer!network!of!computers!validates!every!single!transaction!on!the!network!by! performing!computations!that!prove!they!have!done!the!work,!and!receive!new!bitcoins!in!return,!eliminating! the!need!for!a!third!party.! ! ! ! ! 4!Key!concepts!in!cryptocurrency! ! Address- • It!works!like!a!wallet! • It!is!a!string!of!lejers!and!numbers,!such!as!1HULMwZEPkjEPeCh43B! • Each!address!tracks!its!own!balance!of!Bitcoins! • Users!can!have!as!many!addresses!as!they!want!to!stay!anonymous! PeerWtoWPeer-(P2P)- • A!group!of!computers!is!connected!to!enable!the!sharing!of!resources!and!informalon! by!users! • No!central!localon!for!the!network! • Bitcoin!uses!a!P2P!network!to!connect!users!for!transaclng!and!“Mining”! Blockchain- • It!works!like!a!ledger!and!is!shared!by!everyone! • All!Bitcoin!transaclons,!without!exceplon,!are!recorded!here! • Once!it!is!recorded,!it!cannot!be!reversed!(to!prevent!the!double_spending!problem)! • Everyone!will!have!the!same!blockchain! Mining/Miners- • Bitcoin!miners!use!powerful!computers!to!track!and!compile!pending!Bitcoin! transaclons!(i.e.!create!the!Blockchain)! • Miners!need!to!communicate!the!verified!transaclons!to!the!enlre!Bitcoin!P2P! network!! • They!earn!bitcoin!through!"Mining”! ! Bitcoin!is!a!“payment!rail,”!like!Visa,!Western!Union!or!the!bank_debiting!system__! unlike!those!systems,!bitcoin!is!also!the!currency.! ! Bitcoin!is!“a!bearer!instrument”!in!that!there!is!no!need!to!know!if!a!user!has!the! money!__!it!exists!by!virtue!of!the!instrument.!!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-7/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Overview!of!the!major!cryptocurrencies!today! Even!with!the!introduction!of!a!plethora!of! cryptocurrencies!of!late,!Bitcoin,!with!its!first!mover! advantage,!remains!bested!by!virtually!no!others! with!the!highest!market!capitalization!of!US$8,099! million,!followed!by!Litecoin,!which!was!launched!in! 2011,!with!US$257!million.!! Table!3!below!illustrates!the!differences!and! similarities!of!the!various!major!cryptocurrencies.! Notably,!Litecoin!and!Peercoin!are!technically!nearly! identical!to!Bitcoin,!but!Litecoin!has!a!higher! maximum!number!of!coins!and!reduced!block! generation!time,!while!Peercoin!does!not!have!an! enforced!limit!on!the!number!of!possible!coins.!! Ripple!functions!not!only!as!a!payment!system!like!the!others,!it!also!performs!as!a!currency!exchange!and! remittance!network!for!other!fiat!currencies!and!cryptocurrencies.!Lastly,!Darkcoin!is!the!only!closed!source! cryptocurrency!that!uses!its!proprietary!DarkSend!to!add!privacy!to!transactions!to!allow!for!100%!anonymity.! Cryptocurrency,- year-launched- Function(s)- Unit-of- currency- Hashing- Algorithm- Coins- released- (mn)- Open/Closed- source,-Type-of- ledger- Transaction-time- Bitcoin,!2009! ! ! Payment! system! ! bitcoin! (BTC)! SHA_256!
~13.20!of!21! ! ! Open,!Public! ! 10!mins/! blockchain! Litecoin,!2011! litecoin! (LTC)! SCRYPT! ! ~31.55!of!84! 2.5!mins/! blockchain! Peercoin,!2012! peercoin! (PPC)! SHA_256! ! ~21.67!of!∞! 10!mins/! blockchain! Ripple,!2013! Payment! system,! currency! exchange!&! remittance! network! ripple! (XRP)! ECDSA! ! 100,000!of! 100,000! Open,!Public! consensus! 2!to!5! secs/consensus! ledger! Darkcoin,!2014! Payment! system! darkcoin! (DRK)! X11! ~4.60!of!22! Closed_DarkSend,! Public! NA! Table!3:!Overview!of!the!major!cryptocurrencies!as!of!29 th !August!2014! ! ! ! ! Figure!2:!Comparison!of!major!cryptocurrencies!based!on!launch! year!and!market!cap!as!of!21 st !July!2014,!Statista!Chart! 8099! 257! 30! 42! 31! 0! 2000! 4000! 6000! 8000! 10000! Bitcoin,! 2009! Litecoin,! 2011! Peercoin,! 2012! Ripple,! 2013! Darkcoin,! 2014! Market!Cap!(US$!mn)! Bitcoin!with!the!uppercase!“B”!is!the!underlying!peer_to_peer!network!supporting!the! unit!of!that!network,!bitcoin,!with!the!lowercase!“b”.!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-8/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Major'events'and'recent'developments'of'cryptocurrencies' The!development!of!cryptocurrencies!has!been!incredibly!fast!since!its!launch!in!2009!as!highlighted!below.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! •Introduction!of!Bitcoin! system!that!launches!with! 21!million!bitcoins,!to!end! in!2040.! •First!Bitcoin!transaction!by! a!Floridan!man!who!sent! 10,000!bitcoins!for!a!pizza! to!a!volunteer!in!the!U.K.! •184!billion!bitcoins!were! generated!due!to!a!system! loophole.! •Inter_government! Financial!Action!Task! Force!warned!against!the! use!of!digital!currency!for! illegal!means.! Launch'of'Bitcoin 2009/10 •Namecoin!was!created,! followed!by!Litecoin!and!then! Peercoin.! •Bitcoin!Foundation!was! established.! •Wikileaks!and!WordPress! began!to!accept!bitcoins.! •BitPay!reported!having!over! 1,000!merchants!accepting! bitcoin.!The!Bitcoin!debit!card! was!announced.! •First!Bitcoin!bank!opened.! •Bitcoin!bubble!witnessed!the! fluctuation!in!bitcoin!prices,! $30!to!$10!then!to!$3.!! •Mt.!Gox!had!bitcoins!stolen,! Bitomat!lost!over!17,000! bitcoins,!and!Bitfloor!exchange! was!hacked!with!24,000! bitcoins!stolen.! •Bitcoins!were!accepted!for! drugs!on!Silk!Road.!! Altcurrencies,,and,ups, and$downs$of$bitcoin 2011/12 •Numerous!alternative! currencies!(altcurrencies)!such! as!Ripple,!Dogecoin,! Mastercoin!etc.!were! introduced.! •Wider!acceptance!points!for! bitcoins:!Pizza!Hut,!Domino’s,! OkCupid,!Foodler,!The! University!of!Nicosia,!Zynga,! overstock.com,!The!D!Las!Vegas! Casino!Hotel!and!Golden!Gate! Hotel!&!Casino!and!in!real! estate!for!properties.! •Venture!capital!investment!in! Bitcoin!startups!reached!$3! million.!! •Kenya!introduced!M_Pesa! linked!Bitcoin!wallet.! •World's!first!Bitcoin!ATM!was! launched!in!Vancouver,!BC,! Canada.! Opportunities •US!announced!regulatory! position!on!cryptocurrencies.! •System!vulnerability!was!in! question!when!two! incompatible!Bitcoin!softwares! clashed,!causing!its!price!to!dip! by!23%.!Insufficient!capacity! resulted!in!great!fluctuations!in! prices!($266!to!$76!then!$160).! •FBI!seized!approximately! 26,000!bitcoins!from!website! Silk!Road.!China!banned! financial!companies!from! bitcoin!transactions.! Challenges 2013 •More!altcurrencies!such!as! Auroracoin,!Vertcoin!and!etc.! were!introduced.! •Price!of!bitcoin!spiked!to! $1000!at!its!highest.! Collapse!of!Mt!Gox,!the! largest!bitcoin!exchange,! after!losing!around!850,000! bitcoins.! •Rise!of!startups!(e.g.!BitGo)! and!associations!focusing!on! providing!security!solutions! to!cryptocurrencies!wallet.! •VC!Tim!Draper!bought!$18m! of!bitcoins!auctioned!by!the! US!government!following!the! shutdown!of!the!Silk!Road! marketplace.! Status&of& cryptocurrencies 2014
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-9/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cryptocurrencies-today- Using!cryptocurrencies!has!many!advantages!over!the!other!existing!alternatives! Faster! 10-minutes-vs.-a-few-days- Transactions!between!two!individuals!using!different!Mobile!Network!Operators!or!banking! services!can!happen!instantaneously!if!they!are!“zero_confirmation”!transactions,!or!in!10! minutes!if!a!merchant!requires!the!transaction!to!be!confirmed!by!the!block!chain.!This!is! significantly!shorter!as!compared!to!inter_bank!transfers!that!could!take!up!to!a!few!days!to!be! completed.! - Cheaper! 1%-or-free-vs.-3%-or-more- While!credit/debit!cards!can!also!be!fast_paying!tools,!the!charges!are!typically!3%!compared!to! decentralised!cryptocurrencies!which!have!minimal!charges!of!about!1%!or!in!some!cases,!free.!! - Greater- privacy- protection- ! No-more-sacrifices-of-personal-particulars-for-purchases- Unlike!credit/debit!cards,!users!need!not!disclose!important!details!to!initiate!a!transaction.! When!sending!cryptocurrencies,!the!transaction!can!be!completed!by!combining!the!public!and! private!keys!together.!The!public!key!can!be!assessed!by!anyone!and!the!private!key!is!personal,! and!cannot!be!stolen,!unlike!credit/debit!card!details.! ! More- secure- ! Less-susceptible-to-credit-card-fraud-for-buyers- Since!Bitcoin!is!a!digital!bearer!instrument,!the!recipient!of!a!payment!does!not!get!any! information!from!the!sender!that!can!be!used!to!steal!money!from!the!sender!in!the!future,! either!by!that!merchant!or!by!a!criminal!who!steals!that!information!from!the!merchant.!Much! like!email,!which!is!traceable,!Bitcoin!is!pseudonymous,!not!anonymous.!Furthermore,!every! transaction!in!the!Bitcoin!network!is!tracked!and!logged!forever!in!the!Bitcoin!block!chain,!or! permanent!record,!available!for!all!to!see.!As!a!result,!Bitcoin!is!considerably!easier!for!law! enforcement!to!trace!than!cash,!gold!or!diamonds.! - Less-susceptible-to-chargeback-fraud-for-merchants- As!transactions!are!not!reversible,!it!reduces!the!risk!of!chargeback!fraud.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! ! Cryptocurrencies!can!be!faster,!cheaper,!more!private!and!more!secure!than!other! common!alternatives!in!payments!services.!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-10/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! However!there!are!also!disadvantages!of!using!cryptocurrencies!over!the!other!existing!alternatives! Volatility! Unstable-value-makes-it-less-practical-as-money- High!volatility!and!unpredictability!on!price!movements!due!to!external!factors!including! vulnerabilities!in!the!security!platform!render!it!less!useful!as!a!medium!of!exchange.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! Source:!CitiFX,!Blockchain.com,!Bloomberg,!BitMex! ! Acceptance- ! Demand-for-daily-use-is-still-relatively-weak- Limited!acceptance!points!and!awareness!across!the!globe!make!real!currencies!much!better! alternatives!due!to!their!wider!acceptance!of!use!and!demand.! ! Legal-issues- ! Use-of-cryptocurrencies-for-illegal-means! The!pseudonymous!nature!creates!unintended!protection!for!illicit!and!illegal!activities.! - Security- issues! - Users-have-to-face-risks-with-merchants-and-cyberWattacks- As!transactions!are!not!reversible,!buyers!have!to!put!their!complete!trust!with!the!merchant,! who!in!this!case!is!the!protected!party!in!the!transaction.!Given!its!digital!nature,! cryptocurrencies!are!also!subject!to!cyber_attacks!–!several!exchanges!including!Mt!Gox,! TradeHill!Bitcoin!and!Bitcoinica!exchange!have!faced!similar!challenges,!leading!to!their! downfall.!! - Regulations- ! Legal-restrictions-hinder-growth-and-increasing-regulations-may-increase-cost-of-use- Cryptocurrencies!have!restricted!use!in!countries!including!China,!Japan,!India,!Indonesia,!etc.! Increasing!regulations!will!also!likely!increase!cost!of!use!in!the!future.! ! ! ! ! ! ! -
- 0%! 20%! 40%! 60%! 80%! 100%! Gold!spot! NASDAQ! Composite! BRL/JPY! Bitcoin! Market!Price! Realised!volallity!over!250!days!from!! Aug!13!to!April!14! However,!the!great!volatility,!limited!acceptance,!and!legal,!security!and!regulatory! issues!might!impede!the!usage!of!cryptocurrencies!in!daily!lives.!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-11/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! The-future-of-cryptocurrency-W-opportunities-against-challenges-- The!cryptocurrency!landscape!is!experiencing!a!transformation!as!its!challenges!evolve!in!time!with!its!rapid! development.!Most!recently,!the!challenges!of!Bitcoin!on!volatility,!acceptance,!and!security,!legal!and! regulatory!issues!have!given!rise!to!new!opportunities.!! On-volatility:-Bitcoin-as-an-investment-for-the-public-market- The!volatile!nature!of!bitcoin!can!now!be!partially!resolved!with!the!soon_to_be!introduced!bitcoin!exchange! traded!fund!and!public!bitcoin!investment!fund!which!may!potentially!escalate!the!circulation!of!bitcoin!in!the! global!markets,!enhancing!its!stability.!! Bitcoin!Exchange!Traded!Fund!(ETF)!by!the! Winklevoss!twins! Bitcoin!Investment!Fund!by!SecondMarket! A!bitcoin!ETF!would!allow!investors!to!participate!in! the!daily!price!movement!of!an!index!called!the! Winkdex,!named!after!the!Winklevoss!twins!who! initiated!the!formation!of!ETF.!!According!to!the!SEC! filing,!the!ETF!is!"designed!for!investors!seeking!a! cost_effective!and!convenient!means!to!gain! exposure!to!bitcoins!with!minimal!credit!risk."! ! The!Winklevoss!Bitcoin!Trust!is!designed!to!hold! bitcoins!and!issue!baskets!of!shares!in!exchange!for! deposits!and!vice!versa.!!The!bitcoins!held!by!the! trust!will!be!stored!in!a!digital!wallet!and!the! custodian!will!be!responsible!for!the!safekeeping!of! these!assets.!! Source:!Nasdaq! With!impending!competition!from!ETF,!SecondMarket! is!planning!to!open!up!its!private!bitcoin!investment! fund!to!ordinary!investors!by!the!fourth!quarter!of! 2014.! ! SecondMarket!launched!its!Bitcoin!Investment!Trust! (BIT)!last!September,!but!it!was!reserved!for!private! investors!with!$1m!in!assets!and!incomes!above! $200,000.! ! The!trust!buys!and!sells!bitcoins!and!allows!investors! to!place!bets!on!the!value!of!bitcoin!without!owning! any!coins!directly.!The!company!currently!has!$54m!in! assets!under!management.!! Source:!Coindesk! - On-acceptance:-Bitcoin-as-mobile-money-in-transfers-and-payments- With!prevailing!transaction!costs!ranging!from!2.5%!for!retail!and!e_commerce!to!9%!for!remittance!services,! bitcoin,!which!on!average!incurs!a!standardised!transaction!fee!of!1%!on!most!service!platforms,!it!appears!that! by!leveraging!the!advantages!of!bitcoin!in!transaction!savings,!a!clearer!solution!for!the!issue!on!acceptance!and! security!has!emerged.!This!upward!trend!is!evidently!shown!in!the!recent!news!on!the!auction!of!bitcoins,! introduction!of!bitcoin!wallets!in!emerging!markets!for!the!underbanked,!and!the!increasing!number!of! merchants!accepting!bitcoins.! ! ! !
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-12/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Focusing!on!P2P!transfers!in!developing!markets! In!July!2014,!Vaurum,!a!California_based!startup!that!enables!companies!including!banks!and!brokerages!to! trade!and!store!bitcoins!on!behalf!of!customers,!successfully!bid!for!30,000!bitcoins,!which!was!part!of!a!larger! pool!of!virtual!currency!seized!from!the!Silk!Road!website!at!a!U.S.!government!auction.!These!30,000!bitcoins! will!serve!as!a!source!of!liquidity!for!the!startup!in!providing!access!to!bitcoins!in!developing!economies.!! The!idea!of!using!bitcoins!as!mobile!money!in!developing!economies!is!not!entirely!new.!There!have!been! instances!in!several!states!including!the!pioneer!in!mobile!money,!Kenya!and!the!Philippines,!the!second!largest! recipient!for!remittances!in!Asia,!with!a!total!of!US$23!billion!transferred!in!2013.! Bitcoin!wallet!in!Kenya!by!Kipochi! Rebit.ph!in!the!Philippines!by!Satoshi!Citadel! Industries! Kipochi!Ltd!has!launched!a!groundbreaking!solution! in!July!2013!that!allows!people!to!send/receive! Bitcoin!and!convert!it!to!and!from!an!M_Pesa! balance.! ! This!enables!Kenyans!to!receive!money!transfers! from!the!diaspora!in!an!easier,!faster!and!cheaper! way,!compared!to!using!banks!and!money! transferring!services!such!as!Western!Union!and! MoneyGram.! Source:!Kipochi! Rebit.ph!was!launched!in!July!2014!as!an!easier,!faster! and!cheaper!alternative!for!the!12!million!Filipinos! working!abroad!to!remit!their!money!back!home.! ! As!compared!to!the!other!existing!remittance!services! that!charge!10%!or!more!in!fees!and!exchange!rates!if! the!sent!amount!is!less!than!$125!USD,!Rebit.ph! allows!users!to!send!small!amounts!of!money,!even! $50!or!$25,!at!much!more!reasonable!fees.! Source:!Reddit! ! ! ! Table!5:!Comparison!between!bitcoin!and!e_money! Source:!CGAP!&!SwitchYard!Media! - - - - - - ! ! Accessibility-
Largely!limited!to!internet!connection! Access!to!electronic!devices!such!as! mobile!phones,!and!an!agent!network! Value- Determined!by!supply!and!demand,!and! credibility!of!the!system! Determined!by!the!amount!of!fiat! currency!exchanged!into!electronic!form! Customer-ID- Anonymous! Financial!Action!Task!Force!standards! apply!for!customer!identifications! Production- Mathematically!generated!(mined)!by! peer!network! Digitally!issued!against!receipt!of!equal! value!of!fiat!currency!of!central!authority! Issuer- Community!of!developers,!called!“miners”! Legally!established!e_money!issuer! Regulator- None,!though!an!increasing!number!of! regulators!have!stepped!in! Regulated!by!central!authority,!typically!a! central!bank! Differences-between-bitcoin-and-eWmoney- The!comparison!chart!below!illustrates!the!fundamental!differences!and!it!is!evident! that!there!are!still!gaps!that!bitcoin!has!to!close!before!becoming!a!true!alternative! to!e_money.!-
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-13/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! Focusing!on!P2B!payments! The!rising!popularity!of!bitcoin!as!the!medium!of!exchange!for!goods!and!services!between!end!users!and! merchants!is!illustrated!with!the!tremendous!increase!in!acceptance!of!use!with!Coinbase,!a!US_based!Bitcoin! exchange!established!in!mid_2012!which!has!been!noted!for!its!user_friendly!interface.!As!highlighted!in!figures!3! and!4!below,!the!number!of!Coinbase!wallet!users!tripled!and!the!number!of!merchants!partnered!with! Coinbase!increased!more!than!six!fold!within!5!months.!! ! Figure!3:!Number!of!Coinbase!wallet!users!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Figure!4:!Number!of!merchants!partnered!with!Coinbase! Source:!Coinbase!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Source:!Coinbase! On-legality:-Bitcoin-as-a-solution-to-eradicating-web-based-illicit-activities- There!have!been!rising!concerns!on!how!bitcoin!can!provide!unintended!protection!for!illicit!activities!given!that! it!can!be!used!to!make!private!and!irreversible!payments.!However,!these!features!already!exist!with!cash!and! wire!transfer,!which!are!widely!used!and!well_established.!The!use!of!Bitcoin!will!undoubtedly!be!subjected!to! similar!regulations!that!are!already!in!place!inside!existing!financial!systems.!With!the!recent!seizure!and!auction! of!bitcoins!from!Silk!Road,!the!online!illicit!drug!marketplace,!it!has!affirmed!the!fact!that!the!Bitcoin!is!not-likely- to-prevent-criminal-investigations!from!being!conducted.!! Contrary!to!common!belief,!Bitcoin!is!designed!to!make!money!more!secure!and!act!as!a!significant!protection! against!many!forms!of!financial!crime.!The!following!are!some!points!worth!noting:! • Bitcoin!is!impossible!to!counterfeit.! • Users!are!in!full!control!of!their!payments!and!cannot!receive!unapproved!charges!such!as!with!credit! card!fraud.!! •
Bitcoin!transactions!are!irreversible!and!immune!to!fraudulent!chargebacks.! • Bitcoin!allows!money!to!be!secured!against!theft!and!loss!through!tried!and!tested!mechanisms!such!as! backups,!encryption,!and!multiple!signatures.! On-security:-Heightened-security-platform-with-insured-bitcoin-storage-service- Protecting!financial!health!with!insurance!has!long!been!a!common!practice.!With!the!increasing!use!of!bitcoin! as!a!digital!currency,!insurance!has!now!come!into!play!with!Elliptic!Vault,!the!world’s!first!insured!bitcoin! storage!service,!launched!in!the!UK!by!Elliptic.!Elliptic!Vault!offers!protection!against!the!loss!or!theft!of!Bitcoin! holdings,!with!insurance!underwritten!by!Lloyd’s!of!London.!Thus,!an!individual!who!stores!bitcoins!with!Elliptic! Vault!will!have!his/her!bitcoins!protected!with!strong!encryption!and!secure!physical!locations!known!as!the! “deep!cold!storage”!and!in!the!event!of!loss,!the!liability!to!the!individual!will!be!the!market!value!of!bitcoins,! capped!by!the!liability!limit!determined!by!the!individual,!with!a!cost!of!2%!bitcoin!of!that!limit!per!annum.!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-14/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! On-regulation:-Positive-impacts-beyond-regulatory-barriers- The!increasing!efforts!by!regulators!to!set!rules!and!guidelines!on!the!adoption!of!cryptocurrencies!may!raise! concerns!among!the!general!public!regarding!its!usability,!security!and!reliability:!why!would!the!authorities! impose!rules!on!something!unless!it!is!susceptible!to!abuse?!For!existing!users!of!cryptocurrencies,!regulations! may!be!seen!as!unwelcome!events!that!set!boundaries!to!what!they!can!or!are!currently!doing!with!their! currencies,!and!may!hurt!their!pockets!as!a!result.!! However,!we!believe!that!the!positive!spillover!effect!of!these!regulations!will!be!significantly!higher!than!its! perceived!negative!impacts.!This!is!mainly!due!to!the!fact!that!formal!regulations!and!guidelines!provide!a!well_ defined!playing!field!for!the!users!of!cryptocurrencies.!With!clear!guidelines!and!“guarantees”!on!its!usage,!the! level!of!confidence!that!one!have!on!cryptocurrencies!may!increase,!and!both!consumers!as!well!as!merchants! may!find!themselves!more!comfortable!to!accept!cryptocurrencies!as!a!medium!for!payment,!thus!encouraging! its!adoption.! Since!2008,!the!financial!services!sector!has!experienced!significant!reforms!through!regulations!such!as!the! Dodd_Frank!and!Basel!III,!which!inevitably!increased!their!cost!of!adherence!to!the!new!regulations!while!also! shedding!of!once_profitable!business!lines.!However,!the!industry!is!not!devoid!of!opportunities.!Improved! visibility!on!guidelines!and!regulations!will!allow!financial!institutions!such!as!banks!and!insurance!companies!to! strategise!appropriate!business!and!marketing!opportunities!for!cryptocurrencies!efficiently!and!in!the!process! avoid!venturing!into!the!grey!areas!of!the!law.!In!addition,!the!communication!should!ideally!be!two_way,!i.e.,! banks!should!also!propose!to!their!regulators!how!cryptocurrencies!might!be!adopted.!For!example,!a!bank! could!explore!with!its!regulator!the!possibility!of!using!cryptocurrencies!as!assets!to!be!accounted!for!in!their! capital!or!reserve!requirements.! We!propose!that!heightened!regulations!on!cryptocurrencies!should!not!be!viewed!by!financial!institutions!as! deterrence!to!its!adoption;!on!the!contrary,!these!present!valuable!opportunities!for!them!to!open!new!revenue! streams!amidst!a!highly!competitive!economy.!! ConclusionW-The-future-of-bitcoin-and-cryptocurrencies- Lastly,!while!it!is!still!too!early!to!determine!if!bitcoin!will!be!an!eventual!success,!it!is!beyond!doubt!that!with! the!promising!P2P!ledger!networks!and!the!potential!in!greater!acceptance!level,!its!value!added!to!the!existing! banking,!finance!and!payments!infrastructure!cannot!be!undermined.!! If!the!issue!on!value!volatility,!resulting!from!the!enforced!limit!on!the!maximum!number,!can!potentially!be!a! challenge!for!bitcoin!to!gain!widespread!adoption,!altcurrencies!such!as!Litecoin!and!Peercoin!might!actually! grow!in!importance!and!attain!a!breakthrough!in!the!cryptocurrencies!landscape.!With!more!and!more! innovations!and!players!paving!the!way,!this!new!technology!is!no!doubt!a!major!event!that!is!shaking!up!the! world!of!payments!and!might!ultimately!become!a!major!competitor!to!traditional!banking!networks.!Because!of! its!fast!and!widespread!acceptance,!security!issues!and!association!with!illicit!activity!have!recently!been!more! visible,!which!will!most!probably!lead!to!even!more!innovations!and!greater!intervention!of!regulators!around! the!world.! ! Glossary- Cryptocurrency- Cryptocurrency!is!a!form!of!digital!currency!that!relies!on!distributed!networks!and!
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! ! Cryptocurrencies- All#about#cryptocurrencies# September-2014-–-page-15/15- ! - ---www.chappuishalder.com---------------------------------------Chappuis-Halder-&-Cie-------------------------------------pbucquet@chappuishalder.com----- ------ - ! shared!transaction!ledgers!to!become!secure,!anonymous!or!pseudonymous,!traceable! and!potentially!stable.! Bitcoin-and-bitcoin- Bitcoin!with!the!uppercase!“B”!is!the!underlying!peer_to_peer!network!supporting!the! unit!of!that!network,!bitcoin,!with!the!lowercase!“b”.! Altcurrencies- Alternative!currencies;!a!general!term!for!cryptocurrencies!other!than!bitcoin.! Chargeback-fraud-
Chargeback!fraud!occurs!when!a!consumer!makes!an!online!shopping!purchase!with! their!own!credit!card,!and!then!intentionally!requests!a!chargeback!from!the!issuing! bank!after!receiving!the!purchased!goods!or!services.! ! About-CH&Cie- - ! ! ! - - ! Chappuis-Halder-&-Co!is!a!consulting!company!dedicated!to!financial!services!offering!local!business! solutions!advisory!for!its!clients.!We!rapidly!expanded!our!client!scope!both!geographically!and! sector!wise.!Our!firm!covers!3!types!of!clients:!Corporate!&!Investment!Banking,!Retail!&!Private! Banking!and!Insurance!and!is!organised!around!3!business!lines:!CH!Management,!CH!Solutions!and! CH!Analytics.! ! Our!consultants!deliver!strategic-and-operational-assignments-for-international-clients-in!North! America!(Montreal!and!New!York),!Europe!(Paris,!London!and!Geneva)!and!Asia!(Hong!Kong,! Singapore!and!Shenzhen).! ! Internationally,!we!work!for!Private!Banking,!Retail!Banking!and!CIB.!Our!assignments!are!mainly! focused!on:! • Business!consulting!(strategy,!benchmark,!revenue!oriented)! • Risk!&!Regulation!(SOX!LIGHT,!Basel!II)! • Operational!efficiency!(FX,!Management!Reporting,!cost!oriented)! !
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