NSG 508: Group Activity

1. Bandura’s
Self-Efficacy
Theory
◦ Paris George
◦ Sandra Osborne
◦ Franchesca Stone
◦ Patricia Bezi
Albert Bandura. (Photo). Retrieved
fromhttps://knowpeople.net

2. Question 1: What are the origins of the nursing
model/theory?
◦ Albert Bandura (1925-present) is a Canadian-American
psychologist who proposed the social learning theory (SLT)
in the 1960s which morphed into social cognitive theory
(SCT) incorporating the key concept of self-efficacy
theory (SET) in 1986. The premise of SCT is that
environment and cognitive factors influence behavior
(Ghazi et al., 2018).
◦ Figure 1: Bandura's SCT (Willems, 2013)

3. ◦ Bandura asserted that SET is influenced
by four factors: enactive mastery
(performance accomplishment),
vicarious experiences (modeling), verbal
encouragement (encouraging the
learner) and physiological
arousal/affective (emotional arousal).
◦ Figure 2: Self-efficacy. (Researchgate)

4. Question 5:
Can the theory
be used to
guide research
practice
and/or
education?
◦ SCT has uses in patient health
education and behaviors through its
synthesis of cognitive, emotional and
behavioral concepts (Barnanowski et
al,. 2002) ( as cited in Ghazi et al,.
2018).
◦ SET has been utilized in explaining and
predicting several behavior
performances (Jenkins et al,. 2006).
◦ SET has been applied to behaviors such
as: smoking cessation, alcohol
use, eating, pain control and exercise
(Carey & Forsyth, 2009).

5. Example 1
◦ In the utilization of genitourinary teaching associates (GUTAs) to
teach NP students using SET framework, statistical analysis by
researchers indicated significant confidence level upon the use of
GUTAs in accordance with SET. The NP students comfort levels
increased contributing to their competence in assessing real patients
(Jenkins et al., 2006).

6. Example 2
◦ Resnick (2002b) (as cited in Ghazi et al,. 2018) stated that during
the rehabilitation process the variables of personal, environment
and behavior interact with varying influence thus explaining the
reason why physical disability recovery rates and timelines vary
among patients.
◦ Research study conducted with musculoskeletal rehabilitation
patients using SET
framework reported significant improvement (ghazi et al., 2018).

7. References
1. Carey, M. P., & Forsyth, A. D. (2009). Teaching tip sheet: Self-Efficacy. American
Psychological Association.
2. Ghazi, C., Nyland, J., Whaley, R., Rogers, T., Wera, J., & Henzman, C. (2018).
Social cognitive or learning theory use to improve self-efficacy in musculoskeletal
rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy Theory and
Practice, 34(7).
3. Jenkins, L. S., Shaionek, K., Budd, N., Waltz, C. F., & Griffith, K. A. (2006). Use of
genitourinary teaching associates (GUTAs) to teach nurse practitioner students: Is
self-efficacy theory a useful framework? Journal of Nursing Education, 45(1).

8. 2. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CONTENT AND CONCEPTS OF THEORY?
◦ A theory is defined as one or more relatively concrete and specific concepts that are derived from a
conceptual model, the propositions that narrowly describe those concepts, and the propositions that state
relatively concrete and specific relationships between two or more of the concepts (Fawcett & Madeya,
2013).
◦ •A more abstract and broader type of theory is referred to as a grand theory (Fawcett & Madeya, 2013).
◦ •A more concrete and narrower type of theory is referred to as a middle age theory (Fawcett & Madeya,
2013).
◦ Grand theories are broad in scope. They are made up of concepts and propositions that are less abstract
and general than the concepts and propositions of a conceptual model but are not as concrete and specific
as the concepts and propositions of a middle age theory (Fawcett & Madeya, 2013).

9. 3. Self-efficacy theory (SET), based on the Social Cognitive Theory, is a
conceptualization of person-behavior-environment as a triadic reciprocality
(Smith & Liehr, 2018).
Person
Self-Efficacy
Knowledge
Attitudes
Beliefs, Goals
Environment
Societal Norms
Influence from Family, Caregivers,
Community
Influence on Others
Behavior
Actions and Decisions
Social Interactions
Learning
Achievements

10. 4. Are the relationships or major concepts illustrated in a diagram? If so
include the diagram.
This diagram illustrates
the factors that Bandura
believed affects Self-
Efficacy.
• Experience
• Modeling
• Social Persuasion
• Physiological Factors

11. 6. Can the theory be applied in a variety of settings?
Due to the success of cognitive behavioral theories in modifying target patterns,
cognitive behavioral approaches have been used more commonly in the nursing
management of chronic illness. The theory of self-efficacy emerged from Social
Cognitive Theory and has become very significant in different areas of nursing,
particularly in chronic disease management (Smith & Liehr, 2018)

12. 7. Analyze how this theory fits with the American Nurses Association’s
Scope and Standards of Practice and Code of Ethics.
Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory fits with the American Nurses Association's (ANA) Code of Ethics
because Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory promotes the optimization of the health and well-being of
patients through the development of positive self-efficacy and behavior change (American Nurses
Association, 2015; "Self-Efficacy Theory" n.d.). The optimization of heath is a critical provision in the
ANA code of ethics that helps nurses promote the best outcomes for patients (American Nurses
Association, 2015; “Self-Efficacy Theory,” n.d.). Bandura’s Self Efficacy Theory analyzes factors that
may interfere with adequate self-efficacy to help enhance a patient’s well-being and help change bad
behaviors (“Self-Efficacy Theory,” n.d.). Bandura’s Self-Efficacy theory conveys that when patients
have high self-efficacy, they are more ready to learn new behaviors and change harmful habits ("Self-
Efficacy Theory," n.d.).

13. 8. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS THEORY COULD BE APPLIED TO
YOUR NURSING PRACTICE
◦ There are several examples of how this theory could be applied to my nursing practice. For example, in
the outpatient surgery setting, patients present with pre-diabetes, and is often not taking any diabetic
medications. Studies have shown that by applying Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory help identify if
personal and environmental factors that predict health-promoting self-care behaviors in people with pre-
diabetes (Chen et al., 2015).
◦ The theoretical basis of health-promoting self-care behaviors must be examined to obtain evidence-based
knowledge that can help improve the effectiveness of pre-diabetes care. However, such behaviors are
rarely studied in people with pre-diabetes. Multiple linear regression showed that the factors that had the
largest influence on the practice of health-promoting self-care behaviors were self-efficacy, diabetes
history, perceptions of empowerment process, and pre-diabetes knowledge. These factors explained
59.3% of the variance in health-promoting self-care behaviors (Chen et al., 2015).

14. References
American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements.
Chen MF, Wang RH, Hung SL. Predicting health-promoting self-care behaviors in people with pre-diabetes by applying
Bandura social learning theory. Appl
Nurs Res. 2015 Nov;28(4):299-304. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.001. Epub 2015 Feb 26. PMID: 26608429.
Fawcett, J., & Desanto-Madeya, S. (2013). Contemporary nursing knowledge: analysis and evaluation of nursing
models and theories. F.A. Davis.
Self-efficacy theory. (n.d.). Nursing Theory. https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/self-efficacy-theory.php
Smith, M.J., & Liehr, P.R. (2018). Middle range theory for nursing (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company, LLC.