1. MENTAL HEALTH
मानसिक स्वास््य
By Padma Mishra Iyer
Shri L P Raval college of
Education & Research

2. MENTAL HEALTH/ मानसिक स्वास््य
The World Health Organization defines
mental health as "a state of well-
being in which the individual realizes
his or her own abilities, can cope with
the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able
to make a contribution to his or her
community“/ व्यक्ति को अपने या अपने
खुद की क्षमिाओं का एहिाि, जीवन की
िामान्य िनाव के िाथ िामना कर िकिे हैं,
उत्पादकिा और लाभकारी काम करिे हैं, कर
िकिे हैं और अपने या अपने िमुदाय के सलए
एक योगदान बनाने के सलए िक्षम है .

3. • Mental health describes either a level
of cognitive or emotional well-being or an
absence of a mental disorder (मनोविकार)/
मानसिक स्िास््य या तो िंज्ञानात्मक या
भािनात्मक अच्छी तरह िे ककया जा रहा है या एक
मानसिक विकार के अभाि का एक स्तर का िर्णन .

4. MALADJUSTMENT/कु िमायोजन
• It refers to
• लयभंग/disharmony between the person
& his environment. It results from the
frustration/कुं ठा of the needs.
Maladjusted person is not able to
establish proper relationship between
his ability & environment. It is failure to
adapt & is faulty adjustment.

6. ROLE OF EDUCATION TO PREVENT
MALADJUSTMENT
1. Observation of special problems/
विशेष िमस्याओं का अिलोकन
2. Good Relationship/अच्छे िंबंध
3. Building morale & foundations of
good habits/मनोबल और अच्छी
आदतों का न ंि
4. Carefully planning the role of
competitions/प्रततयोगिताओं की
भूसमका की योजना बना

7. 5. Individual differences/व्यक्ततित
अंतर
6. Helping children to develop
objective interests/बच्चों उद्देश्य
हहतों का विकाि करने के सलए मदद
7. Contacting parents/माता वितािे
िंिकण
8. Child guidance clinics/ बाल
मािणदशणन तलीतनक

8. CONFLICT/ िंघषण
Barney & Lehner (1953) : defined it
as “ Psychological conflict is a stage
of tension brought by the presence,
in the individual of two or more
opposing desires”
मनोवैज्ञाननक िंघर्ष दो या अधिक ववरोिी
इच्छाओं के , उपक्स्थनि द्वारा, व्यक्ति में
लाया गया िनाव.

9. TYPES OF CONFLICTS
APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT
Individual is faced with the problem of
making a choice between 2 or more
positive goals almost equally motivating &
important. Eg. Reading a book & playing
cricket./ Choice for marriage-when 2
equally good, qualified & respectable
offers are there.

10. AVOIDANCE- AVOIDANCE/ वजषन
CONFLICT
Individual is caught in a situation where he
has to choose between two or more
possible negative courses of action. Eg. A
child does not want to study & at the same
time does not to displease his parents by
failing.

11. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
CONFLICT :
One is faced with the problem of choosing
between approaching & avoiding
tendencies/choices at the same time. Eg.
An adolescent wishing to wear western
outfits belonging to an orthodox family.

12. METHODS OF ADJUSTMENT/िमायोजन के िरीके
To lead a healthy, happy & satisfying life,
one has to learn the various ways of
adjustment (िमायोजन), i.e. coping(िामना
करना) with one’s environment as
effectively (प्रभाि रूि िे) as possible. Also
he has to safeguard(बचाि/िुरक्षर्) his self
against turning into a maladjusted
(कू िमायोजन) & abnormal (अिामान्य)
Personality. To cope with one’s
environment & the anxieties (गचंताओं),
pressures(दबाि), conflicts(िंघषण) and
stresses(तनाि) of life, there are two
methods :DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT
METHOD

13. 1. DIRECT METHODS(प्रत्यक्ष विगध) : ARE
THOSE METHODS WHICH ARE
EMPLOYED BY THE INDIVIDUALS
INTENTIONALLY(जानबूझकर) AT THE
CONSCIOUS(िचेत) LEVEL(स्तर). THEY
ARE RATIONAL (तकण िंित),
LOGICAL(न्यायसिद्ध) & GET
PERMANENT SOLUTION(स्थाय
िमाधान) FACE BY INDIVIDUAL IN A
PARTICULAR SITUATION (विशेष क्स्थतत).
These methods include :
a) Increasing or improving efforts/ िुधार के
प्रयाि
b) Making proper choices & wise decisions
/ उगचत विकल्ि और बुद्गधमान तनर्णय

15. 1. DENIAL/ अस्ि कार
Rationalization Repression
युक्ततकरर् दमन
SUBSTITUTION/ प्रततस्थािन
Sublimation Compensation
उच्च बनाने की किया क्षततिूततण/ प्रततकार
ESCAPISM / िलायनिाद
Regression Day Dreaming
प्रततिमन हदिा - स्िप्न

16. RATIONALIZATION/ युक्ततकरर्
• Occurs when we tell an
element of the truth, but
deny the larger truth of the
matter.
• For example, “I could
have won the race but the
track was wet.” The larger
truth was that someone
was faster.
• “I got fired, but the boss
was a jerk. supplying a
logical or rational
reason as opposed to
the real reason

17. REPRESSION/ दमन
• The person forces the
unacceptable or
threatening feeling out of
awareness to a point
where he/she becomes
unaware of it.
• Examples could be a
simple reprimand or as
serious as a rape.
• A person is asked, “how
do you get along with your
mother” and he responds,
“just fine” as he turns pale.
Negative feelings about
the mother are so
unacceptable that they
block his awareness.

18. SUBLIMATION/ उच्च बनाने की क्रिया
• Transformation of
negative emotions or
instincts into positive
actions, behaviours, or
emotions.
• for example, playing a
heavy contact sport such
as football or rugby can
transform aggression
into a game
• Many great artists and
musicians have had
unhappy lives and have
used the medium of art
of music to express
themselves.

19. COMPENSATION/ प्रततकार
• A perceived deficit is
compensated for by
skill or success in
another area.
• A physically
handicapped boy is
unable to participate
in football, so he
compensates by
becoming a great
scholar.

20. REGRESSION/ िािि
• When adult defense
mechanisms stop
working for us, we
regress to a
personality we had at
childhood.
• For example, when
an adult doesn’t take
responsibility, he
says, “It’s not my
fault, it’s her fault.”
• Immature patterns of
behavior emerge
such as bragging.

21. DAY DREAMING/ ददवा - स्वप्न
• A fantasy is a
situation imagined by
an individual that
expresses certain
desires or aims on the
part of its creator.
• Daydreaming allows
people to separate
themselves from
everyday reality and
desolation.
• A lonely person may
dream he has lots of
friends.

23. PERSONALITY

25. PERSONA ( LATIN ) – MASK/मुखौटा
 Criticized / आलोचनाon three aspects / पहलुओं :
 a) We play many roles/ भूसमका (student, teacher,
mother, father, sister, brother, uncle, aunt, etc.)
 b) Role is synonymous with reputation & this is
not PERSONALITY/ प्रनिष्ठा के िाथ पयाषय बन गया
और यह व्यक्तित्व नहीं है..
 c) Outward aspect of individual.

26. PERSONALITY-DEFINITION
G.W. ALLPORT :- Personality is the dynamic
organization of those psycho-physical
systems that determine his unique
adjustments to his environment/ उन
मनोिैज्ञातनक शारीररक प्रर्ासलयों के िततश ल
िंिठन है कक अिने ियाणिरर् के सलए अिन अनूठी
िमायोजन तनधाणररत. .

27. CARL ROGERS
SELF-CONCEPT
THEORY

28. यथाथी - करण
महत्व जीव को
िकारात्मक िंबंि
िकारात्मक आत्म िंबंि िशिष िकारात्मक आत्म िंबंि
िशिष िकारात्मक िंबंि
मूल्य की शिों
वास्िववक स्व
आदशष स्व
गनिक अिवाांगिमिा ववक्षक्षप्ि

29. Self-Concept
Ideal Self
Real Self
Incongruence

30. Real Self
Self-Concept
Ideal Self
Moving Towards Congruence

31. Self-Efficacy आत्म प्रभावकाररिा
• What Is Self-Efficacy?
• According to Albert Bandura, to manage prospective
situations self-efficacy is "the belief in one’s capabilities to
organize and execute the courses of action required ." In
other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her
ability to succeed in a particular situation. Bandura
described these beliefs as determinants of how people
think, behave, and feel (1994). अल्बटष Bandura के अनुिार,
िंभाववि क्स्थनियों आत्म प्रभावकाररिा का प्रबंिन करने के सलए एक
की क्षमिाओं में ववश्वाि को िंगदठि करने और आवश्यक कारषवाई के
पाठ्यिमों पर अमल करने के सलए "है . दूिरे शब्दों में, आत्म
प्रभावकाररिा एक ववशेर् क्स्थनि में िफल होने के सलए अपने या
उिकी क्षमिा में एक व्यक्ति का ववश्वाि है। Bandura लोगों को
लगिा है, व्यवहार करिे हैं, और (1994) कै िे महिूि की ननिाषरकों
के रूप में इन मान्यिाओं का वणषन क्रकया।

32. The Role of Self-Efficacy
• Virtually all people can identify goals they want to
accomplish, things they would like to change, and
things they would like to achieve. However, most
people also realize that putting these plans into action
is not quite so simple. Bandura and others have found
that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a major role in
how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.
• लिभि िभ लोिों को िे हासिल करना चाहते हैं िे
िूरा करना चाहते हैं लक्ष्यों, िे िररितणन करना चाहते हैं
बातें, और च जों की िहचान कर िकते हैं। हालांकक,
ज्यादातर लोिों को भ कारणिाई में इन योजनाओं डाल
काफी इतना आिान नहीं है कक एहिाि। Bandura और
दूिरों के एक व्यक्तत की आत्म प्रभािकाररता लक्ष्यों,
कायण और चुनौततयों िे िंिकण कर रहे हैं कक कै िे में
एक प्रमुख भूसमका तनभाता ने िाया है कक

33. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy: आत्म
प्रभावकाररिा का एक िशति भाव के िाथ लोग
• View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered
• Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they
participate
• Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests
and activities
• Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments
• कायों में महारत हासिल होने के रूि में चुनौत िूर्ण िमस्याओं
देखें
• िे भाि लेते हैं, क्जिमें िततविगधयों में िहरी रुगच विकसित
• उनके हहतों और िततविगधयों के सलए अिन प्रततबद्धता के
एक मजबूत भािना िचाण
• अिफलताओं और तनराशाओं िे जल्दी िे ठीक हो

34. People with a weak sense of self-efficacy एक कमजोर
आत्म प्रभावकाररिा के भावना के िाथ लोग :
• Avoid challenging tasks
• Believe that difficult tasks and situations are
beyond their capabilities
• Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes
• Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities
• चुनौिीपूणष कायष िे बचें
• कदठन कायों और क्स्थनियों को अपने बूिे के बाहर का
मानना है क्रक
• व्यक्तिगि अिफलिाओं और नकारात्मक पररणामों पर ध्यान
कें दिि
• जल्दी व्यक्तिगि क्षमिाओं में ववश्वाि खो देिे हैं

35. Self-Esteem आत्मिम्मान
• Self-esteem is how we value ourselves; it is how we
perceive our value to the world and how valuable we think
we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others,
our relationships, our work – nearly every part of our lives.
Positive self- esteem gives us the strength and flexibility
to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes
without the fear of rejection.
• आत्मिम्मान हम अपने आप को महत्व देिे हैं क्रक कै िे होिा है; यह
हम दुननया के सलए हमारे मूल्य मानिा है और कै िे मूल्यवान हम
हम दूिरों के सलए कर रहे हैं लगिा है। हमारे जीवन के लगभग हर
दहस्िे - आत्मिम्मान दूिरों को, हमारे िंबंिों में हमारे ववश्वाि,
हमारे काम को प्रभाववि करिा है। िकारात्मक आत्मिम्मान हमें
हमारे जीवन का प्रभार लेने और अस्वीकृ नि के डर के बबना अपनी
गलनियों िे ववकसिि करने के सलए शक्ति और लचीलापन देिा है

36. Some signs of low self-esteem कम आत्मिम्मान के कु छ लक्षण :
• Negative view of life
• Perfectionist attitude
• Mistrusting others – even those who show signs of
affection
• Blaming behavior
• Fear of taking risks
• Feelings of being unloved and unlovable
• Dependence – letting others make decisions
• Fear of being ridiculed
• जीवन का नकारात्मक दृक्ष्टकोण , पूणषिावादी रवैया ,दूिरों पर
अववश्वाि- स्नेह के लक्षण ददखाने के सलए जो भी उनपर भी
• दोर् देने व्यवहार, जोखखम उठाने का डर, अवप्रय और अवप्रय की
भावनाएँ, ननभषरिा - दे दूिरों के ननणषय लेने के सलए
• उपहाि होने का डर

37. How can you raise self-esteem?
There are some simple, positive thinking
techniques that can be used to help improve
self-esteem. These are called affirmations.
Using affirmations to stop negative self-talk is a
simple, positive way to help increase self-
esteem.
Using affirmations to stop negative self-talk is a
simple, positive way to help increase self-
esteem.For example, replace the message “I
made a stupid mistake, and I am no good at
this job,” with “Yes, I made a mistake but I have
learned from it, and now I can a better job.”

38. Begin each day by looking in the mirror and giving
yourself a positive message. The following
affirmations can help you to work toward a positive
self-image:
• I respect myself and others
• I am lovable and likable
• I am confident, and it shows
• I care about myself
• I am creating loving, healthy relationships
• I am a good friend to myself and others
• I accept myself just as I am
• I look great
• Life is good, and I like being a part of it