1. Según el coordinador de PISA
$1'$/8&$( G X F D F L µ Q /D I R U P D F L µ Q
$1'$/8$
H LP S OLF D F Lµ Q G H O G R F H Q WH H V P £ V
G H WH U P LQ D Q WH S D U D H O « [ LWR H G X F D WLY R
T X H H O J D V WR R OD U D WLR
6 ( 9 ,/ / $ - X Q ( 8 5 2 3 $ 3 5 ( 6 6

2. / D IR U P D F Lµ Q LQ LF LD O S H U P D Q H Q WH G H O G R F H Q WH D V ¯ F R P R OD LP S OLF D F Lµ Q OD
D F WLWX G T X H P D Q WH Q J D H Q H O D X OD F R Q V X V D OX P Q R V H V P £ V G H WH U P LQ D Q WH S D U D
D OF D Q ] D U H O « [ LWR H G X F D WLY R T X H OR T X H X Q D $ G P LQ LV WU D F Lµ Q R ( V WD G R J D V WH H Q
H V WD P D WH U LD R T X H OD V F OD V H V Q R V R E U H S D V H Q X Q G H WH U P LQ D G R Q ¼ P H U R G H
D OX P Q R V S R U S U R IH V R U U D WLR

3. ‹ V WD H V X Q D G H OD V S U LQ F LS D OH V F R Q F OX V LR Q H V T X H V H S X H G H Q H [ WU D H U G H OD
LQ WH U Y H Q F Lµ Q H V WH P D U WH V H Q H O 3 D U OD P H Q WR G H $ Q G D OX F ¯D G H O F R R U G LQ D G R U G H O
LQ IR U P H 3 ,6 $ MH IH G H OD G LY LV Lµ Q G H D Q £ OLV LV H G X F D WLY R V G H OD 2 ' ( $ Q G U H D V
6 F K OH LF K H U T X LH Q K D V LG R LQ Y LWD G R S R U WR G R V OR V J U X S R V S D U OD P H Q WD U LR V S D U D
F H U U D U H O F LF OR G H V H V LR Q H V G H O J U X S R G H WU D E D MR F U H D G R S D U D G H E D WLU V R E U H OD
IR U P D F Lµ Q G H O S U R IH V R U D G R H Q OD F R P X Q LG D G T X H H Q V H S WLH P E U H H OD E R U D U £
V X V S U LP H U D V F R Q F OX V LR Q H V
6 H J ¼ Q K D H [ S OLF D G R 6 F K OH LF K H U H Q ( V S D ³ D $ Q G D OX F ¯D V H K D Q S U R G X F LG R H Q
OR V ¼ OWLP R V D ³ R V P H MR U D V LP S U H V LR Q D Q WH V H Q OR T X H D H G X F D F Lµ Q V H U H ILH U H
S H UR OD F D OLG D G V LJ X H V LH Q G R X Q £ U H D F R Q P X F K D S R V LE LOLG D G G H P H MR U D 1 R H Q
Y D Q R H O ¼ OWLP R LQ IR U P H 3 ,6 $ G H G H P X H V WU D T X H H Q Q X H V WU R S D ¯V OR V
D OX P Q R V WLH Q H Q J U D Q G H V F D S D F LG D G H V S D U D P H P R U L] D U K H F K R V G D WR V S H UR Q R
S D U D H [ WU D S R OD U OR V D OD Y LG D U H D O T X H H V OR P £ V LP S R U WD Q WH
$ T X ¯ H Q $ Q G D OX F ¯D P X F K R V S U R IH V R U H V V H F H Q WU D Q H Q D X G D U D OR V D OX P Q R V D
P H P R U L] D U OD LQ IR U P D F Lµ Q S D U D T X H OX H J R OD U H S LWD Q V L D Q D OL] D P R V OD V

4. H Y D OX D F LR Q H V G H 3 ,6 $ Y H P R V T X H H V R OR K D F H Q P X E LH Q S H U R WLH Q H Q P X F K R V
P £ V S U R E OH P D V H Q WU D V OD G D U H V R V F R Q R F LP LH Q WR V D R WU R V F R Q WH [ WR V H V H
T X L] £ V V H D H O P D R U U H WR G H OR V S U R IH V R U H V D Q G D OX F H V H O T X H D S U H Q G D Q D
D X G D U D V X V D OX P Q R V D S U R H F WD U V X V F R Q R F LP LH Q WR V K D D U J X P H Q WD G R
3 D U D T X H OR V G R F H Q WH V V H D Q F D S D F H V G H K D F H U H V WR V LQ H P E D U J R H V
Q H F H V D U LR T X H V X WU D E D MR V H Y D OR U H F R P R H O G H X Q WU D E D MD G R U G H O F R Q R F LP LH Q WR
WD O F R P R R F X U U H H Q OR V S D ¯V H V F R Q P H MR U H V ¯Q G LF H V H G X F D WLY R V ( V G H F LU T X H
H O S D S H O G H O G R F H Q WH Q R V H G H ILQ D F R P R H O G H X Q P H U R WU D Q V P LV R U G H F R Q WH Q LG R V
S U H ID E U LF D G R V V LQ R F R P R H O G H D OJ X LH Q D O T X H V H OH G D Q X Q R V R E MH WLY R V P X
G H ILQ LG R V T X H H V OR T X H OR V H V WX G LD Q WH V G H E H U ¯D Q S R G H U K D F H U D O ILQ D O G H O F X U V R
T X H WLH Q H OLE H U WD G S D U D H Q V H ³ D U OR F R Q OR V P « WR G R V T X H H OLMD $ MX LF LR G H
6 F K OH LF K H U X Q R G H OR V S U R E OH P D V G H O V LV WH P D H G X F D WLY R H V S D ³ R O H Q H V WH
V H Q WLG R H V T X H H V P X S U H V F U LS WLY R G R Q G H V H G H WD OOD P X F K R H O F X U U ¯F X OR OR V
F R Q WH Q LG R V OR V P « WR G R V
$ G H P £ V V H U ¯D P £ V E H Q H ILF LR V R WD P E L« Q S D U D H O S U R IH V R U D G R V H J ¼ Q
G H P X H V WU D Q OR V P « WR G R V S X H V WR V H Q P D U F K D H Q OR V S D ¯V H V F R Q P H MR U H V
U H V X OWD G R V D F D G « P LF R V F R P R ) LQ OD Q G LD R 6 K D Q J D L H O T X H H Q WU D U D Q D WU D E D MD U H Q
X Q F R OH J LR R LQ V WLWX WR E D MR OD V G LU H F WU LF H V G H OR V G R F H Q WH V P £ V H [ S H U WR V T X H V H
R F X S D U ¯D Q G H H OOR V 6 R E U H H O K H F K R G H T X H OR V S U R IH V R U H V WH Q J D Q P H MR U H V R
S H R U H V V X H OG R V G LF H H O F R R U G LQ D G R U G H 3 ,6 $ T X H Q R H V H O P R WR U H V H Q F LD O T X H
LQ IOX H P £ V H O T X H V H D Q S U R IH V LR Q D OH V G H S U H V WLJ LR H Q WU H OD V R F LH G D G
7 D P E L « Q V R E U H O D U D W L R X Q D V S H F W R T X H H Q ( V S D ³ D H V W £ U H J X O D G R G H I R U P D
Q R U P D WLY D T X H H V WLS X OD X Q D G H D OX P Q R V S R U D X OD H Q ,Q ID Q WLO 3 U LP D U LD G H
F R P R P £ [ L P R H Q 6 H F X Q G D U L D K D K H F K R 6 F K O H L F K H U X Q D U H I O H [ L µ Q
Q R Y H G R V D 4 X H H Q ( V S D ³ D $ Q G D OX F ¯D OD V F OD V H V V H D Q S H T X H ³ D V Q R LP S OLF D
T X H H O S U R IH V R U H V W« P £ V LP S OLF D G R F R Q V X V D OX P Q R V $ V ¯ S X H V K D H [ S OLF D G R
T X H H Q R U H D OD V F OD V H V S X H G H Q V H U G H R D OX P Q R V T X H V LQ H P E D U J R
OD F D S D F LG D G G H G LD J Q µ V WLF R G H V X S U R IH V R U D G R S D U D K D F H U D G D S WD F LR Q H V
F X U U LF X OD U H V D F D G D X Q R G H V X V D OX P Q R V H V LP S U H V LR Q D Q WH
(/ ',1(52 12 (6 *$5$17$ '(/ ‹;,72
WR G R H V WR G H S H Q G H D G H P £ V V H J ¼ Q K D UH F R UG D G R G H O H Q WR UQ R G H O
F R Q W H [ W R H F R Q µ P L F R V R F L D O H Q H O T X H V H H Q F X H Q W U H H O F H Q W U R H V F R O D U D V ¯ F R P R

5. V X ID P LOLD $ X Q T X H WD P S R F R H V OR G H F LV LY R K D D S X Q WD G R D T X H H O G LQ H U R
V R OR H [ S OLF D H O R H O S R U F LH Q WR G H O « [ LWR H G X F D WLY R $ V ¯ OR V H V WX G LR V H
LQ IR U P H V U H D OL] D G R V S R U OD 2 ' ( G H P X H V WU D Q T X H Q L H O G LQ H U R LQ Y H U WLG R H Q
H G X F D F Lµ Q H V OD J D U D Q W¯D G H O « [ LWR H G X F D WLY R Q L X Q F R Q WH [ WR V R F LD O G H V ID Y R U D E OH
H V J D UD Q W¯D G H IUD F D V R
5 H V S H F WR D OD S U LP H U D D ILU P D F Lµ Q 6 F K OH LF K H U K D LQ G LF D G R T X H WR G R G H S H Q G H
G H H Q T X « F µ P R V H LQ Y LH U WD H O G LQ H U R G H V WLQ D G R D ( G X F D F Lµ Q 1 R H Q Y D Q R K D
H MH P S OLILF D G R ( V S D ³ D LQ Y LU WLµ P H Q R V H Q T X H H Q H Q H G X F D F Lµ Q OR V
U H V X OWD G R V WD P S R F R K D Q P H MR U D G R WD Q WR 2 WU R V S D ¯V H V F R P R 6 K D Q J D L S R U
F R Q WU D K D Q R E WH Q LG R P X E X H Q R V U H V X OWD G R V LQ Y LU WLH Q G R H Q IR U P D F Lµ Q
G H V D U U R OOR F R Q WLQ X R G H O S U R IH V R U D G R R WU R V F R P R R U H D T X H K D Q R S WD G R S R U
D OD U J D U OD V MR U Q D G D V H V F R OD U H V S D J D U OH V X H OG R V P X D OWR V D OR V S U R IH V R U H V
G D G D OD F D Q WLG D G G H K R U D V T X H G H G LF D Q D OD H Q V H ³ D Q ] D / X [ H P E X U J R S R U V X
S D U WH K D R S WD G R V LH P S U H S R U K D F H U F OD V H V P X U H G X F LG D V F R Q MR U Q D G D V
H V F R OD U H V P £ V F R U WD V
H Q WR G R V H V WR V F D V R V V H ³ D OD H O F R R U G LQ D G R U G H 3 ,6 $ V H K D Q P H MR U D G R OR V
U H V X OWD G R V H G X F D WLY R V OR T X H G H P X H V WU D WD P E L« Q T X H H V P X LP S R U WD Q WH T X H
OR V F H Q WU R V WH Q J D Q V X ILF LH Q WH D X WR Q R P ¯D F R P R S D U D D G D S WD U V H D V X V S U R S LD V
F L U F X Q V W D Q F L D V V R F L R H F R Q µ P L F D V D O D V G H V X H Q W R U Q R ' H Q R V H U D V ¯ Q R V H
H [ S OLF D U ¯D H O K H F K R G H T X H H Q $ Q G D OX F ¯D K D D H V F X H OD V H Q ] R Q D V P X S R E U H V
F R Q X Q R V U H V X OWD G R V P £ V T X H D F H S WD E OH V D OD LQ Y H U V D
3 R U WR G R H OOR F R Q V LG H U D T X H OD LQ IOX H Q F LD G H OD ID P LOLD WD P E L« Q H V X Q D V S H F WR
D D Q D OL] D U D V ¯ F R P R OD IX H U WH U H OD F Lµ Q H LP S OLF D F Lµ Q T X H P X F K R V G R F H Q WH V G H
OR V S D ¯V H V Q µ U G LF R V S R U H MH P S OR WLH Q H Q F R Q V X V D OX P Q R V $ OO¯ X Q G R F H Q WH V H
V LH Q WH U H V S R Q V D E OH G H O « [ LWR G H OR V Q L³ R V S R U H OOR OH V R IU H F H Q P X F K R D S R R
T X H D G H P £ V OR V S U R S LR V D OX P Q R V Y D OR U D Q P X V D WLV ID F WR U LD P H Q WH $ Q WH H OOR
K D D Q LP D G R D O S U R IH V R U D G R D WH Q H U IH H Q OR V D OX P Q R V