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Ketamine for Pre-Hospital Sedation in Excited Delirium
1. Ketamine for
Prehospital Sedation
in Excited Delirium
Michael D. Curtis, MD, FACEP
Charles E. Cady, MD, FACEP
2. Introduction
Acute delirium with violent agitation may lead
to sudden unexpected cardiac arrest in
previously healthy persons
Struggling during arrest procedures and
continued struggle after physical restraints
have been applied appear to be major risk
factors
3. What is the ideal therapeutic
approach?
Remains to be determined
Rapid effective tranquilization
IM or IN administration
Little or no adverse cardiovascular and
respiratory side effects
Facilitates rapidly instituting resuscitative
measures
4. What is the ideal therapeutic
approach?
Appropriate supportive therapy
Fluid resuscitation
Reversing metabolic acidosis
Reversing hyperthermia
Have to control the patient first
5. Indications
To control agitated and combative behavior
Law Enforcement
When the subject is resisting forcefully or
continuing to struggle against restraints
EMS
When the patient poses a significant threat of
harm to self or others, including the EMS crew
6. Prehospital Goals of Therapy
Quickly and effectively gain subject/patient
compliance with a single dose
Prevent violent struggle with police and ongoing
struggle against restraints
Gain IV access for fluid and medication
administration
Initiate supportive therapies
Transport to the emergency department for
definitive evaluation and management
7. Dosages
Ketamine 5 mg/kg IM
Repeat Dosages
Requires an order from medical control
1 – 2 mg/kg IM
1 mg/kg IV slowly over 60 seconds
Dilute the desired dose of the 100mg/ml
formulation with an equal volume of NS or D5W
Incompatible with diazepam in the same
syringe
9. Patient Monitoring and Support
Prevent vomiting with aspiration
Mild tachycardia and hypertension are
expected
Hypotension and bradycardia occasionally
occur
Transient respiratory depression occasionally
occurs
Laryngospasm may produce mild stridor
10. Adverse reactions
Hypertension and tachycardia
Hypotension and bradycardia
Laryngospasm
Hypersalivation
Nausea and vomiting
Tonic and clonic muscle movements
Roving eyes or nystagmus
11. Psychological Adverse Reactions
Occur in about 12% of patients
Ages 15 – 45
Short lived (hours)
Preventable with administration of
benzodiazepines
Visual Hallucinations
Nightmares
Emergence Delirium
Sensation of detachment from the body
12. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Portage County
Beloit
Eau Claire
Lake Country
Baraboo
Madison
Oshkosh
Fond du Lac
Brown County
Gundersen Tri-State
Antigo
Wausau
Baldwin
West Bend
De Pere
SAFER
13. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin
IRB (Institutional Review Board) Approval
Any cases prior to September 13, 2013
Extension to 9-30-2014 request pending
Principal investigators:
Charles E. Cady, MD – Froedtert-MCW
Michael D. Curtis, MD – Ministry Health Care
14. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Waivers
Informed Consent Waiver
We do not need to obtain informed consent from
the participants to enroll them in the study
HIPAA Waiver
EMS run reports and related documents can be
shared with the principal investigators
15. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Inclusion Criteria
Cases in Wisconsin EMS systems
Ketamine used to control agitated, combative
or violent behavior
In custody of law enforcement
Significant threat to self or others, including
emergency responders
Adult and pediatric cases
Any gender
Any race
16. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Inclusion Criteria
Causes:
Stimulant and other drug abuse
Psychiatric disease
New onset
Recrudescent disease
Psychiatric drug “withdrawal” syndromes
Alcohol intoxication
Developmental and cognitive disorders
Agitated Dementia
17. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Exclusion Criteria
Other uses of Ketamine
Pain management
Asthma
RSI
Other settings
Emergency Department
HEMS
Critical Care Transport
ICU
OR
18. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Exclusion Criteria
Other causes
Should we exclude head injury cases with
extreme agitation?
19. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Procedure
All documents should be in pdf format
Include:
At a minimum: EMS run reports and any
supporting documents
Would be nice: Corresponding ED records
At the maximum: Hospital discharge summary
Please keep them grouped together by case
20. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Procedure (Cont’d)
Let me know via email when you are ready to
send them
I will send you a secure email using Data
Motion
Attach the records to that email and return
them
You may have to do each case separately or
send small groups of cases
21. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Procedure (Cont’d)
Do not redact any information, like patient
identifiers
I will store them all in a password protected file
and password protect the documents
I will extract all study data to data forms and
also store them securely
I will manage a spreadsheet with all the data
and store it securely
I will not print paper copies of any protected
information
22. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
If I have questions
I may contact you
I may discuss the cases with Dr. Cady
I will not divulge any protected information to
any other persons, except in aggregate form
I will not review these cases for quality of care
purposes or provide feedback
23. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
What we need from you
Review our IRB Application and Approval
Decide if you will participate
Primary contact, email and phone
Protocols, Policies, Procedures
Population you serve
Geographic area of service coverage
24. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
What we need from you
EMS Run Reports (minimum)
ED Records, Discharge Summaries
(maximum)
Alternative – Data Collection Form
25. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
State EMS Office
Can you give us a list of services approved to
use Ketamine?
Can you help us to distribute notice of the
study to all services in Wisconsin?
26. Wisconsin Ketamine Study
Our contact information
Michael D. Curtis, MD
Michael.Curtis@ministryhealth.org
715-498-2240
Charles E. Cady, MD
cecady@mcw.edu
262-501-4880