1. TEACHING–LEARNING MEDIA
(AUDIOVISUAL AIDS)
Dr. V.SATHYANARAYANAN M.D.,
PROFESSOR OF PHARMACOLOGY
SRM MCH & RC
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3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To list various audio visual aids
To know the merits and demerits of each
To know the do’s and don’ts when using them
To select appropriate teaching aid
To express enthusiasm about making efforts for the
preparation process
4. TEACHING
Is an art
Requires 3 things
1) Expertise at the subject
2) Grasp of the language
3) Skills to communicate
10. AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
The writing board
The flip chart
Transparencies on Overhead Projector
The Slide Projector
The Power Point Presentation
The video on LCD panel
Virtual Reality Shows
15. ADVANTAGES
Easy to use
Inexpensive
Quickly cleaned and reused
Reliable aid
Convenient to list items and draw diagrams
Allows step by step build up
Students can keep pace with the teacher
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22. DISADVANTAGES
Cannot hold large amount of material
Has to be erased, so no permanent record of what is
written
Time consuming
Difficulty in keeping the attention of the students
Not so effective for large audiences
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28. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE
Availability of material
Good illumination
Plan the presentation
Ensure clarity
Arrange the material in sequence
Emphasize key points
Position of teacher
Rubbing the board
33. ADVANTAGES
The notes, diagrams or flow charts can be prepared in
advance
Revealed at the appropriate points of the teaching
session
Pages can be removed and taped on the walls for
future reference.
Can be preserved for display even after the class
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38. DISADVANTAGES
Not effective larger audiences
The chart cannot hold large amount of material
Writing at the same time during session is time
consuming
Difficult to talk at the same time
Sometimes writing is illegible
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44. GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE
Availability of materials
Good illumination
Plan the presentation
Ensure clarity
Position of teacher
Displaying material on flip charts
45. TRANSPARENCIES AND PROJECTOR
A transparency Plastic film containing written or
drawn material preferably in horizontal format
With Overhead projector, previously prepared
transparencies are projected
Magnification 5 times
Letters – 5-7 mm in height
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48. ADVANTAGES
Simple
Can be used with the classroom lights on
Image can be projected high
Easily available and inexpensive
Can be prepared quickly and in advance
Allows more time for discussion
Allows step-wise presentation of material
Overlay can be done
can be Preserved for future use
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55. DISADVANTAGES
Speaker has to be careful not to block the view of the
screen
Can go out of focus if it is moved on the stage
Crowding can happen
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59. PREPARING TRANSPARENCIES
Thicker sheets are more durable
Can be displayed in black and white or colour
Computer printing affords clarity of text
Limit each visual to one main idea
Use 6 -7 lines, 6 words in each line
Use large lettering ( 5 mm tall )
Printed text is easier to read
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62. GUIDELINES
Check the on/off switch
Check if the extra bulb is working
Familiarise with focusing and adjusting
Screen for projection placed on a higher level than
the speaker
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64. GUIDELINES
place the projector 2 meters from the screen
Rotate nob to FAN position, pre-heating for ½ min then
to desired intensity of light
Move lens mirror frame to project ( 45 degrees inclined )
To focus, move the mirror assembly up or down
65. GUIDELINES
Place the transparency
Turn the projector on
Bring the knob to FAN position
Uncover information gradually by a white sheet
Use a pointer or pencil directly on the transparency to focus
attention on a specific area
Notes on a piece of paper can be clipped to the mount
Face the participants while talking
Turn the projector off before removing transparency
Before switching off, ensure cool air comes out
69. ADVANTAGES
Suitable for large and small audiences
Easy to carry, store and re-use
With automatic slide projectors, speaker can manage
independently
allows projection of X-ray images, scans, specimens,
photos etc
Double slide projection can be used for comparison
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71. DISADVANTAGES
Need to darken the hall for slide projection
Loss of eye contact
Excessive numbers will result in loss of
communication
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75. THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Used widely as computers are available
Offers tremendous multimedia capabilities
Great impact can be created by proper use
Use humour, anecdotes, stories to illustrate your
presentation
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77. I like whiskey. I always did, and that is
why I never drink it.
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81. ADVANTAGES
Can keep the attention on the topic
Slide lay out, colour, font can be modified and
updated
Text, graphics, photographs, figures, X-rays, charts,
diagrams can all be presented
Animation can be given for cues or emphasis
Video clips can be incorporated
92. DISADVANTAGES
Dim light can cause loss of eye contact
Speaker cannot be seen
Note taking is difficult
Danger of overcrowding the slide
May distract the audience from the message
Tendency to overload information
Requires Good functioning of technology, electricity
Needs back-up arrangements
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97. GUIDELINES
Present in 4-5 bulleted points
in 6 lines, 6 words in each line
Contrast the text
Highlight vital points
Use multimedia to demonstrate
Use laser beam not arm
“ go slow”, don’t rush
98. Slide Structure – Good
Use 1-2 slides per minute of your presentation
Write in point form, not complete sentences
Include 4-5 points per slide
Avoid wordiness: use key words and phrases only
99. Slide Structure - Bad
This page contains too many words for a presentation
slide. It is not written in point form, making it difficult
both for your audience to read and for you to present
each point. Although there are exactly the same
number of points on this slide as the previous slide, it
looks much more complicated. In short, your
audience will spend too much time trying to read this
paragraph instead of listening to you.
100. Fonts - Bad
If you use a small font, your audience won’t be able to read what you have written
CAPITALIZE ONLY WHEN NECESSARY. IT IS DIFFICULT
TO READ
Don’t use a complicated font
101. Colour - Good
Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with the
background
Ex: blue font on white background
Use colour to reinforce the logic of your structure
Ex: light blue title and dark blue text
Use colour to emphasize a point
But only use this occasionally
102. Colour - Bad
Using a font colour that does not contrast with the
background colour is hard to read
Using colour for decoration is distracting and
annoying.
Using a different colour for each point is unnecessary
Using a different colour for secondary points is also
unnecessary
Trying to be creative can also be bad
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104. Background – Bad
Avoid backgrounds that are distracting or difficult to
read from
Always be consistent with the background that you
use
105. Graphs - Good
Items Sold in First Quarter of 2002
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106. Graphs - Bad
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109. THE VIDEO
A very creative audio-visual aid
Captured using digital cameras
Recorded on CDs, DVDs
Electronic LCD panel can be used for to display
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113. ADVANTAGES
Can capture events the eye alone cannot see
Individual steps can be shown
Make the participants to watch step by step
Animation can be used to show an abstract concept
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117. DISADVANTAGES
Key steps may be omitted or rearranged
Commercially prepared video may be out-dated
Students may be distracted
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121. GUIDELINES
Preview the video CD
Arrange the room so that all can see
Prepare the participants
State the session objectives
Provide an overview
Focus attention to look for what
Discuss the video after the show
Review the main points
122. VIRTUAL REALITY PROGRAMMES
Computer based 3 dimensional interactive programmes
User wears a virtual reality helmet
An electronic glove is worn
Interact with the computer programme
Available in other disciplines as well
In near future, surgical skills can be learnt
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127. CONCLUSION
Using Audio visual aids properly Is a critical step in
training
Highlight important things
Supplement learning activities
Reinforce the learning process
Reduces the burden of present students
Hinweis der Redaktion
Applications of virtual reality systems in medical education. Here, two doctors use a system developed at NASA's Ames Research Centre in Menlo Park, California, to study the anatomy of the human leg. They both wear a headset equipped with 3-D video displays to view the computer-generated graphical images - one is shown between the two doctors, other views are on background screens. Physical exploration of the leg anatomy is afforded by using the dataglove, a black rubber glove with woven optical fibre sensors, which relays data on their physical hand movements back to the computer.