irrigation management in different rice establishment methods.

1. 1
WELCOME
Poojitha K
PALM
7008

2. Irrigation management
strategies in rice to enhance
productivity under different rice
ecosystem
2

3. Introduction
Rice ecosystems
Establishment methods and irrigation management
Case studies
Conclusion
3

4. 4

5. Rice
• Rice is one of the most important cereal crop
in the world and ranks next to wheat in terms
of production.
• It is the staple food feeding half of the world’s
population (FAO, 2004).
• The United Nations General Assembly
declared 2004 as the “International Year of
Rice” (IYR).
Jata and Pavan 5

6. • Among cereals, rice is largely produced in our
country.
• About 95% rice grown in the world is
consumed in Asia. The per capita consumption
of Rice in Asia ranges around 90 to 181 kg
annually.
Rice, Jata and Pavan 6

7. 7
World
(2016-17)
India
(2015-16)
Karnataka
(2017-18)
Area 161.63 (Million
hectare)
434.99 (Lakh
hectare)
9.68 (Lakh
hectare)
Production 487.37(million
ton)
104.41 (Million
tonnes)
42.1 (lakh
tonnes)
Productivity 4500 (kg/ha) 2400 (kg/ha) 3052 (kg/ha)
(Knoema, Annual report 2017-18 Dept. of Agriculture,
New Delhi and
Anonymous 2018)

8. .• Water for agriculture is becoming increasingly
scarce (Rijsberman, 2006).
• In Asia, about 40% of the fresh water is diverted
to irrigate rice land. About 75% of global rice
production comes from irrigated land
(Sakthivadivel et al., 2001).
• To safe guard food security and preserve precious
water resources, ways must be explored to grow
rice in less water.
8

9. • To produce 1 kg of rice grain 3,000-5000 liters water required, farmers
have to supply 2-3 times more water in rice fields than other cereals.
(Baker et al., 1998)
• Increasing water scarcity is becoming real threat to rice cultivation.
(Subramaniam et al., 2013).
• The declining per capita freshwater availability necessitates production
of rice with limited water, using alternate options to increase WUE and
reduces losses.
(Nayak et al., 2016)
• To meet future food requirements, India need to increase rice
productivity by 3 % per annum .
(Thiyagarajan and Selvaraju, 2001)
9

10. Rice ecosystems
1. Irrigated
2. Rainfed low land
3. Upland
4. Flood prone
IRRI, 1984
Irrigated (55%)
Rainfed
lowland (25%)
Upland (13%)
Flood prone
(7%)
10

11. 11
Methods of establishments
under irrigated ecosystems
Transplanting
Direct
seeding

12. 1. Transplanting
Manual Transplanting
Mechanical transplanting
System of rice intensification
12

13. 1. Manual and Mechanical transplanting
13
Manual Transplanting Mechanical Transplanting

14. A. Submergence
• Maintain 2.5 cm water over the puddled land.
• Maintain 2 cm of water up to 7 DAT.
• After the establishment stage, cyclic
submergence of water is practiced.
• This cyclic 5 cm submergence has to be
continued throughout the crop period.
14

15. Water requirement under submergence
Operation Water requirement (mm)
Nursery 40
Land preparation 200
Field irrigation 1000
total 1240
Reddy, 2013
15

16. Depth of submergence at different stages
Stages of crop growth Depth of submergence
(cm)
At transplanting 2
After transplanting for 3 days 5
Three days after transplanting upto
maximum tillering
2
At maximum tillering (in fertile fields only) Drain water for three days
Maximum tillering to panicle initiation 2
Panicle initiation to 21 days after flowering 5
Twenty one days after flowering Withhold irrigation
Reddy, 2013
16

17. Treatments Grain
yield(kg/ha)
Straw
yield(kg/ha)
Total water
(mm)
Water productivity
(kg/mm)
M1:Drum seeder 5308 6295 1359 4.0
M2: Mechanical
transplanting
6088 6924 1313 4.7
M3: Normal
transplanting
5926 6886 1325 4.5
SEM± 139 81 0.1
CD (p=0.05) 546 317 0.3
17
Effect of different crop establishment methods on rice yield and
water use efficiency
Sathish et al., 2016Hyderabad

18. Advantages of Submergence of water
• Less weed problem.
• Fixation of nitrogen by Blue Green Algae.
• Increased availability of nutrients such as P,
Fe, Mn and silicon.
• Regulation of soil temperature.
• Reduction in labour cost.
Reddy, 2013
18

19. Disadvantages of Submergence of water
• High water requirement: 3000–5000 liters of water to produce
1 kg of rice.
• Deep percolation losses of irrigation water.
• Leaching of nutrients particularly nitrogen.
• Iron toxicity.
• Destruction of soil aggregates.
• Anaerobic fermentation of soil organic matter: Methane
emission.
Reddy, 2013
19

20. B. Saturation
• It is method of irrigation in which the field is
saturated up to the panicle initiation by giving
2.5cm irrigation water.
• After panicle initiation 5cm of standing water
is maintained in the field.
20

21. C. Intermittent Submergence OR Alternate
wetting and Drying (AWD)
Irrigation water is applied to obtain flooded
conditions after a certain number of days have
elapsed after disappearance of water.
Principle:
• To increase yield per unit transpiration.
• Reducing non-beneficial depletion.
• Effective use of rain fall.
• Reducing outflow.
Husain et al., 2009 21

22. 22

23. AWD is also called Alternate flooding or
Controlled irrigation
Field water tube from
PVC
A Field tube under
Flooded conditions
Water at 15 cm depth:
Time to irrigate and
flood the field again
Alternate wetting and drying
23

24. Key Points in AWD
• Transplant young seedlings into puddled soil.
• Install a PVC pipe with holes.
• Start AWD at 10 DAT and allow the field to dry
out.
• Re-flood the field to a standing water layer of
5 cm when the groundwater is 10-15 cm below
the soil surface.
• Keep a standing water layer of 5 cm for 1 week
at flowering.
• Continue AWD cycles after flowering until
harvest.
Husain et al., 2009 24

25. 1. Grain yield, water and time
saved through AWD at farmers field
Irrigation
methods
Applied
water(m
m)
Rainfall
(mm)
Total
(mm)
Grain
yield(t/ha)
Water
saved over
farmers
practice
Time
saved
Irrigation at 3
days after
disappearance
of ponded
water
730 176 906 7.23 29 47
Irrigation
following
farmer’s
practice
1030 176 1206 7.18 - -
25
Husain et al., 2009

26. Water Productivity of Rice under Different
Irrigation Regimes
26
Treatments Water
Input (m3
/ha)
Water
Productivit
y (kg/m3
)
Liters of
Water
kg/grain
% Of Water
Saved Over
Flooding
NTP- Flood 15995 0.23 4400.275 -
NTP-
Saturation
12120 0.32 3143.969 24.2263
NTP- AWD 10995 0.37 2699.816 31.2598
Shantappa et al., 2014Hyderabad Note: NTP: Normal
transplanting

27. Advantages:
• 30-40% of water and 47% of application time can
be saved over conventional method.
• Yield increase over conventional method of rice
cultivation.
Disadvantages:
• Weed infestation is high.
• Needs more labour for weed control.
Husain et al., 2009 27

28. SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early-1980s by Father Henri de
Laulanie
Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003.
Core principles of SRI
• Rice is not an aquatic plant.
• 8-12 day old seedlings.
• Mechanical weeding.
• Square planting.
• Organic source of nutrients.
“SRI cuts the water required for irrigated rice by 25-50%. The
combination of water reduction together with other SRI practices
can increase paddy yields by 50-100%”.
Norman Uphoff 28

29. SRI
• Irrigation only to moist the soil in the early period
of 10 days, restoring irrigation to a maximum
depth of 2.5cm after development of hairline
cracks in the soil until panicle initiation
• Increasing irrigation depth to 5.0 cm after PI
1DAPW.
Pandiselvi et al., 2010
29

30. 2. Productivity, water use efficiency and economics of system
of rice intensification (Mean of 36 demonstrations)
Sl.
No.
Particulars SRI NTP SEM± CD (p=0.05)
1 No. of productive
tillers/m2
592 490 32.7 66.4
2 Panicle length (cm) 20.5 18.3 0.79 1.62
3 Yield (kg / ha) 5505 4510 69.3 140.6
4 Percent yield
increase
22.1 -
5 Total water use
(mm)
1119 1511
6 Percent water
saving by SRI
35.0 -
7 Water use
efficiency (kg
/ha/mm
5.28 3.55
8 Benefit - Cost ratio 3.12 2.28
Pandiselvi et al, 2010Mahibalanpatti, Tamilnadu 30
Variety: ADT 39

31. Treatments Dry matter
(g/hill)
90DAT
Effective
tillers/m2
1000 grain
weight(g)
Grain
Yield(t/ha)
Straw
Yield(t/ha)
B:C
ratio
T1:
Irrigation@ 2
DADPW
67.6 257 24.7 6.67 8.43 1.9
T2:
Irrigation @ 5
DADPW
65.6 243 23.9 6.52 7.96 1.99
T3:
Irrigation @ 8
DADPW
64 221 23 5.85 7.64 1.77
SEM± 0.68 4.81 0.24 0.103 0.121 0.045
CD (p=0.05) 2.67 18.9 0.96 0.403 0.473 0.18
Madane et al., 2017BHU, Varanasi. 31
3. Effect of irrigation management on rice
under system of rice intensification
Note: DADPW- days after
disappearance of ponded water.
Hybrid: PHB 71

32. Treatments Plant
height(cm)
Tillers/m2 1000 grain
weight (g)
Yield(t/ha) WUE(%) B:C ratio
M1:SRI 88.5 481.5 17.8 6.5 68.3 3.37
M2:NTP 93.3 351.8 16.7 4.4 45.9 2.48
M3:MTP 91.7 368.5 17.2 5.0 51.0 2.99
SEM± 0.75 13.05 0.18 0.05 2.0 0.04
CD (p=0.05) 2.9 51.24 0.68 0.19 7.0 0.17
Irrigation
Flooding 89.8 377.3 16.6 4.8 38.2 2.64
Saturation 88.1 397.2 17.2 5.3 67.0 2.94
AWD 95.6 427.5 18.0 5.8 59.6 3.26
SEM± 1.52 8.77 0.29 0.17 2.0 0.10
CD (p=0.05) 4.67 27.04 0.89 0.53 7.12 0.32
32
4. Influence of establishment methods and irrigation water
levels on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa)
Shantappa et al., 2016Hyderabad
Note: MTP-Mechanical
transplanting

33. Advantages of SRI:
• SRI cuts the water required for irrigated rice
by 25-50% compared to conventional method.
• Yield Grain yield increase by 10% in SRI.
• Water productivity increased by 20%.
Disadvantages of SRI:
• High weed infestation due to AWD method of
irrigation.
33

34. 2. Direct seeding
Wet direct seeding or Drum seeding
Dry direct seeding or Semi-dry
Aerobic rice
34

35. A. Wet direct seeding or Drum seeder
• During first one week just
wet the soil by thin film of
water.
• Depth of irrigation may be
increased to 2.5cm
progressively along the crop
age.
• Provide adequate drainage
facilities to drain excess
water or strictly follow
irrigation schedule of
1DAPW.
• Last irrigation may be 15
days ahead of harvest.
TNAU agri portal
35

36. B. Dry direct seeding or Semidry rice
• In this system seeds are sown in ploughed dry
soil with monsoon rains.
• Whenever water is available after onset of
monsoon, it is treated as wet paddy.
• In command area, anticipating the release of
water, rice can be grown under this system
upto 45 days.
• Then the crop is converted to wet land.
TNAU agri portal
36

37. 37

38. 5. Effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation scheduling on
growth and yield of rice
Plant height Productive
tillers/m2
NO.of
grains/panicle
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw yield
(kg/ha)
M1: DSR 107.1 341 242 5671 6657
M2: NPMT 89.6 275 204 4579 5363
M3: PT 98.2 316 230 5298 6214
SEd 1.5 5 4 83 99
CD (p=0.05) 4.2 14 10 232 275
I1 97.3 308 223 5141 6009
I2 92.9 283 207 4722 5579
I3 86.9 259 192 4317 5042
I4 108.7 360 252 6005 7117
I5 102.0 321 234 5370 6255
I6 89.5 277 205 4619 5367
I7 110.7 365 262 6104 7177
SEd 2.7 8 6 146 172
CD (p=0.05) 5.5 17 13 296 349
38
I1: AWD irrigation at 10 cm depletion of ponded water , I2: AWD irrigation at 15 cm depletion of ponded water, I3: AWD irrigation at 20 cm
depletion of ponded water, I4: AWD irrigation at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at flowering, I5: AWD irrigation at 15
cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at flowering, I6: AWD irrigation at 20 cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at
flowering, I7: irrigation on the day of disappearance of ponded water.
Thanjavur Yogeswari and Porpavai, 2018DSR: Direct seeded rice
NPMT: Non puddled machine transplanting

39. C. Aerobic rice
 Aerobic rice is a renewed way of growing rice
in non-submerged, un-puddled condition in
aerated soils.
 Regions where rainfall is low(800mm).
 Irrigation applied to bring the water content in
the root zone to field capacity.
Rice Science,
Chandrasekaran 39

40. Particulars Transplanted rice Aerobic rice
Land preparation
(mm)
250 -
Evapotranspiration
(mm)
528 515
Water used in
cropping including
rainfall (mm)
1050 560
Total water used
(mm)
1300 560
Subramanian et al., 2007
40

41. Irrigation
regimes
Effective
tillers/m2
1000 grain
weight (g)
Grain
yield(t/ha)
Straw
yield(t/ha)
T1: 3 days
interval
315.4 20.6 3.44 4.94
T2: 5 days
interval
291.9 20.2 3.21 4.55
T3: 7 days
interval
239.3 19.5 2.65 3.98
T4: 9 days
interval
210.2 18.8 2.06 3.17
SEM± 5.6 0.2 0.07 0.08
CD (p=0.05) 17.2 0.7 0.23 0.25
Nayak et al., 2016Odisha
41
6. Response of aerobic rice to different
irrigation regimes
Cultivar: Apo

42. Irrigation
regimes
Irrigation
applied(IA)
(cm)
WR(cm)=
IR+ER+SMS
FWUE(kg
grain/ha-cm)
B:C
3 days
interval
125 128.2 26.8 1.4
5 days
interval
90 93.3 34.5 1.34
7 days
interval
70 73.5 36 1.12
9 days
interval
60 63.6 32.3 0.88
SEM± - - 0.8 0.03
CD (p=0.05) - - 2.6 0.09
Nayak et al., 2016Odisha 42
Response of aerobic rice to different irrigation
regimes

43. Advantages of Aerobic rice:
• Water saving upto 60-70% over conventional
methods.
• Reduced evaporation.
Disadvantages of aerobic rice :
• High weed infestation.
• 20- 30% Yield decrease over conventional
method.(McCuley, 1990)
Rice Science,
Chanadrasekaran 43

44. Drip irrigation
44

45. Micro Irrigation System (MIS) coming strongly as effective
system for irrigating the paddy crop with more efficient in
water use as well as more environment friendly in operation
and management. With MIS system we can move towards
“more crop per drop” (Soman, 2012).
45

46. Treatments Irrigation
water
applied
(mm)
Effective
rainfall
(mm)
Total water
used (mm)
Per cent
saving of
water over
flood
irrigation
WUE
(kg ha mm-
1)
Drip Irrigation 240 167.0 407.3 30.7 17.1
Sprinkler
irrigation
252 167.0 419.0 28.7 11.5
Flood
Irrigation
420.4 167.0 587.4 - 10.6
Rajeev et al, 2018Haryana
46
7. On-Farm drip irrigation in Rice for higher
productivity and profitability in Haryana, India

47. Rajeev et al., 2018Haryana 47
On-Farm drip irrigation in Rice for higher
productivity and profitability in Haryana, India

48. 8. Effects of drip irrigation system for enhancing rice (Oryza sativa L.)
yield under System of Rice Intensification management
Treatments Plant height at
60 DAT (cm)
Number of
tillers at 60
DAT
SPAD Values Root length
(cm)
T1 73.45 217.25 44.81 14.10
T2 73.60 218.20 44.67 15.30
T3 76.45 240.75 45.12 18.23
T4 75.80 232.50 45.00 16.08
T5 74.70 223.50 44.85 15.50
SEM± 0.85 2.92 0.68 0.68
CD (p=0.05) 2.51 8.60 NS 2.01
Rao et al., 2017Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
48
T1: Conventional practices with continuous flooding. T2: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) crop and water
management methods. T3: SRI management with drip irrigation emitters spaced at 20 cm. T4: SRI with drip
emitters spaced at 30 cm. T5: SRI with drip emitters spaced at 40 cm.

49. Effects of drip irrigation system for enhancing rice (Oryza sativa L.)
yield under System of Rice Intensification management
Treatme
nts
No of
effective
tillers/m
2
No. of
grains/
panicle
Panicle
length
(cm)
Panicle
weight
(g)
1000
grain
weight
(g)
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Straw
yield
(t/ha)
Harvest
Index
(%)
T1 222.25 133.50 25.67 2.78 32.30 3.14 4.30 40.73
T2 242.0 141.0 25.97 3.02 32.96 4.04 4.18 48.08
T3 264.75 161.75 27.52 3.41 33.51 7.07 4.60 61.93
T4 256.25 151.5 26.26 3.37 32.71 6.72 4.34 60.98
T5 253.0 149.0 25.87 3.16 32.59 5.95 4.43 57.72
SEM± 4.49 4.09 0.40 0.07 0.41 0.31 0.13 2.57
CD
(p=0.05)
13.25 12.07 1.18 0.22 NS 0.90 0.39 7.59
Rao et al., 2017 49
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
T1: Conventional practices with continuous flooding. T2: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) crop and water
management methods. T3: SRI management with drip irrigation emitters spaced at 20 cm. T4: SRI with drip
emitters spaced at 30 cm. T5: SRI with drip emitters spaced at 40 cm.

50. Rao et al., 2017Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 50

51. Advantages of drip irrigation:
• Increase in WUE.
• Reduce the agrochemical application by
fertigation or chemigation.
• Eliminates anaerobic decomposition.
• Quality water can be delivered.
Disadvantages of drip irrigation:
• Higher cost.
• Skilled labour requirement.
Chnadrasekaran 51

52. 52

53. Thank
you
53