it is related with topic of disinfection.fully descibe it.

1. PRASHANT KUMAR
YEAR 2020
DIPLOMA IN OPERATION THEATER TECHNICIAN
KING GEORG’S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTEOF PARAMEDICAL SCIENCES
LUCKNOWU.P
TOPICS:- dISINFACTANT

2. TOPIC
DISINFETION
CONTANT
 Definitions
 Terminology
 Classification
 Physical Agents
 Heat
 Radiation
 Filtration
 Chemical Agents
 Gases
 Blood spill
 Disinfection of surface
 Disinfection of safety cabinets
 Disinfection of Rooms
 Disinfection of Skin
 Testing of Disinfectant
 Disinfection Policy

3. What is Disinfection
 Disinfection
 Disinfection may be defined as cleaning an article of some
or all the pathogenic organism
Which may cause infection.
 Perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full
sterilization, would harming other forms of life, be
inexpensive , and non corrosive.
 Unfortunately ideal disinfectants do not exist.
 Most disinfactants are also, by their very nature, potentially
harmful (even toxic) to humans or animal.

4. •Chemical destruction of vegetative
pathogens on living tissue.
AntiSepsis
•Mechanical removal of microbes
from limit area.
Determining
•Lowering microbial counts on
eating and drinking utensils to safe
levels.
Sanitization
TERMOLOGY

5. •Kill Microorganism.
Biocide Or
Germicide
•Kill Fungi
Fungicide
•Inativates Viruses
Virocide

6. •Bacterial
Conamination.
Sepsis
•Absence of Significant
contamination.
Asepsis
•Minimize
contamination.
Aseptic
Technique

7. •Agents Stops growth of
Bacteria.
Bacteriostatic
ANTISEPTICS VERSUS DISINFECTANT
Antiseptic:-
 Use on skin and mucous membranes to kill microorganism.
 Not for use on inanimate objects.
Disinfectants:-
 Use to kill microorganism on inanimate objects.
 Not for use on skin or mucous membranes.

8. DECONTAMINATION
 It is a general term for the treatment used to make
equipment safe to handle by freeing them of Microbiology,
chemical radioactive and other contamination.
CLEANING
 The physical removal of foreign material. e.g dust, soil,
organic material, such as blood, secretions, excretion and
microorganisms.
 Cleaning generally removes rather than kill
microorganisms.
 It is accomplished with water, detergent and mechanical
action.

9. Classification
of Disinfection
Physical
Agents
Heat Radiation Filtration
Chemical
Agents
Alcohol Haloge
ns Gases
Phenol &
Phenolic
Compounds
Surface
Active
Substances

10. Physical Agents
1. Heat:-i. Dry Heat
a. Flaming
b. Inciration
c. Red heat
d. Hot air oven
ii. Moist Heat
a. Temperature Below 100ºc
b. Temperature At 100ºc
c. Steam At 100ºc
2. Temperature Below 100ºc
1. Vaccine Bath
2. Inspissation
3. Pasteurization
~ Low Temperature holding method
~ High Temperature short method
3. Temperature At 100ºc
i. Boiling
ii. Tyndaillisation
4.Steam At 100ºc

11. HEAT:-
The quality of being hot high temperature.
DRY HEAT
Hot Air Oven:-
 Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use
dry heat to sterilize.
 They were originally developed by Pasteur.
 Sterilization of articles that withstand high
temperature and not get burned.
 E.g;- Glass-wares, powders, forceps, scissors,
scalpels, glass syringes, pharmaceutical
products like liquid paraffin, fats, grease and
dusting powder etc.
 The standard settings for a hot air oven are: 1.5
to 2 hours at 160 °C (320 °F) 6 to 12 minutes at 190 °C
(374 °F)
Hot Air Oven

12.  Do not require water and there is not much pressure build up
within the oven making safer to work.
 Smaller than autoclave but can still be as effective.
 Higher temperature can be reached compared to other means.
 This treatment kills the bacterial endotoxin, not all treatments
can do this.
 Effective method of sterilization of heat stable articles only
method of sterilizing oils and powders.
 Protective of sharps or instruments with a cutting edge (fewer
problems with dulling of cutting edges).
 It does not leave any chemical residue.
 It is nontoxic and does not harm the environment.
ADVANTAGES:-

13. DISADVANTAGES:-
 Some organisms like prion may not be killed or inactivated.
 Plastic wares or heat sensitive materials can’t be sterilized.
 Glasses may become smoky due to high sterilization temperatures:
Temperature holding period is at 160°C for 1 hour, 170°C 30 minutes where
as at 180°C 20 minutes.
 Dry heat penetrates materials slowly and unevenly and thus time
consuming method because of slow rate of heat penetration and
microbial killing.
 It requires a continuous source of electricity.
MOIST HEAT:-
Moist heat sterilization using autoclave is commonly used for the
sterilization of bio hazardous trash, heat and moisture resistant materials
such as aqueous preparation (culture media). This method is also used for
the sterilization of surgical dressings and medical devices.

14. AUTOCLAVE
Temperature
(°C)
Approximate
corresponding
pressure
(kPa)
Minimum
sterilization time
(min)
126-129 250 (~2.5 atm) 10
134-138 300 (~3.0 atm) 5
ADVANTAGES:-
 Nontoxic to patient, staff, environment
 Cycle easy to control and monitor
 Rapidly microbicidial
 Least affected by organic/inorganic soils among
sterilization processes listed
 Rapid cycle time
 Penetrates medical packing, device lumens

15. DISADVANTAGES:-
 Deleterious for heat-sensitive instruments.
 Microsurgical instruments damaged by repeated
exposure.
 May leave instruments wet, causing them to rust
Potential for burns.
Pasteurization:-
 Pasteurization is the use of heat at a temperature sufficient to inactivate
important pathogenic organisms in liquids such as water or milk, but at
a temperature lower than that needed to ensure sterilization.
 It does not kill spores, a second ... Medical equipment, notably
respiratory and anesthesia equipment, is often disinfected using hot
water, as an alternative to chemical disinfection.

16. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses
short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultraviolet C or UV-C) light to kill or
inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their
DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions.

17. SOURCE OF RADATION
Three forms of radiation commonly used for commercial radiation
sterilization.
 Gamma Radiation
 X-Rays Radiation
 Electron Beam Radiation(E-Beam Radiation)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 Terminal Processing:-
Due to the penetration depth of ionizing radiation, products can be
Processed in their fully sealed, final packaging. This limits risk of
contamination following sterilization.
 Chemical Independence:-
No volatile or toxic chemicals are needed. In the case of X-ray or e-beam
irradiation, no end products requiring disposal are generated during the
procedure.

18.  Time efficiency:-
E-beam sterilization can be completed within seconds to minutes.
Sterility assurance level (SAL):-
Radiation treatment can yield a high SAL of 10-6 or better, ensuring that less
than one out of a million microorganisms survive the sterilization
procedure.
 No residue:-
Radiation leaves no residue on the sterilized product.
Flexibility:-
Radiation can sterilize products of any phase (gaseous, liquid or solid
materials), products with variable density, size or thickness, and
homogeneous or heterogeneous systems. Furthermore, sterilization can be
conducted at any temperature and any pressure.

19. FILTRATION
 It is a method of removal of bacteria from heat labile of liquid such as
sera and antibiotics solutions.
 Factor Affecting in efficiency are :-
~ Initial number of microorganisms
~ Type of microorganism
~ Composition and pore size of the filter
USES:-
i. Separation of toxics and other soluble products of bacterial agents.
ii. Sterilization of materials or other materials.
iii. Purification of water.

20.  CANDLE FILTERS
 ASBESTOS FITERS
 SINTERED FILTERS
 MEMBRANE FILTER
 SYRINGE FILTER
 PRRESSURE FILTER
 HEPA(HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR) FILTER
TYPES OF FILTERS
 SEITZ FILTER
 CARLSON STERIMAT FILTER

21. CANDLE FILTER
 Ceramic candle filters are simple devices made out of clay and used
to filter drinking water in order to removes turbidity, suspended
materials and pathogens.
 Removal takes place by physical process such as mechanical trapping
and adsorption on the ceramic candles, which have micro-scale pores

22. MEMBRANE FILTER
A filter especially of cellulose acetate that has pores of any of various
maximum diameters so as to prevent the passage of microorganisms (as
viruses or bacteria) of greater than a particular size.

23. HEPA FILTER
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA), also known as high-efficiency
particulate absorbing and high-efficiency particulate arrestance is an
efficiency standard of air filter.

24. SYRING FILTER
 A syringe filter (sometimes called a wheel filter if it has a wheel-like
shape) is a single-use filter cartridge.
 It is attached to the end of a syringe for use. Syringe filters may
have Luer lock fittings, though not universally so.
 The use of a needle is optional; where desired it may be fitted to the
end of the syringe filter.
 A syringe filter generally consists of a plastic housing with a membrane
that serves as a filter.
 The fluid to be purified may be cleaned by drawing it up the syringe
through the filter, or by forcing the unfiltered fluid through the filter.
 Syringe filters may be used to remove particles from a sample, prior to
analysis by HPLC or other techniques involving expensive instruments.
 Syringe filters are also available for the filtration of gases, and for the
removal of bacteria from a sample.

25.  Hydrophobic PTFE
(Polytetrafluoroethylene)
 Hydrophilic PTFE.
 Hydrophobic PVDF (Polyvinylidene
fluoride)
 PES (Polyethersulfone)
 Nylon.
TYPES OF SYRING FILTER

26. CHEMICAL AGENTS
The main chemical agents, which are used in sterilization of disinfection
instuments and any other liquid substances. These are as
 Alcohol
 Chlorine and chlorine compounds.
 Formaldehyde.
 Glutaraldehyde.
 Hydrogen peroxide.
 Iodophors.
 Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA)
 Peracetic acid.

28. ALCOHOL
 “Alcohol” refers to two water-soluble chemical
compounds ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol—
that have generally underrated germicidal
characteristics.
 Any liquid chemical sterilant or high-level
disinfectant with alcohol as the main active
ingredient.
 These alcohols are rapidly bactericidal rather
than bacteriostatic against vegetative forms of
bacteria; they also are tuberculocidal, fungicidal,
and virucidal but do not destroy bacterial spores.
 Their bactericidal activity drops sharply when
diluted below 50% concentration, and the
optimum bactericidal concentration is 60%–90%
solutions in water (volume/volume).
 Composition of
Bactorub Ingrediants
Chlorhexidine
gluconate 0.5 %W/V
Ethanol 70 %W/V
BACTORUB

29. CHLORINE & CHLORINE COMPOUND
 Inorganic chlorine solution is used for
disinfecting tonometer heads.
 the most widely used of the chlorine
disinfectants, are available as liquid (e.g.,
sodium hypochlorite) or solid (e.g., calcium
hypochlorite).
 The microbicidal activity of chlorine is
attributed largely to undissociated
hypochlorous acid (HOCl).
 Chlorination is the process of
adding chlorine to drinking water
to disinfect it and kill germs.
 Chlorine is available as compressed
elemental gas, sodium hypochlorite
solution (NaOCl) or solid calcium
hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2
 Chlorine long has been used as the
disinfectant in water treatment.
CHLORINE SOLUTION

30. HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTANT
 Formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant and sterilant in both its liquid
and gaseous states. Liquid formaldehyde will be considered briefly in
this section, and the gaseous form is reviewed elsewhere.
 Formaldehyde is sold and used principally as a water-based solution
called formalin, which is 37% formaldehyde by weight.
 The aqueous solution is a bactericide, tuberculocide, fungicide, virucide
and sporicide
FORMALDEHYDE