Global Warming is DESTROYING the Wine Industry

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GLOBAL WARMING SPELLS DISASTER
FOR MUCH OF THE MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR WINE INDUSTRY

What next? Food Security at risk.

Areas suitable for growing premium wine grapes could be reduced by 50 percent - and possibly as
much as 81 percent - by the end of this century, according to a study Monday in Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences.

The paper indicates increasing weather problems for grapes in such areas as California's Napa and
Sonoma valleys.

The main problem: An increase in the frequency of extremely hot days, according to Noah
Diffenbaugh of the department of earth and atmospheric sciences at Purdue University.

Grapes used in premium wines need a consistent climate. When temperatures top about 95 degrees
they have problems maintaining photosynthesis and the sugars in the grapes can break down,
Diffenbaugh said in a telephone interview.

"The lion's share of the industry is in California, so it's a huge concern from a wine quality
standpoint."
-James A. Kennedy, professor at Oregon State University

"We have very long-term studies of how this biological system (of vineyards) responds to climate,"
said Diffenbaugh, and that gives the researchers confidence in their projection. Diffenbaugh is a co-
author of the paper.

Scientists and environmental experts have become increasingly alarmed in recent years by
accumulating gasses such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil
fuels.

A panel of climate scientists convened by the National Academy of Sciences reported last month that
the Earth is heating up and "human activities are responsible for much of the recent warming." The
scientists said average global surface temperatures rose by about 1 degree in the 20th century. While
that may not sound like much, many blame it for melting glaciers, weather changes - perhaps even
more hurricanes - and threats of spreading diseases.

James A. Kennedy, a professor of food science and technology at Oregon State University, said he
was shocked by the report on the potential effects on wine grapes.

"We're definitely, in the wine industry, starting to be concerned about global warming," said
Kennedy, who was not part of the research team.

"The lion's share of the industry is in California, so it's a huge concern from a wine quality
standpoint," he said. For people in the industry "this paper is going to be a bit of a shocker."

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation, National Center for Atmospheric
Research and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

~

GLOBAL WARMING COULD CRUSH WINE INDUSTRY

By any measure, California wines rank among the best in the world. But a 2-degree rise in
temperature could make Napa Valley chardonnay a thing of the past.

A couple more degrees and Napa would no longer be prime territory for wine of any kind. And
warmer grape growing regions such as the Livermore valley could be knocked out of the premium
wine game entirely.

"It's clear that there's the potential for really substantial problems, and almost certainly going to be
some change," said John Williams, owner and winemaker at Frog's Leap Winery in Napa Valley.

Among the issues Williams could face are warmer winters that hinder bud development, changes in
rainfall patterns and increasing pressure from pests that thrive in hotter weather. But uncertainty
about the timing and severity of those challenges makes it hard to plan.

"YOU CAN'T PREPARE FOR IT," HE SAID.

Although grapes may feel the heat first, they won't be alone. Many of the state's signature crops --
avocados, oranges, almonds -- will face serious declines in yield by midcentury, according to
computer models that project climate changes.

Agriculture is the industry whose fate is most closely linked to climate, and California is by far the
biggest agricultural producer in the country. In a warming world, California's agricultural riches are
among the most vulnerable in the country, so farmers and economists are starting to pay attention to
the prospect of climate change.

The state grows more than half of the nation's fruits, nuts and vegetables and is virtually the sole
source of more than a dozen crops, including nectarines, raisins, artichokes and olives.

No other state comes close. According to the most recent agricultural census, in 2002, the No. 2
state, Texas, did not bring in even half of the $26 billion grossed by California farmers and ranchers.

Other states may escape relatively unscathed, and some studies show that the uptick in temperature
and longer growing season predicted by climate models could actually be a boon to agriculture in the
northernmost states..

But California's climate is already close to ideal for many of the fruits and vegetables for which it is
famous, and even the most optimistic predictions show California on the losing end of the warming
stick.

"At the current crop mix that we have, we're pretty much at the optimum, so changing that would
push us over the peak of that curve," said economist Olivier Deschenes of UC Santa Barbara.

In a study forthcoming in the American Economic Review, DeschÆnes and Michael Greenstone of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimated the economic impact of global warming on U.S.
agriculture by analyzing how random year-to-year variations in temperature and precipitation
affected profits in the past. They then used a climate model to project those effects into the future..

They calculated that global warming will result in a 4 percent, or $1.3 billion, increase in agricultural
profits for the country during the next century. But those gains were not evenly spread, and
California may see an annual loss of 15 percent, or $750 million, by the end of the century..

One of the biggest reasons for this is the state's precarious water situation..

Unlike the eastern half of the United States, California's agriculture is largely dependent on
irrigation. About 90 percent of California's crops are produced on irrigated land..

Some climate models project the state will get more rain during the growing season, but this increase
will be far outweighed by a decrease in winter snow..

California doesn't have sufficient reservoir capacity to sustain agricultural water needs through the
dry season, so storing water as Sierra snowpack is critical. A good snowpack ensures water will be
available in the summer and fall when irrigation demand is still high and reserves from rainwater are
low..

Currently, 80 percent of water used in the state goes to agriculture. With reductions in snowpack
estimated from 30 percent to 90 percent by 2100, agriculture could take a big hit depending on how
dwindling water resources are allocated among cities, farmers and the environment..

"I cannot emphasize enough how critical a factor that is for California's agriculture," said ecologist
Chris Field of the Carnegie Institution at Stanford University. "It doesn't matter how fast or slow a
plant can potentially grow. In California, if you don't give it sufficient irrigation water, it's not viable
as a crop."

To make matters worse, the bulk of the state's agricultural profits come from perennial plants that
live for 30 years or more and are not easily or inexpensively swapped for more heat- or drought-
resistant crops, or moved to cooler locations.

Climate scientist David Lobell of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory led a study published in the
journal Agricultural and Forest Meteorology in November that used past yields of six of the state's
most lucrative perennial crops to calculate the potential impact of future warming predicted by more
than 20 different climate models. Five of the six crops suffered significant yield losses by midcentury
in nearly all of the models.

"It's not good news," Lobell said. "I was a little surprised at how unlikely it is for climate change to
have no effect or a positive effect. Even the most conservative models show some decline."

Avocados, grown mostly in Ventura and San Diego counties, could see yields drop as much as 40
percent. The Central Valley's almonds and walnuts and the San Joaquin and Coachella valleys'
oranges and table grapes could decline as much as 20 percent.

One potential mitigating factor that Lobell's study did not take into account is the positive effect that
higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide can have on plant growth.

Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to convert solar energy into plant material and fuel.
Early research suggested that adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere would substantially increase
plant growth. But more recent research has shown a much smaller benefit, on the order of a 10
percent to 20 percent increase in growth by the end of the century with twice as much carbon dioxide
as was in the atmosphere before people began producing industrial greenhouse gases.

"If the negative impact of climate was 10 (percent) to 20 percent, it's possible that it would come out
in the wash, that they would more or less even each other out," Field said. "But if the impact of
climate is really substantial, such that you can't grow crop 'A' in place 'B,' then it doesn't really matter
that in some places crop 'A' was growing 10 percent better.".

FARMERS GET SQUEEZED

Some California crops are already feeling the heat.

Farmers in the middle of the country may be able to adapt fairly quickly to rising temperatures by
switching to more heat-tolerant crops. But California won't be nearly as agile..

Much of the state's agriculture involves long-lived plants such as grape vines and avocado, peach and
nectarine trees. It can take as many as eight or 10 years for some of these plants to mature and begin
bearing a full load of fruit. So switching to warmer-weather fruit such as oranges or lemons is no
small endeavor.

"That's a huge difference between California agriculture and everywhere else," Field said. "We're
overwhelmingly dependent on perennial crops. It means across all our crops, we are automatically
more vulnerable to climate change."

This could prove to be a major problem for farmers such as Len Delchiaro who can't afford to uproot
his 70 acres of cherry trees in Brentwood and wait six or seven years with no income before a new
set of trees begins to bear fruit.

The biggest threat to Delchiaro's orchard is a decline in "chill hours," or hours below 45 degrees.
Cherry trees need from 900 to 1,200 chill hours during which they go dormant, a process that enables
normal bud and blossom development. Any temperature spikes above 65 or 70 degrees during the
winter can also adversely affect dormancy.

Warmer winters, particularly a rise in nighttime low temperatures, have caused Delchiaro's trees to
blossom several weeks late and weakened the buds so that they can't hold on to the fruit.

"When you don't have enough chill, you may have a good blossom, but the tree's not strong enough
to sustain the fruit," he said. "So then you have a large drop-off where you lose immature fruit."

Delchiaro, who has been farming cherries in Brentwood for more than three decades, has seen his
crop yields drop from 60 percent to 70 percent the past two years..

Years with too few chill hours are a normal part of a naturally fluctuating climate, and Delchiaro is
happy with a cold winter so far this year, but he believes warmer winters have been more common in
recent years

"It's been more noticeable over the last five or 10 years we're getting less and less chill," he said,
noting that urban encroachment could also be a factor.

With the cost of labor increasing, crop yields declining and the price of cherries static, farmers like
Delchiaro are getting squeezed.

"WE'RE KIND OF IN A VISE," HE SAID..

Still, he plans to hang in there with his cherries. "It's just something that we know. We're geared to
it," said the 56-year-old farmer. "I'm at a point in my life where I don't want to have to wait seven,
eight years to change."

A rise in average temperatures isn't the only problem farmers may face in a warmer California. Brief
bouts with extreme weather such as heat waves or sustained heavy rains can cause serious problems
for some crops. And climate models suggest that extreme weather could become increasingly
common as temperatures climb.

Farmer Ruth Hartnett has been growing a variety of fruits and nuts and raising various livestock on
nine acres of Grand Island in the Sacramento River near Rio Vista. This summer's heat wave claimed
three of Hartnett's turkeys, and has her pondering a warmer future in which extremes become the
norm. She says many farmers in her area have been struggling with the unusual weather, causing
some of them to rethink their crop choices as they brace for more of the same.

This year at least three pear orchards in Hartnett's neighborhood were plowed under to make way for
hardier crops such as citrus fruits or, in one case, a housing development.

"The weather has gotten so strange, and crops are so unreliable, especially when it comes to fruit,
that these farmers just bulldozed their orchards," she said.

Some farmers, including Hartnett, are convinced that global warming is at least partly to blame for
the peculiar weather. Although some are biting the bullet and switching crops, others are
contemplating quitting the business altogether, and a few are thinking of relocating.

"If we're going to get this kind of heat in this area, there are farmers who are seriously considering
moving north. Maybe Canada, maybe Alaska," said Hartnett.

For now, Hartnett is considering somewhat less-drastic steps such as replacing a few pear trees with
citrus trees, but she counts herself among those who could be persuaded to hit the road..

"We seem to be at a tipping point. People are looking toward economic survival," she said "The
undercurrent is, 'How do I not lose my shirt and everything I've ever worked for?'"

WINES ON THE MOVE

Many crops will be affected, but the state's prized wine industry may be the proverbial canary in the
coal mine when it comes to climate change. Grapes, particularly those used for premium wines,
require a delicate balance of climatic conditions..

"Wine grapes are especially vulnerable because they have a sensitive temperature range in which
they can grow," said Stanford University ecologist Kim Nicholas Cahill, who studies the effects of
extreme heat on grapes.

Although wine grapes might not suffer major declines in yield, quality rather than quantity is the
issue with this crop.

Too hot, and grapes may ripen too quickly and produce flabby wines with too little acid and too
much alcohol. Too cold, and a wine's character will tend toward less desirable green flavors such as
grass or bell pepper.

The Napa Valley region is blessed with a 64 degree average temperature that falls smack in the
middle of the comfort zones of many popular varietals, including merlot, syrah and cabernet
sauvignon..

But Napa just barely tags the range for chardonnay grapes, which thrive in 57 to 63 degree
temperatures. A small bump up in the average growing season temperature, even just 1 degree, could
push Napa into questionable territory for chardonnay.

Of course, this same small bump in temperature would nudge the valley closer to the ideal climate
for zinfandel grapes. But a few more degrees could be a disaster for Napa. And some of the state's
warmer wine-growing regions, such as Santa Barbara and Paso Robles, might be lost altogether.

"You add another couple of degrees onto warming in Fresno, and it will become real challenging to
grow anything other than table grapes or raisins because you can't produce premium high-quality
wine in that hot of a climate without technology we really don't have today," said climatologist
Gregory Jones of Southern Oregon University in Ashland.

Jones is part of a team that used a computer climate model to look at the future of the U.S. wine
industry in a warming world -- and it is bleak.

According to the study, published in July in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
60 percent of the best terrain for premium grapes will be lost by the end of the century if greenhouse
gas emissions continue unabated. And the picture is particularly grim for California, currently
responsible for 90 percent of the country's wine grape production.

Most of the remaining top-quality acreage will shift northward to the Pacific Northwest. California
will retain and possibly gain a little bit of territory along the coast, but the inland vineyards,
including those in Napa Valley and Sonoma County, will be lost.

"There's a tremendous amount of culture and value that's associated with the wine industry where it
is," Field said. "It would be a heavy price to pay if we had to move out of there.

"If all of a sudden, Mendocino County becomes a better place to grow wine, even if you are
producing the exact same wine there, it's not a hundred percent clear that the value will transfer
immediately. It may take the world's wine community anywhere from months to decades to learn that
now the wines associated with a certain quality are coming from some other place."

Williams at Frog's Leap Winery knows some growers who are hedging their bets by buying property
in cooler areas with an eye to growing wine grapes there in the future.

A narrow band along the northern Central coast may maintain a good climate for wine, and farther
north the coast could warm up enough to become suitable. But problems with high humidity and
excess precipitation will persist along the coast. And climate projections don't take into account the
"terroir," or character of the earth; even if an area gains a climate appropriate for wine grapes, it may
never produce premium wines.

If carbon emissions continue unabated, the statewide annual temperature could go up 10 degrees.
That's roughly equivalent to the difference in average annual temperature between Oakland and Los
Angeles.

But if emissions are curbed significantly, the rise could be kept to around 3 degrees. That's
something that wine growers might be able to handle by changing their vine-management practices,
Cahill said.

The temperatures that the grapes on the vine actually experience can be changed quite a bit by
controlling how much leaf cover they have. Many growers in Napa trim the leaves back to give their
grapes more direct sunlight, which in turn produces bolder wines, said Terry Hall, communications
director for the Napa Valley Vintners.

Currently, growers often thin out clusters of chardonnay grapes to keep them cooler, Hall said, and
this practice could be used on other varietals as well if temperatures rise.

"I've seen a lot of interesting innovations in management. People do have some capacity to adapt,"
said Cahill. "But at the higher end of the (possible) temperature increase, business as usual will
definitely be much less possible."

~

AUSTRALIA'S DROUGHT MAY CUT WINE VINTAGE BY HALF

Australia's drought could cut the 2008 wine grape vintage by more than half, industry groups said on
Monday, cutting into a A$3 billion ($2.6 billion) a year export business and possibly forcing
hundreds of winemakers out of business.

The 2008 vintage is likely to fall to between 800,000 tones and 1.3 million tones, compared with a
normal seasonal crop of about 1.9 million tones, according to Wine Grape Growers and Winemakers'
Federation of Australia.

"Some growers will not be able to recover, and some vineyards will be lost as a result of the
drought," said Mark McKenzie, executive director of another industry group, Wine Grape Growers'
Australia.

"We think some 800 growers are in immediate financial peril, with up to 1,000 at risk over time.
They are broke," McKenzie said. Australia has some 7,500 grape growers.

In some regions that depend heavily on irrigation water from the Murray Darling river system, in the
southeast of the country, water allocations are as low as 10-16 percent of normal allocations, the two
industry groups said.

The falling vintage comes after a glut that forced prices to rock-bottom levels and produced a spate
of retail stores across Australia selling unlabelled cheap and bulk wine.

"It compounds what is already an extremely difficult financial situation, where prices may go up but
growers will not be able to take advantage of that because of the reduced crop," McKenzie said.

Australia's wine exports totaled A$3 billion in the year to July, according to the Australian Wine and
Brandy Corporation. The United Kingdom and the United States are the largest markets with about
A$972-A$974 million of sales each.

Australian scientists have predicted global warming will force wholesale changes to Australia's
A$4.8 billion wine industry, threatening the existence of some varieties with temperatures in most
wine regions projected to rise by up to 1.7 degrees Celsius (3 degrees Fahrenheit) by 2030.

Earlier on Monday, broker JP Morgan slashed its earnings forecast for winemaker McGuigan
Simeon Wines Ltd by 142 percent as a result of a smaller 2008 wine grape crop.

The broker now sees the company reporting an operating net loss of A$1.1 million from a previous
estimate of a profit of A$2.5 million.

~

AUSTRALIAN WINE INDUSTRY FEELS HEAT FROM CLIMATE CHANGE

Australian grape growers reckon they are the canary in the coalmine of global warming, as a long
drought forces winemakers to rethink the styles of wine they can produce and the regions they can
grow in.

The three largest grape-growing regions in Australia, the driest inhabited continent on earth, all
depend on irrigation to survive. The high cost of water has made life tough for growers.

Some say they probably won't survive this year's harvest, because of the cost of keeping vines alive.
Water prices surged above A$1,000 a megaliter last year from around A$300.

"On the back of three very ordinary years, this year is probably the worst that could have occurred
with the drought and the high costs of water," said Michael de Palma, a mid-sized grower in
Redcliffe near Mildura in the Murray Valley, one of the country's three big wine regions.

"In this depressed situation, growers have only two choices, stick it out as long as they can or to cut
their losses and get out," said de Palma, who is part-way through a weather-influenced early harvest
on his 40-hectare vineyard.

Recent rains have bypassed the country's parched inland wine regions, and have fallen half-way
through the harvest in eastern Australia, too late to help the berries and instead causing a mildew-like
disease.

De Palma, the chairman of Murray Valley Winegrowers, said he would wait to see the results of his
harvest before deciding whether to sell up or hold on to his vineyard, which mainly supplies Foster's
Group, Australia's largest wine company.

He estimated around 40 percent of grape growers in the Murray Valley who had access to water
trading couldn't afford to buy water last year, while most of the others had to borrow to do so, going
deeper into debt.

Industry groups estimate up to 1,000 winegrowers out of around 7,000 may be forced to leave the
industry this year because their vineyards are no longer financially viable.

"There's a Darwinian economics going on at the moment, and the outcome remains to be seen," said
Paul Henry, general manager of market development at Australian Wine and Brandy Corp.

"One might say we're guilty of the charge of being slow to change thus far, but the experience of this
harvest will change the outlook for Australian producers."

In some regions, such as the Murray Valley, wine grape yields are down 30-40 percent.

Australia's harvest is forecast to be down on average years, which may cut into exports in the A$6
billion industry.

Wine exports total some A$3 billion. Australia is the number one supplier of imported wine in the
United Kingdom with a market share of 23 percent and it is second in the United States.

The smaller 2008 vintage, made worse by a record-breaking heatwave which withered grapes on the
vines, is expected to push up prices and spell the end of cheap bulk wine after a three-year glut that
produced a rash of no-name brands called "cleanskins."

WARMER AND DRIER

Scientists say Australia's vast inland winegrowing districts face the greatest degrees of warming.

These are the Riverland on the Murray River in South Australia, the Murray Valley, and the Riverina
on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales.

And it is the grape-growers in these semi-arid areas that already face the greatest hardship, with calls
to rural financial counseling services soaring in recent months.

"We believe there are 800 to 1,000 growers predominantly in Murray Valley and the Riverland in
South Australia who are going to have to make a decision this year about whether they stay or go,"
said Wine Grape Growers chief Mark McKenzie.

A landmark study by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
found these areas would warm by 2.5 degrees Celsius by 2030.

Last year was one of the warmest on record for southern Australia, where all of the nation's
winegrowing regions lie, as well as one of the driest.

And that is enough to change harvesting times as berries ripen earlier, which can also affect their
quality.

"Climate change is the biggest issue we face. Relatively small changes in temperature and
precipitation do have reasonably large impacts in terms of wine style," said Winemakers' Federation
Chief Executive Stephen Strachan.

"Wine is a bit of a bellwether in terms of some of the very immediate impacts you see from climate
change."

According to the CSIRO, grape quality could fall by 23 percent by 2030 because of the climate
changes, and suitable land for viticulture could be cut by 10 percent.

By 2050, some 44 percent of current grape-growing areas would be affected, the study found.

The solution may be for cooler climate areas, such as the bayside Mornington Peninsula south-east of
Melbourne and the Yarra Valley to the east, to expand the varieties they grow.

The southern island state of Tasmania is also attracting attention as a region that could dramatically
boost its grape cultivation, with its mild weather closer to that of New Zealand than the parched
mainland.

Indeed, wine-growers in neighboring New Zealand are upbeat about a future that includes climate
change, because higher temperatures are expected to make cold areas of New Zealand more
temperate and better suited to grape growing.

CHANGING TASTES

Warmer temperatures and less rainfall will also mean changes in the grape varieties the traditional
growing areas produce.

"Styles in existing regions will change," said Strachan of the Winemakers' Federation.

"Most regions can produce most grape varieties, but whether they can produce them to quality levels
that the market expects is the big question."

While Australia's signature shiraz fares quite well in a hot climate, cabernet, pinot noir and merlot
among the reds and chardonnay, sauvignon blanc and riesling among the whites may have a tougher
time.

"Merlot is relatively intolerant of water stress, and it doesn't cope well with periods of very high
temperatures," said Snow Barlow, a winemaker and the chairman of the agriculture school at
Melbourne University, who co-authored the CSIRO study.

Experts say Australian growers need to experiment with tougher varieties from Spain and Sicily.
Tempranillo from Spain is one of Australia's fastest-growing varieties, while along the Murray river,
the Corsican grape Vermentino is being planted.

"Wine companies build up brands. Whether we can convince the world to take to Australian Sicilian
varieties in same way they take to Australian shiraz, that's quite a big commercial question," said
Barlow.

Barlow, who owns the boutique Baddaginnie Run vineyard nestled in the foothills of the Strathbogie
Ranges in Victoria state, said climate change shaped his decisions on what varieties to plant when he
started his vineyard 10 years ago.

Even so, merlot has proved problematic and he did not produce a merlot last year because of poor
quality. His $20 merlot has won awards in better years.

Over time, different root stocks that are able to provide good fruit with lower water requirements will
become more common.

But it can take months or years to import new varieties through Australia's strict quarantine system,
and three to four years to establish new rootstock for commercial production.

For grape growers already deep in debt, that is simply too long to wait.

~

GLOBAL WARMING HURTS SPAIN'S VINEYARDS,
FORCES VINTNERS TO MOVE

Global warming is killing vineyards in southern Spain, threatening a 2 billion-euro ($2.4 billion)
wine industry and forcing grape growers to move to cooler climes of the Pyrenees.

Winemakers from Europe's largest grape-growing nation are shading vineyards, developing heat-
resistance crops and moving to mountainside locations. Temperatures may rise 7 degrees Celsius by
the end of the century, said Jose Manuel Moreno, professor of climatology at the University of
Castilla La Mancha.

Any increase in temperature in Spain may make it impossible to produce wine in lower areas,
according to Xavier Sort, technical director of Miguel Torres SA, the maker of Sangre de Toro wine.
The average maximum day temperature in Spain during the summer is 29 degrees Celsius (84
Fahrenheit).

`Àgriculture will need to change, and there will be winners and losers,'' Moreno said in a telephone
interview. ``Warming will harm plants that last more than one season, such as grape vines, the most.''

Miguel Torres SA, based near Barcelona, is buying fields in the peaks of northeastern Spain, where
the weather is cooler, said Sort. Castell d'Encus vintner Raul Bobet has picked a spot 1,000 meters
(3,281 feet) high in the Pyrenees for his label.

``There may be a move of wineries into the Pyrenees in the future,'' said Xavier Sort, technical
director of Miguel Torres. `Ìt could be a source for future growth.''

Wine makers must plan for longer to protect their grapes, because vines can keep producing wine for
as many as 80 years and will be exposed to several generations of warming temperatures, said
Richard Smart, an Australian wine industry consultant who advises on climate change, in a telephone
interview.

AT FAULT

``The wine sector itself is at fault,'' said Smart. `Ì don't think they have thought about how serious
the problem is.''

Heat and sunlight increase sugar levels in wine grapes, which can boost alcohol content beyond what
is palatable. Hotter weather may also curb grape acidity, changing the flavor, and unexpectedly rainy
and cold seasons can devastate a year's crop.

In Malaga and Cadiz, the most southern wine-growing regions, temperatures can top 40 degrees
during the summer months. Spain is the closest major European wine producer to the equator,
making it particularly vulnerable to climate changes.

``Climate change is the biggest environmental challenge modern society faces,'' said Jose Ramon
Picatoste, an official in Spain's Environmental Ministry, at a conference in Barcelona in March.
`Ìndustries will need to adapt.''

One degree of climate changes makes wine-growing regions in the Northern Hemisphere similar to
regions 200 kilometers further south, said Bernard Seguin, a scientist at France's National Institute
for Agronomic Research.

HIGHER GROUND

`Ìf you are able to change grape varieties, it's not such a problem,'' Seguin said. `Ìf you can't, then it
does become an issue. To me, it's the most direct and striking example of the warming until now.''

Some producers may benefit from warmer weather, said Carlos Falco, director of Marques de
Grinon, a winemaker in the Rioja and Montes de Toledo regions. Hot weather in 2003 led the Priorat
and Ribera del Duero regions in northern Spain to get wine scores above 90, according to the Wine
Spectator.

Regulators have stuck to practices from the 19th century, when vine diseases in France led vintners
to expand into the Rioja region. Watering grapes became legal in Spain in 1996.

While winemakers such as Cordoniu, a producer in the Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions, are
adopting automated irrigation techniques, regulators in Rioja still restrict the times when vineyards
can be watered.

CRUCIAL PROBLEM

Regulators should loosen rules so winemakers can decide for themselves when to irrigate, said
Sanchez, head of the Madrid- based Spanish Federation of Winemaking Associations. His
organization is developing heat-resistant grapes in greenhouses.

``The ability to irrigate vineyards is going to be a crucial problem,'' agrees Christian Butzke,
associate professor of enology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.

``Grapes are the highest value-added commodity that we know of in agriculture,'' Butzke said. ``No
other crop can be converted into such an expensive product.'

~

GLOBAL WARMING MENACES CALIFORNIA WINE INDUSTRY

California will become hotter and drier by the end of the century, menacing the valuable wine and
dairy industries, even if dramatic steps are taken to curb global warming, researchers said on
Monday.

The first study to specifically forecast the impact of global warming on a U.S. state also shows the
snowpack melting in the Sierra Nevada mountains, more frequent heat waves hitting Los Angles and
disruptions to crop irrigation.

Researchers from the Carnegie Institution's Department of Global Ecology in Stanford, the Union of
Concerned Scientists, the National Center for Atmospheric Research and elsewhere ran scenarios
through new computer models of global warming.

All predicted California's weather would be hotter and drier, but this would be worse if only weak
action is taken to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases contributing to
warming the planet.

"We are already in a situation where we have seen some warming and we have seen some impacts,"
said Carnegie's Christopher Field, who led the study.

"If we stay on higher emissions trajectory, there will be consequences over the coming decades that
are truly, truly serious and something I think reasonable people would be doing whatever they could
to avoid," he said in a telephone interview.

Writing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Field and colleagues described the
impact based on scenarios devised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

One forecast, the so-called high emissions trajectory, is what Field described as business as usual.
"High economic growth, high globalization and a strong emphasis on fossil fuels," he said.

The low-emissions trajectory has slightly lower economic growth with industries shifted from
factories toward service industries and information technology.

QUADRUPLED EMISSIONS

Under the highest-emissions forecast, carbon emissions by the end of the century will be 28 billion
tons of carbon per year -- about four times the current rate of 6 billion to 7 billion tons a year. The
low-emission scenario forecasts the emissions would stay at the current level.

"By the end of the century under the (best) scenario, heat waves and extreme heat in Los Angeles
quadruple in frequency while heat-related mortality increases two to three times; alpine/subalpine
forests are reduced by 50 percent to 75 percent and Sierra snowpack is reduced 30 percent to 70
percent," Field and his colleagues wrote.

Under the worst scenario, heat waves in Los Angeles are six to eight times more frequent, with up to
seven times as many heat-related deaths as now. The Sierra snowpack falls by 90 percent.

This could "fundamentally disrupt California's water rights system," the researchers wrote.

They estimated that the $3.8 billion a year dairy industry and the $3.2 billion dollar grape industry
would be especially vulnerable.

California, which has taken stronger action than other states to reduce emissions, for example with
strict requirements for vehicles, cannot save itself, Field said.

"California has something like 2 percent of the world's total global greenhouse emissions," he noted.

"Even if California were to aggressively adopt emissions controls, global climate wouldn't respond to
that directly. But if California is proactive, that could inspire the rest of the U.S. to be proactive,
which could inspire the rest of the world, and you would see a domino effect."

~

PINOT IMPOSSIBLE IN BURGUNDY OVER NEXT 50 YEARS

The world is going to heat to such an extent that Burgundy may no longer be able to grow Pinot
Noir, a conference heard last week.

Wine character as we know it today is on the verge of radical change, world experts on global
warming and vines told the first World Conference on Global Warming and Wine held in Barcelona
on March 24-25.

According to authoritative computer climate models, over the next 50 years Bordeaux is set to rise
by 1.2C, Napa by 1.2C, Barolo 1.4C, Rioja, where water is already an issue, by 1.3C, Portugal –
which is already up 2.9C over the last 50 years - by 2C. The list of 50 locations had been compiled
from global research presented by climatologist Gregory Jones from Southern Oregon University.

Led by Bernard Seguin, a global bioclimatologist based at France's national agricultural institute
(INRA) in Avignon, scientists defined other regions where temperatures are already near top of the
range for the grape varieties that over the past centuries of viticulture have been found to work best
there. Drought is also a growing problem.

These include Penedes and La Mancha in Spain, Chianti and Southern Italy, Southern France, Hunter
Valley in Australia, parts of Chile and the Central Valley of California.

Southern Hemisphere temperatures in vineyards in New Zealand, southern Australia, parts of Chile
and South Africa will rise more slowly due to more water, and less land mass.

The changes in temperature will have a variety of effects on viticulture. Some reds may lose color,
some wines will lose varietal flavor, some whites may disappear, said renowned Australian
viticulturalist Richard Smart. 'The effect will be profound,' he said.

Smart also drew attention to the dangers of vine infestation as temperatures rose, particularly in the
case of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, which spreads the fatal Pierce's Disease, and the aphid
hyalestes obsoletus, which spreads a phytoplasma disease called Bois Noir. Higher temperatures
mean both insects will be able to survive winters and move further. Hyalestes Obsoletus has recently
been found in German vines.

The point was made that while it might seem almost trivial to draw attention to the dangers of global
warming to the wine industry when so many staple crops were threatened, the vine's extreme
sensitivity to climate made it 'the most direct and striking example of global warming' as Seguin put
it.

The conference called on governments to take heed of the warning signals and to invest in grapevine
breeding programmes to find varieties that will work in hotter temperatures, as well as improved
irrigation systems, Greg Jones said.

Above all, the there are no certainties except for the fact of global warming. While we are not sure of
the effects of hotter temperatures we know it will have a profound effect on vines.

Jones pointed out that 'although the changes are only a few degrees centigrade, that is all that exists
at the moment between the regions.'

Taking the Mean July Temperature of various regions he showed how their viticultural character
would change if you add 2degreesC.

Santa Maria, with a MJT of 17.3C would become Napa, at 19.3, St Helena at 21.7C would become
Stockton at 23.5C, Healdsburg would become Modesto, and Fresno, Bakersfield.

~

WINE IN THE TIME of GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is no laughing matter

Moreover, despite former U.S. Vice President Al Gore’s reference to global warming as an
“inconvenient truth,” according to scientists throughout the world, the truth can no longer be ignored
and it most definitely will hurt us.

The earth is indeed getting warmer and the issue of global warming, or, more correctly, climate
change, has been brought to the forefront of the public’s attention. Numerous governmental agencies
and researchers have published reports on the crisis, making the message difficult to disregard. The
scientific projections are dire and threaten to negatively impact the planet as we know it. The wine
industry is not immune and several serious consequences are predicted for the wine regions of the
world, as climate change jeopardizes their ability to grow quality fruit.

CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH and PROJECTIONS

As they say, there is nothing new under the sun. In this case, it might be interpreted quite literally.
Historically, climate change isn’t novel; the Earth’s climate has changed dramatically before as
evidenced by reports of thriving English vineyards back in the 1200s (Weise 2006). The difference is
that the change is no longer a natural phenomenon. Rather, today’s change in average temperature is
primarily linked to human activities, which have resulted in an increase in atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases, notably CO2 (IPCC 2001). More specifically, since 1970,
carbon emissions have risen 30% over pre-industrial revolution levels, due to the combustion of
fossil fuels, along with changes in land use and the release of aerosols into the environment (Pew
2004). Generally, scientists have found that average temperature increased 1oF over the past 100
years (IPCC 2001).

Looking ahead, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s most recent projections
predict a shift between 2oC and 4.5oC, with an average global daily temperature rise of 3oC by 2100
(Warren 2006). These newer predictions are more precise than their previous forecast of 1.4 oC -
5.8oC, but are still substantial (IPCC). Data from Jones et.al. show the Bordeaux and Napa Valley
regions each increasing by 1.2oC and Portugal increasing as much as 2oC over the next 50 years
(2005a). Expectations include hotter summers for Europe and North Africa, along with altered
patterns of rainfall (Gilby 2006).

Scientists advise that if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized to 400 parts per million, some of the
temperature increase can be avoided (Warren 2006). In fact, the IPCC forecast notes that the rise
could be held to 2oC, if greenhouse gases remained at current levels (ibid). However, studies have
found that proposed efforts to reduce in greenhouse gases would likely result in a fall in real wages
(ibid). Yet, even remaining at current emissions will have an impact. Field, et.al. specifically
measured the effect of climate change on California and looked at both best (current level emissions)
and worst (quadrupled emissions) scenarios (Fox 2004). Even in the best case, Field expected a
fourfold increase in the frequency of heat waves and extreme heat in places such as Los Angeles,
with mortality figures increased double to triple the number seen today (ibid).

IMPACT ON THE WINE INDUSTRY

While these temperature changes seem small, their affect on the viticultural industry will be
significant. Grapes are particularly sensitive to heat and need to stay within a narrow temperature
band to produce quality fruit. Thus, as explained by Bernard Seguin, “‘One degree increase in
temperature is very important’” (Voss 2006). Moreover, Jones contends that, “…climate arguably
exerts the most profound effect on the ability of a region or site to produce quality grapes and,
therefore, wine” (2005a). Consequently, discussions of impact have centered on quality as “…even
tiny changes can be the difference between a $200 Cabernet Sauvignon and cooking sherry” (Weise
2006).

According to Jones’ study, all regions are experiencing growing season warming (2005b). For some
regions, the initial changes have been helpful. Cooler climates, such as the Mosel and Rhine regions,
have benefited from the increased temperature, with vintages improving with warmer weather (Just-
drinks 2003). In concert, Ashfelter and Storchmann expect the value of Mosel Valley vineyards to
increase 20-50% over the next several decades as the temperature rises 1-3oC (Holzer 2006).

Excellent vintages in Bordeaux and Champagne have been other indicators of this positive outcome
(Weise 2006).

Conversely, warmer climates have suffered from the additional heat, which has been especially true
for areas currently at the high end of the spectrum for growing conditions such as La Mancha;
Central Valley, CA; and southern France (Buckley 2006). Many wines from these warmer areas have
shown an imbalance in alcohol and acidity (Just-drinks 2003). There is also concern regarding
changes in flavor profile, along with imbalances in tannins, sugars and aromas, which will ultimately
impact style and wine quality (Gilby 2006).

Richard Smart expects a loss of color in red wines and of varietal flavor (Buckley 2006). Similarly,
Hans Schultz has predicted an impact on flavor development, due to the combination of increased
solar radiation and temperature (2000). Already, in the Napa Valley, the average alcohol level has
increased from 12.5% in the 1970s to 14.8% in 2001 (Rademakers 2006). Also, a reduction in the
ageing potential for wines made from these stressed vines is likely, further impacting quality (Gilby
2006). Equally important, CO2 increases might alter the texture of oak wood, thus changing the
character of wines aged in barrel (Jones 2005b).

Consequently, White et.al. warn that the grape growing industries in Napa, Sonoma and Santa
Barbara may not exist in the future, predicting that as much as 81% of California acreage will be
rendered unsuitable for premium grape growing as climate change continues (2006). Overall, White
suggests that as the area of production contracts and shifts, a change to higher yields of low quality
will ultimately produce lower-quality and lower-priced wines, with the highest-quality, highest-
priced wines declining greater than 50% (ibid). Furthermore, declines in these premium regions may
also negatively impact local culture and tourism (Teague 2006).

Another growing problem is drought, which reduced the 2005 harvest for the Torres wine company
in Spain (Kakaviatos 2006). Predictably, there is anxiety regarding the availability of water (Voss
2006). With temperatures increasing more in the coldest areas than in warmer ones, stress on the
polar ice caps is calculated to reduce the Sierra snow pack by 30-70%, which could “fundamentally
disrupt California’s water rights system” (Fox 2004). In Australia, there is concern that the mainland
would receive lower rainfall (Warren 2006). Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that water may
be the next “investment frontier” (Voss 2006).

The resultant warmer winters and early arrival of spring can also be problematic, especially if a hard
frost follows early spring budding (Voss 2006). Further, there is a real danger of vine infestation,
particularly from Glassy Winged Sharpshooters, which spread Pierce’s Disease, and the pest
hyalestes obsoletus, which is responsible for Bois Noir (Furer 2006). These vine diseases already
pose a threat, but with milder winters, insects are living longer and migrating farther distances, thus,
increasing both the perimeter of affected areas and the population of insects available to perpetuate
disease (Buckley 2006).

RESPONSE OF THE WINE INDUSTRY

Given the evidence, climate change clearly must be addressed. Individual growers can and have
modified their viticultural practices to adapt to the changing conditions. In Spain, Miguel Torres has

begun using irrigation, which wasn’t done ten years ago (Kakaviatos 2006). Similarly, a Napa Valley
grower admitted that irrigation was now a common part of his daily practice (Goldfarb 2006).
However, in addition to the expense of such systems, the ability to irrigate may be curtailed by the
rise of salinity in freshwater (Furer 2006).

Other viticultural proposals have included a switch in trellis systems to those that shelter the grapes
from the intense heat, as well as using date palms to provide additional shade (Goldfarb 2006).
Likely, vinification practices may change as well, with a need for more frequent acidification and
less use of malolactic fermentation. As Europe continues to get warmer, it will have to reconsider
“tradition-bound rules against irrigation” and other appellation laws to permit changes in practice.
(Rademakers 2006).

The switch to different grape varieties, especially those better suited to warm weather, has also been
proposed (Goldfarb 2006). Ashenfelter and Storchmann further recognize the need to breed more
heat-resistant grapes, which has not yet been undertaken (Holzer 2006). Likewise, speakers at the
World Conference on Global Warming proffered two solutions: to invest in grapevine breeding
programs and in improved irrigation systems (Buckley 2006).

Unable to stand the heat in hotter regions, some producers are getting out, making the decision to
buy land elsewhere. Specifically, Miguel Torres has begun to head north in search of land in cooler
regions (Kakaviatos 2006). It would seem he is not alone. As Richard Smart suggests, “For wineries,
it will boil down to real estate issues…The smart ones will move quickly and buy cheap” (Voss
2006). Among areas to explore, it is expected that places such as Maine and Northern Europe, which
were previously too cold to successfully ripen grapes, will emerge (Walker 2006). In Southern
England, the total acreage of vineyards has increased considerably and areas for quality Australian
Cabernet Sauvignon have been moving south (Rademakers 2006).

Facing the future, vineyard owners will need to examine key decisions and their financial
consequences. Costs associated with replanting new varieties will be significant; but buying new
land and replanting will be even greater. Moreover, individual growers may have less capital
available to make such purchases and take on risks and could be reluctant to uproot themselves and
their families. But, those who wait may find changes in land value to their detriment. Reinterpreting
Ashfelter and Storchmann’s vineyard valuations, it is likely that the value of premium vineyards will
depreciate if they can no longer produce quality fruit. Thus, some may find that they can’t sell their
land at the high price they paid for it. Finally, research programs on irrigation methods and breeding
heat-resistant grapes must be undertaken, but funding for these programs is more liable to come from
large corporations and institutions since individual growers can’t afford these efforts on their own.
Overall, multinational drinks companies would seem to be in a better position than individuals to
make the major changes required such as divesting of existing properties and investing in new land,
new technology and new plantings.

CONCLUSION and PERSONAL COMMENTARY

Research clearly indicates trouble ahead for all of Earth’s inhabitants, with far-reaching
repercussions that will impact life on the planet. Agriculturally-based business, including the wine
industry, will be forced to respond. Unfortunately, solutions such as replanting, land purchase and

viticultural research, are quite costly and may drive smaller producers out of business. Reducing the
industry to multinational drinks companies may impact diversity and regional style, which are
already at risk due to climate change.

There are also important implications for terroir. The expression of terroir has been linked to
Europe’s stress and relief cycles as opposed to the irrigated New World (Gilby 2006). Accordingly,
if there are no relief cycles, irrigation use expands or both, this expression may no longer exist.
Furthermore, as growers seek to move to cooler areas, the temperatures may be more hospitable, but
other climatic elements and soil types may ultimately affect the quality of the wine. Moreover, while
adaptation comes more easily for New World wine regions, it may be harder for Old World regions
to respond appropriately with changes to their viticultural laws.

Finally, it is imperative that climate change be viewed through a wider lens. Manipulating vines or
grape varieties to adapt to the changes ignores the larger problem. Solutions that seek to reduce
emissions, and thus mitigate those affects, should be considered, despite their immediate economic
impact.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appenzeller, Tim and Dimick, Dennis R. “Signs from the Earth.” National Geographic Magazine,
September 2004.

Furer, David. “Why the Wine Industry Should Care About Global Warming.” Wine Business
Monthly, July 2006.

“Global Warming a Threat to Wine Industry. Wines and Vines. September 15, 2004.

Goldfarb, Alan. “Global Warming Turns Up the Heat in Napa Valley Vineyards.”
AppellationAmerica. August 9, 2006.

Holzer, Jessica. “Wine Warming.” Forbes. August 11, 2006.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report – Summary
for Policymakers.” 2001.

Jones, Gregory. “How Hot Is Too Hot?” Wine Business Monthly, February 2005.

Kay, Jane. “Scientists fear that rising temperatures.” San Francisco Chronicle, July 11, 2006.

Montaigne, Fen. “EcoSigns: No Room to Run.” National Geographic Magazine. September 2004.

Pew Center on Global Climate Change. “Understanding the Causes of Global climate Change.” Fact
Sheet 1: Attribution, 2004.

Schultz, Hans R. “Climate change and viticulture: A European perspective on climatology, carbon
dixdie and UV-B effects.” Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. Volume 6, number 1,
2000.

Warren, Matthew. “Science tempers fears on climate change.” The Australian. September 2, 2006.

Weise, Elizabeth. “Wine regions feel the heat.” USA Today. June 1, 2006.

White, Michael A., Diffenbaugh, N.S., Jones, G.V., Pal, J.S. and Giorgi, F. “Extreme heat reduces
and shifts United States premium wine production in the 21st century.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 103(30), 11217-11222, 2006.

~

WINERIES PREPARE FOR GLOBAL WARMING

"Global warming is on everyone's radar," says viticulturist Franci Ashton of her colleagues in
California's winegrowing industry. Small wonder: The quality and taste of wine depend utterly on
the soil and climate conditions in which the grapes are grown—a concept known as terroir.

Scientists predict that global warming will bring higher temperatures, more heat waves and less
precipitation, changes that could transform the state's $15 billion wine industry. (Wine Institute,
2004)

For example, Ashton's employer, Etude Wines, is known for its pinot noir—a notoriously difficult-
to-grow varietal made famous by the movie Sideways. The pinots produced by Etude and other
winemakers depend on the climate of Napa and Sonoma's famed Carneros region. It lies just north of
San Francisco Bay and benefits from its moderating ocean breezes.

Eventually, says Ashton, places where pinot and chardonnay are currently grown may no longer
work because the cool climate they require may no longer exist.

WATER SHORTAGES ON THE HORIZON?

Water has an enormous impact on grape cultivation, and changes to the water supply are a likely
consequence of global warming. Water is high on the mind of David Graves, co-founder of
Saintsbury Vineyards, which is developing a plan to use recycled water from sanitation districts for
its irrigation.

"One of the big problems that might present itself would be volatility of water supply," says Graves.
"When I read about things like the drought in the Grain Belt this year, that’s scary. If periods of
drought become longer and more severe, that’s where I start to think the recycled water issue
becomes a way to have a kind of insurance policy."

Ashton says she and others are also starting to consider scarce water resources. "We're looking into
research that could help us become more efficient in our irrigation," says Ashton. "We’re asking

'How much water do we need to maintain our wine quality?' We're worried that our current
viticultural practices may become obsolete."

Preparing for drought is a wise business choice. From 1998 to 2004, below-normal precipitation and
high temperatures led to the most severe drought in the western U.S. in 80 years and one of the most
severe in 500 years. Global warming is expected to bring on more frequent and severe droughts.

INNOVATIVE FARMING TECHNIQUES CUT POLLUTION

In addition to preparing for warmer climes, wineries, like all agricultural businesses, have a unique
opportunity to help fight global warming by storing carbon. No-till agriculture eschews traditional
practices that disrupt the soil and release its stored carbon into the air as carbon dioxide. Carbon
dioxide is one of the key heat-trapping gases that lead to global warming. More growers are
practicing no-till farming, which involves minimal soil cultivation and keeps more carbon in the
ground.

"It used to be a lot more common to see clean-tilled vineyards," says Graves. "Now we have a lot of
no-till."

Graves estimates the amount of non-tilled acreage has increased by a factor of 10 in Napa. The
practice has many benefits. It's really good on hillsides for preventing erosion. It helps water
infiltration because the roots sit in healthier, microbial-rich soils. And it naturally keeps out pests.

Fetzer Wineries, in Southern Mendicino County, uses cover crops to attain similar soil
improvements. Planted between rows of grapes are red clover, daikon radishes and grasses that set
nitrogen into the soil. During the dry months from June to November, the stubble left after mowing
provides habitat for spiders and other predators that eat grapevine-eating critters—natural
alternatives to pesticides and herbicides.

OTHER WAYS TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE

"The wine industry in itself is being pretty proactive about becoming environmentally sensitive and
sustainable," says Patrick Healy, Fetzer's environmental manager. A number of wineries, including
Rodney Strong and St. Francis, are embracing solar power, an optimum choice for sunny California.
Fetzer has a 40-kw solar display on its administration building that powers about three-quarters of
the building.

Fetzer is one of the Environmental Protection Agency's Climate Leaders. That means the company is
working in partnership with the government to develop long-term climate strategies. Additionally,
starting in 1999, Fetzer participated in a greenhouse gas emissions study to set benchmarks for heat-
trapping pollution ion the industry. To reduce its emissions, Fetzer buys green electricity and uses
biodiesel in all its tractors and half its big rigs.

"We have lots of efficiency and conservation goals here," says Patrick Healy, Fetzer’s environmental
manager. As a result, the company says, its electricity emissions are net zero.

In addition to the biodiesel and green energy, the winery avoids using electricity during peak demand
hours. From May through usually some time in August, when the crush starts, "we turn off
refrigeration between 12 and 6—that's our biggest single energy sink at the winery," says Healy, who
adds, "We wouldn't do it if it threatened the quality of the wine at all."

~

WINE INDUSTRY MOVES AGGRESSIVELY ON CARBON FOOTPRINT

The wine business is on a mission to gauge its emissions of greenhouse gasses as pressure builds
from regulators and markets in California and worldwide to emit less of the compounds blamed for
global climate change.

Agriculture as a whole is low on the list of economic sectors the California Air Resources Board is
targeting initially for mandatory reporting of 2008 emissions starting next year, as part of the phase-
in of Assembly Bill 32, called the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.

However, local wineries and trade groups in Australia, California, New Zealand and South Africa
aren't waiting. The groups, including the San Francisco-based Wine Institute, are backing
development of global industry protocols for wineries, winegrape growers and other related
companies to determine their total emissions contribution, commonly called a carbon footprint, based
on the World Resources Institute's International Greenhouse Gas Protocol.

The Winemakers' Federation of Australia earlier this month released draft protocols and a software
tool for measuring direct and certain indirect emissions of these gasses, such as carbon dioxide
largely from combustion and fermentation, methane from decomposing waste and nitrous oxide from
fertilizer.

Part of the urgency for having these tools in place is not only so the California wine industry can
start reducing emissions early to prepare for the emissions cap-and-trade system discussed in AB 32
implementation meetings late last year.

Under such a system, emissions for certain business sectors would be capped at a certain rate per
year, so organizations that emit less can sell their allowance for the difference to a company that
emits more. Who would be capped, and how the carbon credits would be traded are still unclear,
according to Pat Sullivan, vice president of SCS Engineers and one of certifiers for the state-created
footprint clearinghouse California Climate Action Registry. SCS has a certifier in its Santa Rosa
office.

"Many have a vision about selling all these credits, but if they are in a growing industry they will
need the credits," Mr. Sullivan said. "The real value is not in selling credits but in having them
themselves."

The Sustainable Winegrowing Alliance has been working with the registry in aligning that group's
protocols to determine how large a wine operation's footprint actually is, or how many emissions

sources are considered, according to Chris Savage, director of global environmental affairs for E&J
Gallo Winery and co-chairman of the Wine Institute's Environmental Working Group.

Another reason for urgency in getting out a carbon footprint calculator for the wine business is to
contribute to the United Kingdom's product labeling version of AB 32, Publicly Available
Specification 2050, which is set to be finalized in the next couple of months.

In what some think is a sign of what's to come in American food retailing, U.K.-based Tesco, the
world's largest retailer, has started a test of printing the emissions footprint of 30 of its private-label
products based on PAS 2050. Combine that with the recent move to include a list of ingredients on
the label of the Bonny Doon brand, and the next step is obvious, according to John Garn of Graton-
based information cartography firm ViewCraft.

"Because Tesco is a direct competitor to Whole Foods, I can assure you that in a year Whole Foods
will do the same thing to be competitive," said Mr. Garn.

He was involved with the creation of the Code of Sustainable Winegrowing and consults with
wineries and other companies on environmental policies.

North Coast wine companies already are being proactive in calculating their carbon footprints.

The partners of Ukiah's Mendocino Wine Co., which includes biodynamic wine booster Paul Dolan,
certified the carbon footprint of their operations early last year via the California Climate Action
Registry.

Part of achieving the status of having zero net carbon emissions included the installation of a $1
million solar power system, replacement of electric motors and lights, and investment in Clean Air
Cool Planet-approved projects that trap carbon emissions, such as a dairy biogas facility and a forest.

Still to come is a $2.5 million additional solar power project to produce the equivalent of all the
winery's needs for a year. Yet the carbon consumption value of vines is a big industry question.

"We have a mitigating factor with vineyards, and we're trying to get our hands around whether it is a
mitigating factor for our carbon footprint," Mr. Dolan said.

The San Francisco-based Sustainable Winegrowing Alliance has commissioned U.C. Davis plant
physiologist David Smart to spend the next few months looking at how much research has been done
on carbon sequestration in vineyards. He has been studying Napa Valley vineyards to compare the
amount of carbon vines themselves hold versus how much they transfer to the soil via microbes.

That information will be incorporated into the final version of the global wine industry emissions
calculator, scheduled for completion late this year.

The Jackson family is preparing a major greening of their California wineries, tasting rooms, offices,
other facilities and supply chain starting early this summer, according to Robert Boller, vice

president of production for the Artisans & Estate boutique brand division and head of the green
initiatives.

Some aspects already are under way, particularly the use of best-management practices from the
Code of Sustainable Winegrowing developed a few years ago by the Wine Institute and the
California Association of Winegrape Growers.

"Individually, all the operations are doing their own things now, and this is a chance to do a big
thing," he said. "The owners have put big dollars against it this year."

One example is the goal of certifying all new and remodeled facilities according to the U.S. Green
Building Council's Leadership in Energy Efficient Design rating system. That starts with the 7,000-
square-foot tasting room for the Murphy Goode brand set to open in Healdsburg in March.

That move is part of three pilot water- and energy-efficiency programs offered by the California
Public Utilities Commission and Pacific Gas & Electric Co., including a footprint calculation by
Portland, Ore.-based Ecos.

The company convinced a major supplier of its tens of millions of glass wine bottles annually to
switch to laser etching of bottle date stamps instead of toxic UV ink, according to Mr. Boller. The
company also is persuading wholesalers, distributors and trucking companies to reduce their
footprints.

At the Hess Collection, founded by early sustainable farming advocate Donald Hess, President Tom
Selfridge recently appointed Operations Director John Bulleri to calculate the emissions footprint of
its main Napa Valley winery in American Canyon as well as the winery and 300-acre vineyard on
Mt. Veeder.

That, plus a major solar-electricity installation next year and use of goats in mowing weeds on Mt.
Veeder, are part of a bid for certification under the Napa Valley Vintners trade group's Napa Green
Winery program and participation in the Fish Friendly Farming program.

California Sustainable Winegrowing
http://www.sustainablewinegrowing.org

California Climate Action Registry
http://www.climateregistry.org

~

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Please help. Thank YOU!
http://food2bank.insanejournal.com
http://nielzekock.insanejournal.com
http://scribd.com/doc/42715747

Book of Isaiah:
Learn to do good, seek justice, rebuke the oppressor; defend the fatherless, plead for the widow…and you shall eat the
good of the land.

Every day help someone who can never reciprocate. This is my obligation.
~ John Wooden's PHILOSOPHY
The great UCLA basketball coach

The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.
~ Mahatma Gandhi

Those who bring Sunshine into the lives of others cannot keep it from themselves.

Be a Bringer of the LIGHT.

Who is My Neighbor
Luke 10:29

HISTORY of SANTA CLAUS


History of Thanksgiving Day in USA

FREE eBook: The Miracle of Tithing; by Mark Victor Hansen
http://markvictorhansen.com/freegift.php
http://slideshare.net/6D45520z848622K444/the-miracle-of-tithing
http://worldcat.org/oclc/52788339 http://scribd.com/doc/47900714
http://olegzunbaum.insanejournal.com http://librarything.com/work/11431

Book Summary: The Miracle of Tithing
http://slideshare.net/6D45520z848622K444/miracles-of-tithing-word-scribd-201

book: Raising Your Child to Be a Mensch; by Neil Kurshan

~

book: Faith Like Potatoes, by Angus Buchan
dvd:
http://shalomtrust.co.za
To understand All of the actors, Please select the option for English Subtitles. Thank You.

Share and Swap Books with Other People
http://olegzunbaum.insanejournal.com

dvd: Flywheel; director: Alex Kendrick

VOLUNTEER to WORK on ORGANIC FARMS in Europe
Cheap way to see Europe
http://wwoof.org
book: Europe Through the Back Door: The Travel Skills Handbook; by Rick Steves'
~

Plant a Row of Fresh Organic Food for the poor, for your food banks and soup kitchens
http://row2grow.insanejournal.com
http://sorendissing.livejournal.com/

400% INCREASE IN ORGANIC PLANT GROWTH
http://remineralize.org
http://effectivemicro-organisms.co.uk
http://soilsoup.com

http://eprida.com
http://growingsolutions.com
http://vermico.com
http://growingedge.com
http://acresusa.com
book: The Biochar Debate: Charcoal's Potential to Reverse Climate Change; by James Bruges
http://books.google.com/books?id=XS-tpAaUyh4C
book: Seaweed in agriculture and horticulture; by William Anthony Stephenson
http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/seaweed.html
book: Mycelium Running; by Paul Stamets
http://mycelium-running.info
book: Micro Eco-Farming: Prospering from Backyard In Partnership with the Earth; by Barbara Berst Adams
http://microecofarming.com

JOURNEY TO FOREVER
http://journeytoforever.org

CHEAP Organic Food
Organic Gardening for VICTORY
Healthy Soil, Healthy Plants, Healthy People
http://carbon.org
http://squarefootgardening.com
http://urbantilth.org
http://wormwoman.com
http://wormdigest.org
http://goodgrub.org
http://kitchengardensf.org
http://gardenfortheenvironment.org
http://troygardens.org
http://seattletilth.org
http://leftfootorganics.org
http://treesforlife.org
http://echonet.org
http://permaculture.org.uk
http://oxfam.org.uk
book: How to Grow World Record Tomatoes, by Charles Wilber
book: An Earth Saving Revolution II, by Dr. Teruo Higa
book: Square Foot Gardening; by Mel Bartholomew

book: Lasagna Gardening: A New Layering System for Bountiful Gardens: No Digging, No Tilling, No Weeding
http://lasagnagardeningbook.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-dig_gardening
book: Soul of Soil; by Grace Gershuny
book: Worms Eat My Garbage; by Mary Appelhof
http://wormbooks.com
book: Mulch It: A Practical Guide to Using Mulch in the Garden; by Stu Campbell
http://books.google.com/books?id=KbhBTWqTN2kC
book: Complete Book of Edible Landscaping; by Rosalind Creasy
book: Landscaping with fruit; by Lee Reich
book: Edible Flower Garden; by Rosalind Creasy
book: Fresh Food from Small Spaces; by R. J. Ruppenthal
book: Allergy-Free Gardening; by Thomas Leo Ogren
http://allergyfree-gardening.com
book: Microgreens: A Guide To Growing Nutrient Packed Greens; by Eric Franks
http://sproutman.com
http://wheatgrasskits.com
http://sproutpeople.org
book: Don't Throw It, Grow It; by Deborah Peterson
book: Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions; by Laura S Meitzner
http://echonet.org
book: Gardening in Clay Soil; by Sara Pitzer
http://books.google.com/books?id=lKDwZR3dsdEC
http://storey.com
book: Cover Crop Gardening: Soil Enrichment With Green Manures; Storey Publishing

book: Organic No Dig, No Weed Gardening; by Raymond P Poincelot

book: MetroFarm: Growing for Profits
http://metrofarm.com

SOWING A SEED IN YOUR TIME OF NEED, by Joel Osteen
CD or DVD, Message 329:
http://bookstore.joelosteen.com

For more information, please contact local gardeners and farmers who specialize in Organic gardening, Permaculture
gardening, Biodynamic gardening, Japanese Kyusei Nature gardening - Shizen Nouhou, Biointensive gardening,
Heirloom gardening-Heritage Seeds, Lasagna gardening, Square Foot gardening, Vertical gardening, Wall and Fence
gardening, Roof Top and Balcony gardening, Indoor gardening with LED Grow Lights and Ssolatube.com, Micro
Greens gardening, Windowsill gardening, Container gardening, Keyhole gardening, Organic Aquaponics gardening,
African Bag Gardens, No Dig gardening, Agroforestry gardening, Israeli Greenhouses Technology for Hot Climates,
Organic Hydroponics gardening and Gardening Therapy.

Gardening is micro-climate specific. These means that local gardeners might know of gardening techniques and
resources which are helpful for the location you live in.

Keep researching, reading, refining your gardening methods and experimenting with different growing techniques.

Organic Gardening technology is changing and improving all the time. Also, as the climate changes, you may need to
learn other gardening techniques for various climates.
http://localharvest.org

Organic LAWN CARE Manual; by Paul Tukey
http://safelawns.org
http://yardandgardens.com
http://www.organiclandcare.net

HYDROPONIC GARDENING and Greenhouses
http://www.growingedge.com
http://carbon.org
book: Hobby Hydroponics; by Howard M. Resh
http://books.google.com/books?id=vT-hJsta_gwC
http://growingedge.com

AQUAPONIC GARDENING
book: Aquaponic Food Production: growing fish and vegetables for food and profit; by Rebecca L Nelson
http://www.backyardaquaponics.com
http://books.google.com/books?id=da1fPgAACAAJ

Backyard Aquaponics: A Guide to Building an Aquaponic System; by Joel Malcolm

Backyard Aquaponics Magazine
http://backyardaquaponics.com

Aquaponics Journal
http://aquaponicsjournal.com

Homegrown Evolution
http://homegrownevolution.com

ROOF TOP GARDENING
http://rooftopgarden.com
http://roof2garden.insanejournal.com
http://www.greengridroofs.com
http://cityfarmer.org/rooftop59.html
http://livingroofs.org
Roof Gardens: History, Design, and Construction; by Theodore Osmundson
http://books.google.com/books?id=Dd9mAQbLzUYC
Rooftop and Terrace Gardens: A step-by-step guide to creating a modern and stylish space
http://books.google.com/books?id=I9EcGgAACAAJ

GREEN ROOFS
Green Roofs
http://greenroofs.org
http://efb-greenroof.eu
http://igra-world.com
http://worldgreenroof.org
book: Green Roofs: Ecological Design & Construction; by Earth Pledge Foundation
http://books.google.com/books?id=-HlRAAAAMAAJ

GREEN BELT MOVEMENT
http://www.greenbeltmovement.org
The Man Who Planted Trees
In India, One Man Creates a Forest
Johnny Appleseed: Uncovering an Indiana Treasure
book: The Green Belt Movement; by Wangari Maathai
http://books.google.com/books?id=u3ic8NPkImMC

ORGANIC PEST CONTROL

http://peststop.livejournal.com

ORGANIC WEED CONTROL
http://stopweeds.livejournal.com

SAVE THE BEES
http://www.friendsofthebees.org

Eco Fly Trap
Epps Biting Fly Trap
http://showhorsepromotions.com/horseflies.htm
Greenhead Fly traps

Eliminating POLLUTION and RECYCLING with Effective Microorganisms
book: Our Future Reborn: EM Technology Changes The World; by Teruo Higa
http://effectivemicro-organisms.co.uk
book: Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save The World; Paul Stamets
Cleaning Up Oil Spills
http://fungi.com

WORM Composting and RECYCLING Technologies
http://vermico.com http://wormdigest.org
http://wormbooks.com

ORGANIC FARMING, SOLAR ENERGY, GREENHOUSES
http://attra.ncat.org/publication.html

ORGANIC FARMING BOOKS
http://acresusa.com

ORGANIC FARMING MAGAZINE - Acres USA
http://acresusa.com

ORGANIC SEEDS
http://seedsavers.org
http://seedsavers.net
http://seeds.ca
http://www.primalseeds.org
http://jlhudsonseeds.net
http://saltspringseeds.com
http://bountifulgardens.org
http://territorialseed.com
http://paseedsavers.org
http://wildgardenseed.com
http://westcoastseeds.com
http://sowtrue.com
http://croptrust.org

http://seedsave.org
http://seedsavers.wordpress.com
http://dyfivalleyseedsavers.org.uk
http://seedsavers.org.nz
http://irishseedsavers.ie
http://seeds.org.nz
http://heirloomseeds.com
http://reneesgarden.com
http://southernexposure.com
http://seedsofchange.com
http://abundantlifeseeds.com
http://groworganic.com
http://annadana.com
http://hillsandplainsseedsavers.blogspot.com
http://indiagminfo.org
http://civiltacontadina.it
http://nativeseeds.org
http://exoticfruit.com
http://pfaf.org
http://sandmountainherbs.com
http://alliesonline.net
http://soulmedicinejourney.com
http://terredesemences.com
http://seedambassadors.org
http://arkinstitute.com
http://brownenvelopeseeds.com
http://localharvest.org - search: organic seeds
List of Organic Seed Sellers and Exchange
Free eBook: SEED GERMINATION THEORY AND PRACTICE; by Professor Norman C. Deno
Free eBook: THE NEW SEED-STARTERS Handbook, BY NANCY BUBEL
Saving Seeds for Future Use Fact Sheet
Three Key Hints for Starting Your Own Seeds
How to Seed Saving
book: Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties; by Carol Deppe
http://books.google.com/books?id=sNgMAAAACAAJ
book: Seed to Seed; by Suzanne Ashworth
http://books.google.com/books?id=C2d0QgAACAAJ
book: Starting Seeds Indoors; by Ann Reilly
http://worldcat.org//oclc/24601785
http://books.google.com/books?id=aLLQSbB41zsC
http://storey.com

book: Seed sower: The Seed Sower, in the Footsteps of Livingstone; by Angus Buchan

http://shalomtrust.co.za

FREE Cataloge of Books for Organic Gardners and Farmers
http://acresusa.com/other/freesample.htm

END GLOBAL HUNGER
http://endhunger.livejournal.com

GLEANER GROUPS
Please setup a Gleaner Group in your Local area for Foodbanks and Soup Kitchens, etc.
http://www.crestonbc.com/gleaners/
http://urbanag305.livejournal.com
American Wasteland: How America Throws Away Food; by Jonathan Bloom

ORGANIC COMMUNITY GARDENING and SCHOOL GARDENING
http://community2gard.insanejournal.com
http://clausdindler.livejournal.com
http://com4gardening.livejournal.com
http://communitygard.livejournal.com
http://communitygard01.livejournal.com
http://communitygard0.insanejournal.com

FREE subscription to a Solar Magazine for your school library
http://redwoodalliance.org/librarian

book: Chicken Soup for the Soul: Living Your Dreams; by Mark Victor Hansen

book: The Aladdin Factor: How to Ask for, and Get, Everything You Want; by Mark Victor Hansen

book: The Success Principles for Teens: How to Get From Where You Are to Where You Want to Be; by Jack
Canfield

book: 101 Ways to Develop Student Self-esteem and Responsibility: Power to Succeed in School and Beyond; by
Jack Canfield
http://books.google.com/books?id=8RNKAAAAYAAJ

book: Coach Wooden, The 7 Principles that Shaped His Life and Will Change Yours; by Pat Williams
http://books.google.com/books?id=_Ae6QAyCpHYC

book: Coach Wooden's Pyramid of Success: Building Blocks For a Better Life; by John Wooden

book: The Power of Positive Thinking; Norman Vincent Peale

book: Chicken Soup for the Unsinkable Soul; by Jack Canfield

book: Nurtured By Love: The Classic Approach to Talent Education; by Shinichi Suzuki
http://suzukiassociation.org
http://books.google.com/books?id=-Qvd7Wsmb48C

MUSIC in SCHOOLS and ACADEMIC SUCCESS
book: The Mozart Effect for Children; by Don Campbell
http://mozarteffect.com

utilizing ORGANIC GARDENING in SCHOOLS-UNIVERSITIES
for improving Academic Performance and social development
http://ruthteach.livejournal.com/1178.html

http://communitygard09.livejournal.com/

SCHOOL GARDENING MANUALS
http://sfgreenschools.org
http://gardenfortheenvironment.org
http://school2gard101.insanejournal.com
http://journeytoforever.org
book: Worms Eat Our Garbage: Classroom Activities for a Better Environment
http://books.google.com/books?id=vI-ihPW04c8C

CO-OPERATIVE Games
http://www.familypastimes.com

The Algebra Project
http://algebra.org
book: Quality Education as a Constitutional Right; by Theresa Perry

Chess in Schools and Academic Excellence
http://schoolhousechess.org
http://scholasticchess.blogspot.com
http://chesskids.com.au
http://nscfchess.org

A Curriculum Guide for Scholastic Chess; by David MacEnulty
The Benefits of Chess in Education
Whiz Kids Teach Chess

Chess: A Learning Tool
Chess as a Way to Teach Thinking
Chess Empowers Young Minds
Chess Improves Academic Performance
Chess in Education: A Wise Move
Chess is an exercise of infinite possibilities for the mind
Chess Makes Kids Smart
Chess Makes Kids Smarter
Critical Thinking Skills: Chess and Strategic Games, Changing the Face of Education
Developing Critical and Creative Thinking Through Chess
Importance of Chess in the Classroom
New York City Schools Chess Program helps Minority Students to Excel
Solving Academic Problems
Teaching the Fourth R (Reasoning) Through Chess
The Effect of Chess on Reading Scores
The Use and Impact of Chess

Game of GO in Schools and Academic Excellence
GO is far Superior to Chess in Teaching Small Children Academic Success
GO is played by many Asians and computer geeks
http://gobase.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_%28game%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_organizations
book: Go for Kids; by Milton N Bradley
http://books.google.com/books?id=1tt_AAAACAAJ

TEACHING MILLIONS ~ Robert Raikes

book: Youthwalk, Walk Thru the Bible: Bruce H. Wilkinson

dvd: Facing the Giants; director: Alex Kendrick

dvd: Iron Will; director: Charles Haid
dvd: Chariots of Fire; director: Hugh Hudson

book: What Believers Must Know to Grow; by Tom Carter
book: Battlefield of the Mind; by Joyce Meyer
book: Sin, Sex, Self Control; by Norman Vincent Peale
book: Words That Hurt, Words That Heal; by Joseph Telushkin

SUCCESSFUL Inner City SCHOOLS and TEACHERS

HELP The Inner City POOR eat Fresh Organic Food

FOOD SECURITY links
http://foodsecurity.org/links.html

HELPING the DISABLED and Horticulture as Therapy
http://leftfootorganics.org
http://ahta.org
http://thrive.org.uk
http://htinstitute.org
http://plants-for-people.org/eng
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultural_therapy
http://chta.ca
http://ahta.org.au
book: Horticulture as therapy: principles and practice; by Sharon Simson
http://books.google.com/books?id=ChyLgN6I1FYC

To forget how to dig the earth and tend the soil is to forget ourselves.
~ Mahatma Gandhi

DEFIANT GARDENS
Making Gardens in Wartime
and How to Garden in Afghanistan
http://defiantgardens.com

COMMUNITY SUPPORTED FARMS
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/csa.html
http://nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/csa/csafarmer.shtml
http://localharvest.org/csa

http://localharvest.org
http://csa2.livejournal.com
book: Sharing the Harvest; Robyn Van En
http://books.google.com/books?id=13sDbCIz0ooC

CENTER for LATINO FARMERS
http://centerforlatinofarmers.com

AGRICULTURE TOURISM
book: The New Agritourism: Hosting Community and Tourists on Your Farm; by Barbara Berst Adams
http://worldcat.org/oclc/154713899 http://www.newagritourism.com
http://wwoof.org
book: Agritourism and nature tourism in California; by Holly George
book: Agritourism; by Michal Sznajder

WINTER FARMING AND GARDENING TECHNOLOGY
http://newfarm.org/features/0404/moore/greenhouse.shtml
http://biointensiveforrussia.igc.org
http://fourseasonfarm.com

book: Winter Harvest Manual; by Eliot Coleman
Free eBook: The Composting Greenhouse; by Bruce Fulford
Solar Greenhouse Resources for Winter Gardening
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/solar-gh.html
Free eBook: Solar Greenhouse Construction and Operation; by Rick Fisher
Free eBook: Solar Greenhouse Construction Manuel; by Vincent Stauffer

book: Four Season Harvest; by Eliot Coleman
http://books.google.com/books?id=QMHdDgkRjDkC
book: Cold-Climate Gardening; by Lewis Hill

http://books.google.com/books?id=YYac91iUGr8C
book: Cold climate gardening: how to select and grow the best vegetables; by Rebecca W Atwater Briccetti
http://books.google.com/books?id=GezLrVdv1Z0C
book: The Earth Sheltered Solar Greenhouse
http://books.google.com/books?id=5iKwGAAACAAJ
http://www.storey.com
book: Building Your Own Greenhouse; by Mark Freeman
book: Building and Using Cold Frames; by Charles Siegchrist
http://storey.com
book: Cold Storage for Fruits & Vegetables; by John Storey
book: Food Drying Techniques; by Carol W Costenbader
http://storey.com
book: Make Your Own Insulated Window Shutters; by E. Annie Proulx
book: Window heat loss: how to stop it cold; by Mary Twitchell
book: Sun spaces: New Vistas for Living and Growing; by Peter Clegg
book: The Polytunnel Handbook; by Andy McKee
http://books.google.com/books?id=x3iEPAAACAAJ
http://northerngreenhouse.com
book: Gardening Under Plastic; by Bernard Salt
Winter Food Production In High Tunnels
Straw Bale Greenhouse
http://appropedia.org/Kiva’s_straw_bale_greenhouse
http://strawbale.com/straw-bale-greenhouse
http://earthbagbuilding.com/plans/vaultgreenhouse.htm
http://appropedia.org/Kiva%27s_straw_bale_greenhouse
http://innserendipity.com/inn/strawbale.html
http://sunnyjohn.com/photos/guidestone/gs_sb_grnhs/index.htm
book: Small Strawbale: Natural Homes, Projects & Designs; by Bill Steen

http://books.google.com/books?id=KVkf-fpnO_oC
book: Ceramic Houses and Earth Architecture: How to Build Your Own; by Nader Khalili
http://calearth.org
book: Earthbag Building: The Tools, Tricks and Techniques; by Kaki Hunter
http://monolithic.com/stories/from-geodesic-to-monolithic-domes
book: Building With Earth: A Guide to Flexible-Form Earthbag Construction; by Paulina Wojciechowska
http://books.google.com/books?id=0TZSAAAAMAAJ
book: Building with earth: design and technology of a sustainable architecture; by Gernot Minke
http://books.google.com/books?id=U-88Xa-lm_gC
book: The Rammed Earth House; by David Easton
http://rammedearthworks.com
book: Building With Cob; by Adam Weismann
book: Adobe Houses for Today; by Laura Sanchez
http://books.google.com/books?id=NL0xLIU4mA8C
http://hybridadobe.com
http://masongreenstar.com
http://papercretenm.com
book: Solar Gardening; by Leandre Poisson
http://books.google.com/books?id=YQnRrUvFPoIC
book: Gardening under cover: a Northwest guide to solar greenhouses, cold frames, and cloches; by William Head
http://books.google.com/books?id=PAUIAAAACAAJ
book: Home Solar Gardening; by John H Pierce
book: Building and using a solar-heated geodesic greenhouse; by John Fontanetta
http://geodesic-greenhouse-kits.com
http://geo-dome.co.uk/article.asp?uname=gd15_dome_kit
book: The Solar greenhouse book; by James C McCullagh
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/solar-gh.html
http://passivesolargreenhouse.com
http://solarbubblebuild.com
A Water Wall Solar Design Manual

SolarWall Heating Systems
A Guide to Building and Planning Solar Homes and Greenhouses
http://cansolair.com
The earth-sheltered solar greenhouse book; by Mike Oehler
http://books.google.com/books?id=5iKwGAAACAAJ
http://greenhomebuilding.com/QandA/growyourfoodQandA.htm
http://earthshelters.com
book: Gardener's solar greenhouse: how to build and use a solar greenhouse for year-round gardening; by Ray Wolf
http://books.google.com/books?id=h0mMAAAACAAJ
book: Solar greenhouses, underground; by Daniel Geery
book: Solar gardening shed: combines a greenhouse, and solar firewood dryer in one building by Ray Wolf
The passive solar dome greenhouse book; by John Fontanetta
Greenhouses and New Growing Techniques; by Mary Peet
Solar Heated Home using an attached Greenhouse
LED Light Bulbs
http://ledtronics.com http://bbeled.com
http://senoled.com
book: Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World; by Alan Weisman

~

SOLAR COOKERS
http://solarcooking.org
How Make Solar Cooker - School Project 5th Grade Class
Solar Cook Kit Plans
http://solarcook301.livejournal.com

~

proverb:

Global Warming is DESTROYING the Wine Industry

Global Warming is DESTROYING the Wine Industry

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