1. Sanitation Sector
Development in Indonesia
Presented by,
Oswar Mungkasa
Directorate of Settlement and Housing,
National Development Agency
Republic of Indonesia

2. The Portrait
 Percentage of households that have access
to sanitation facilities (regardless the quality
of the facilities) : 67,1% (data source: BPS/National Statistics
Agency, 2004)
 Only 10 cities have sanitary sewers (with only
13,9% of the population with access to the
system). (data source: Indonesia Environmental Status 2003, published
by Ministry of The Environment)
 Economic lost due to poor sanitation
approximately Rp 42,3 trillions per year (2%
of GDP).

3. Identified Problems
 Attitude toward sanitation – inadequate concern
 by the community that leads to:
 Un-healthy and un-hygienic behavior
 poor operation and maintenance of public sanitation facilities
 by the government that leads to low development priority for sanitation sector
 Policy
Policies and regulatory frameworks for sanitation sector are inadequate to allow accommodative
environment for effective and efficient development of the sector
 Institutional
 Responsibility for sanitation sector development is dispersed among several ministries at
central level and several agencies at local level, but not supported by a clear and strong
coordination framework.
 Inadequate capacity of local government to carry out sanitation service delivery functions
 Investment – limited investment by public, private, and community in
sanitation.

4. Available Policy Framework
.
Law No 7 /2004
: Water Resources
Government Regulation No 16/2005
Drinking Water Provision System
National Policy
In Finalized and agreed by
refinement Institutional based Community based 6 ministries (Home
stage Affairs, Public Works,
National Development
Strategy for water supply, waster Agency, Health,
water, solid waste and drainage Strategy Environment, Finance).
Currently is being
advocated to local
Action Plan
governments
Action Plan

5. The National Policy for Community-based
Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
(WSES) Development
1. Water as a social and economic good
2. Informed-choice, based on demand.
3. Sustainability
4. Community education: good health and living behavior
5. Pro-poor
6. Increased women participation.
7. Transparent & accountable processes
8. Government as facilitator, not executor
9. Community participation
10. Optimum and well targeted services
11. Cost recovery

6. The National Policy for Institutional-based
Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
(WSES) Development
 Pro poor
 Environmental conservation
 Stakeholders active involvement
 Good corporate governance
 Law enforcement
 Regionalization

7. Current Initiatives
 Sanitation sector “high profiling” to change the
attitude toward sanitation by the government 
increased concern and development priority for
sanitation
 Public sanitation campaign to increase public
awareness toward good sanitation practices 
increased demand of good sanitation services Carried out through
 Strengthening coordination framework among Indonesia Sanitation
different agencies that responsible for sanitation
development. Sector Development
 Develop investment framework that enables Program (ISSDP)
and accommodates investment initiatives by all
stakeholders.
 Capacity building for local governments to
enable them to carry out sanitation sector
development tasks.
Have produced :
• Sanitation by the
 Develop sanitation approaches that can be Community
implemented in different locations, communities, and (SANIMAS)
conditions
•Community Total Led
Sanitation (CLTS)

8. Indonesia Sanitation Sector
Development Program (ISSDP)
 Goal: to improve the health, environmental and economic well-being of the
population, especially the poor, through targeted improvements in sanitation
service delivery in Indonesia
 Component
• National enabling framework for sanitation: strengthening policy,
regulation, institutions, strategies and action plans
• Co-ordination of activity & investment: the development of broad
stakeholder consensus among ministries, levels of government,
donors, private sector and NGOs to the objectives and principles of a
coordinated sanitation program & sector investment framework.
• Raising awareness of sanitation & hygiene promotion: advocacy
and marketing activities to stimulate and increase demand through
targeted, nationwide sanitation awareness raising and hygiene
promotion campaigns. Campaign segment focused on the urban poor
implemented in 6 cities.
• City capacity building & sanitation strategies: facilitating local
governments to undertake sanitation mapping and situation
assessments, to build capacity, and develop a citywide sanitation
strategy, budgets and action plans.

9. Indonesia Sanitation Sector
Development Program (ISSDP)
 Component
• Neighborhood sanitation pilots: provide matching fund to develop
community-based sanitation systems, including for example, school
or other community improvements which have been prioritized in
their city wide strategies/ action plans.
• Priority municipal actions: provide matching funds to enable the
design and implementation of primary and/or secondary physical,
institutional and financial solutions, needed to serve the poor or to
integrate community-based solutions into a centralized city sewer
systems, as identified in the city strategies/ action plans.
 Pilot locations: 6 cities (Jambi, Payakumbuh, Surakarta, Blitar, Banjarmasin,
Denpasar)
 Timeframe: 2006 – 2009
 Funding: grant from Netherlands Government
 Current Status:
 Sanitation condition mapping in 6 cities
 Facilitation for 6 municipalities to develop sanitation sector strategy.

10. Sanitation by the community (SANIMAS) : A
collective action, a small step
 Goal: to improve sanitation conditions of poor communities who live in dense
urban slums by constructing community level centralized sewerage system.
 Principles
 Demand Responsive Approach/DRA
 Participative
 Informed choice
 Self-selection Process
 Capacity Building
 Funding :
Total cost approximately Rp 250 - 400 millions/facility (servicing 200 – 300
households)
 NGO: 16%
 Community: 2%(in kind or in cash)
 Central Government: 27 %
 Local Government: 55%
 Has been tested in 7 districts (Denpasar, Sidoarjo, Pamekasan, Pasuruan,
Mojokerto, Kediri, Blitar) in 2004.

11. SANIMAS: What does it offer?
 Improved Livelihoods
 SANIMAS improves quality of livelihoods and health
especially of mothers and children
 Protecting clean water sources
 SANIMAS treatment options will reduce pollution load
of groundwater and rivers
 High Efficiency – Time-wise
 Less than 12 months are anticipated for planning and
implementing CBS-systems

12. SANIMAS: What does it offer?
 High Efficiency – Cost-wise
 Investment as well as operation & maintenance costs
of technical CBS options are low
 Sustainability of technical options
 Technical options promoted within SANIMAS are
simple, proven, and tested  easily maintained by the
community
 Training and capacity building
 Community are trained to plan, implement and manage
SANIMAS independently

13. A Brief Example of SANIMAS Process
Disseminati
on & Rapid Hand over to the
community Participatory construction community group
selection Assessment
•Selected •Technology •Constructed facility •The facility is fully
community selected managed by
•Community group community group.
formed  •Capacity building
constructing and for community
managing the built group  operation
facility and maintenance
•Capacity building for
community group 
construction

14. SANIMAS: So far ….
It’s a park!!
It’s a mini-market!!
Terima Kasih
It’s a community center!!
.
NO!!
IT’S A COMMUNAL TOILET!!

15. SANIMAS: So far ….
Nice facilities:
Chosen and
managed by the community.

16. SANIMAS: So far ….
We can do it all here!!!

17. SANIMAS: So far ….
From toilet to a banquette:
bio-gas being used for
cooking.

18. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) :
Behavioral change triggering.
 Goal: to change community’s behavior toward healthy and
hygienic practices.
 Strategy: motivate and empower the community to stop open
defecation and build and use latrines (based on their economic
and technical ability, without compromising technical standard of
the facility).
 Principles:
 Community’s active participation
 Zero subsidy
 Social solidarity
 Pride as the key element of motivation
 Has been tested in 6 districts in 6 provinces (2005). Up until
May 2006,there are 19 dusuns (hamlets) that free of open
defecation.

19. CLTS Process
Follow up Community self
Triggering &
participatory by the monitoring &
analysis community “open
defecation free”
declaration
•Community’s •Community action plan to •Community’s satisfactory
comprehensive eradicate open defecation in rating
understanding of their village. •Cross visit to other village
sanitation condition in •Collective actions, organized that has not been
their village and impacts by natural leader. triggered yet.
of open defecation •Community declare that
•Sanitation map  their village is now free of
shows locations of open open defecation.
defecations.
•Natural leader emerges

20. Main Considerations of CLTS and
SANIMAS
CLTS SANIMAS
 Suitable for low density  Suitable for high density
area  land availability
 Can not co-exist with area  land scarcity
other program that  Community contribution (in
provide subsidy kind or in cash) is a must to
 Natural leader existence ensure sustainability
is a must  he/she play
a role as motivator  Continuous capacity
 It’s a behavioral change building for community
and must be followed by group (management, O&M)
sanitation facilities quality  Management manual and
improvement 
sanitation ladder technical guidance
availability

21. Thank You