Abstract. The aspects of the de jure or overt language policy attract many researchers, which is reasonable given the importance of legislation in nation-building. Scholars also pay attention to the de facto and covert language policies, which include informal and non-written aspects of language policy that can shed light on practical problems on the grassroots level. In the selected context, relying upon only one aspect would lead to an incomplete understanding of the subject since there is usually a gap between Kyrgyzstan's de jure and de facto language policies. Therefore, this thesis approached the topic considering both aspects. Such an inclusive study produces thick material for analysis and increases the validity of conclusions by triangulating data from different sources. This study aimed to answer the following research questions: 1. What LP has been implemented in Kyrgyzstan? 2. How has LP affected the target group? 3. What language attitudes and beliefs currently prevail in the target group? The first research question was assessed using Tollefson's historical-structural approach based on analyzing legislative documents, historical materials, university websites, and dissertation catalogs. These methods helped identify the reasons that significantly contributed to the failure of constructing the Soviet identity in Kyrgyzstan. The reasons included covert, implicit, and vague policies, which have driven the de jure and de facto language policies in different directions. Hopefully, the findings of this thesis will shed some light in these directions by raising awareness among leaders and people about the sources of the problem. The second and third questions required in-depth interviews and surveys since many answers to these questions are only sometimes available online. They can only be studied through direct access to primary sources. Data from 850 participants, including 82 in the pilot study and ten expert interviews, show that previous language policies have created many problems that participants must overcome. These problems lie in the participants' divergent perceptions of their identities and mutually exclusive beliefs in decisive aspects of nation-building, often resulting in discrimination based on their demographic characteristics. Further research on the effect of faculties' international experience and students' English skills on forming language beliefs would provide a leap forward. Meanwhile, the findings and results of this study, which have been identified based on a broad spectrum of theories and methodologies in previous publications in English, Russian, Kyrgyz, and other languages of the researcher, can serve as a source of information for researchers, curriculum developers, and language managers.
Full text: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370444301_Language_Policies_Attitudes_and_Beliefs_in_Kyrgyzstan
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Keynote presentation by Olaf Zawacki-Richter, University of Oldenburg, Germany, Center for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational and Social Sciences for the DEHub/ODLAA Education 2011 to 2021- Global challenges and perspectives of blended and distance learning the (14 to 18 February 2011).
This document summarizes a presentation about a study on Chinese ESL learners' understanding of wh-movement in English.
The study tested learners before and after an explanation of wh-movement grammar. It found that learners who received the explanation showed significantly improved ability to identify errors in wh-movement, while the control group did not improve.
Common errors identified before instruction included failing to front auxiliary verbs after wh-words. After instruction, fewer treatment group learners made such errors, but control group performance did not significantly change.
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1. The document discusses two English placement tests used to measure L2 proficiency: the Michigan English Placement Test (MEPT) and the Oxford Placement Test (OPT).
2. It aims to analyze whether these tests are appropriate for measuring Japanese students' English proficiency by examining the normality of scores, reliability, what constructs are measured, and ability to distinguish proficiency levels.
3. The analysis will calculate descriptive statistics, normality tests, and reliability coefficients for each test and subsection to evaluate their functioning as L2 proficiency tests.
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The aim of this research is to examine, from a linguistic perspective, how the media portrayed Kurdistan during September 25, 2017, Kurdistan Referendum.
Second Language Anxiety and Achievement: A Meta-analysis Multiʻōlelo
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between second language anxiety and achievement based on 97 studies published between 1985-2017 involving over 19,000 language learners. The analysis found a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.36) between language anxiety and achievement, indicating that higher anxiety is associated with lower achievement. This relationship was stronger for self-reported proficiency measures than for objective tests or course grades. The relationship also varied by context, educational level, target language, and type of anxiety, though results were mixed. The study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic investigation of this topic through meta-analysis.
The Geography of Distance Education Research - Bibliographic Characteristics ...alanwylie
Keynote presentation by Olaf Zawacki-Richter, University of Oldenburg, Germany, Center for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational and Social Sciences for the DEHub/ODLAA Education 2011 to 2021- Global challenges and perspectives of blended and distance learning the (14 to 18 February 2011).
This document summarizes a presentation about a study on Chinese ESL learners' understanding of wh-movement in English.
The study tested learners before and after an explanation of wh-movement grammar. It found that learners who received the explanation showed significantly improved ability to identify errors in wh-movement, while the control group did not improve.
Common errors identified before instruction included failing to front auxiliary verbs after wh-words. After instruction, fewer treatment group learners made such errors, but control group performance did not significantly change.
The results suggest grammar instruction can help Chinese ESL learners develop awareness of wh-movement patterns in English.
An Analysis Of The Oxford Placement Test And The Michigan English Placement T...Katie Robinson
1. The document discusses two English placement tests used to measure L2 proficiency: the Michigan English Placement Test (MEPT) and the Oxford Placement Test (OPT).
2. It aims to analyze whether these tests are appropriate for measuring Japanese students' English proficiency by examining the normality of scores, reliability, what constructs are measured, and ability to distinguish proficiency levels.
3. The analysis will calculate descriptive statistics, normality tests, and reliability coefficients for each test and subsection to evaluate their functioning as L2 proficiency tests.
This study analyzed the macro and micro structures of thesis and dissertation abstracts across disciplines and cultures. The researchers examined 552 abstracts written by native English speakers, native Persian speakers, and other language speakers. They found that introduction and statement of aims were obligatory elements, while structures like IMRD were optionally used. Cultural and disciplinary differences also influenced structure selection. The researchers then explicitly taught abstract structure models to 35 Iranian researchers. After instruction, the Iranian researchers' abstracts more closely followed the target structures, showing the benefits of explicit genre instruction for non-native speakers.
The study investigated how different types of artificial language training (implicit, rule-search, explicit) affected the development of second language knowledge, both overall and of different types (implicit, explicit).
Participants received one of the three training conditions and were then tested on their grammatical knowledge of the language. They also rated the basis of each judgment as guess, intuition, memory, or rule-based.
Results showed that both rule-search and explicit training led to higher overall accuracy than implicit training. While implicit training did not seem to develop implicit knowledge as expected, rule-search training resulted in more varied knowledge development than implicit training. The findings suggest that different training conditions can differentially influence the type of L2 knowledge
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Thank you for the interesting discussion. I think it's always good to keep an open mind and consider multiple perspectives when studying developmental biology processes. The roles of these genes are still being uncovered.
This study analyzed two English placement tests, the Michigan English Placement Test (MEPT) and the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), administered to 132 Japanese university students. The results showed that:
1) The MEPT scores were not normally distributed, while the OPT scores were.
2) Reliability estimates varied across subsections of the tests, with the MEPT listening section having low reliability.
3) The tests were moderately correlated (r = 0.58) but overlapped only 33.4% in proficiency level placements, suggesting they may measure different aspects of English ability.
Mizushima, L., & Watari, Y. “Do English education in Japanese high schools provide sufficient pragmatic instruction?: A quantitative and qualitative study of English textbooks and teachers." at the 14th International Pragmatics Conference (The University of Antwerp, Belgium, Jul. 26-31)
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Investigating the Effects of Personality on Second Language Learning through ...CSCJournals
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Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
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From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
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This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
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We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
The relationship between the neuroticism trait and use of the english languag...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
The present study aims to find out the relationship between the Neuroticism trait and English Language Learning Strategies (ELLSs) for learners of English as a foreign language. Four instruments were used, which were Persian adapted Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), A Background Questionnaire, NEO-Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Two hundred and thirteen Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major in Iran, were volunteer to participate in this research work. The intact classes were chosen. The results show that there is significant relationship between the Neuroticism trait and use each of four of the six categories of ELLSs (Memory Strategies, Cognitive Strategies, Metacognitive Strategies, and Social Strategies).
Speakers: Yuanyuan Lin, Dana Reijerkerk
Mastery of the Chinese characters could probably be considered as one of the most difficult and strenuous tasks for Chinese language learners. The present research is designed to address how Chinese characters are processed and organized in the cognitive approaches between memory and reasoning. In this session, presenters will share the findings, which divulge how fuzzy-trace theory benefits Chinese character learning and helps students to become more independent and effective language learners. The research also suggests that providing assistance to the students to form traces and visual-spatial analysis of the Chinese characters would significantly increase students’ performance. The research procedure, method, data, and results will be shared during the session. This session has implications for the daily classroom practices of using certain techniques to best acquire vocabulary in a second language.
This document discusses a personalized statistical writing analysis service for research articles at the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. It provides an overview of the analysis process and focuses on five key aspects: vocabulary fit, readability, word type balance, style and usage, and lexicogrammatical errors. Feedback is tailored for individual authors based on comparisons to target corpora. Interviews with users found that explanatory notes, ratios, and some readability measures could be simplified. Future plans include integrating metrics into an online portal and comparing drafts to published versions.
The emergence of transcriptional identity in somatosensory neuronsVic Shao-Chih Chiang
Thank you for the interesting discussion. I think it's always good to keep an open mind and consider multiple perspectives when studying developmental biology processes. The roles of these genes are still being uncovered.
This study analyzed two English placement tests, the Michigan English Placement Test (MEPT) and the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), administered to 132 Japanese university students. The results showed that:
1) The MEPT scores were not normally distributed, while the OPT scores were.
2) Reliability estimates varied across subsections of the tests, with the MEPT listening section having low reliability.
3) The tests were moderately correlated (r = 0.58) but overlapped only 33.4% in proficiency level placements, suggesting they may measure different aspects of English ability.
Mizushima, L., & Watari, Y. “Do English education in Japanese high schools provide sufficient pragmatic instruction?: A quantitative and qualitative study of English textbooks and teachers." at the 14th International Pragmatics Conference (The University of Antwerp, Belgium, Jul. 26-31)
A Corpus-Based Approach To The Register Awareness Of Asian Learners Of EnglishAddison Coleman
This study investigated the impact of learners' first language (L1) and proficiency levels on their written production and degree of register awareness. It analyzed essays from four Asian learner groups - Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan - across different CEFR levels using 58 linguistic features distinguishing writing and speech registers. Statistical analysis showed Hong Kong learners exhibited more writing-appropriate features while Japanese learners showed more informal, speech-like features. Korean and Taiwanese learners also demonstrated some speech features in writing. L1 background affected learners' register awareness and use of linguistic features.
Investigating the Effects of Personality on Second Language Learning through ...CSCJournals
The aim of this research is to determine Second Language Acquisition and personality variable from affective factors analyzed by Artificial Neural Network in freshman class of both university students. This study presents an intelligent approach to the investigation of positive effects of personality on second language learning. For this purpose, watching TV, reading books, magazines, newspaper, listening to the radio, talking to a native English friend, and talking to people at school are investigated. The tool of our research is a survey (questionnaire) to collect a data in order to quantify students ‘personality traits based on affective factors. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part consists of Yes/ No questions while the second part uses a 4 point Likert scale with 5 items that indicates what helped students personally to learn English. The participants were 160 students from two private universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, International Burch University (90 students) and International University of Sarajevo (70). The subjects’ major was English. The first part of the survey was analyzed using ANN, and the second part using statistical analysis. Both data analysis were processed by transferring answers to an Excel sheet. For each measure, mode, standard deviation, median were calculated to determine students’ personality factors. We used two different types of analysis in order to show that different kinds of analysis can be done.
Ähnlich wie Language Policies, Attitudes, and Beliefs.pptx (8)
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
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Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
1. University of Pannonia
Multilingualism Doctoral School
Candidate: Askarbek Mambetaliev
Supervisor: Prof. István Csernicskó
Chair: Prof. Judit Navracsics
Opponents: Dr. Sándor Czeglédi, Dr. Erzsébet Bárány
Committee members: Dr. Viktòria Ferenc, Dr. Szilvia Bátyi, Dr. Andrea Parapatics
Secretary: Dr. Szilárd Szentgyörgyi
PhD defense, May 8, 2023
Title: Language Policies, Attitudes, and Beliefs in Kyrgyzstan
1
3. Significance and Rationale
The rationale for the study also stems from the following issues:
1. No study on LP among university students in Kyrgyzstan
2. The study of LP is understudied in the region (Stavans & Jessner-Schmid, 2022)
3. The field needs knowledge from local researchers (Ehlert, 2008)
Significance:
1. The LP is a cause or pretext for conflicts or wars in many countries.
2. Discussing the pitfalls of LP is better than letting a violence to occur.
3
4. Aims and Questions
Research Aims:
1. The LP models and methods implemented in Kyrgyzstan.
2. The impact of the LP on the post-Soviet generation.
3. The interaction of the LP’s demographic and sociopsychological components.
Research Questions:
RQ1. What LP has been implemented in Kyrgyzstan?
RQ2. How has the LP affected the post-Soviet undergraduate students?
RQ3. What language attitudes and beliefs currently prevail among the students?
4
6. Recorded interviews.
Collection of relevant
texts and artifacts.
Results of
statistical
analyses.
Discussion,
Conclusion
Data Analysis
Data Collection
Pilot Phase
Quantitative
Qualitative
Instrument
Products Products Products
Dataset
of cross-sectional
survey
(N = 758)
Ideas,
opinions
Dataset
of online
survey
(N = 82)
Coded
transcript,
themes.
Research Design
Methodology
Data Cleaning
Updated
Data
Products
6
7. Top-Down Component: Analysis of Overt and Covert Aspects
Overt
Official,
Written
Covert
Actions,
Outcomes
Languages in newspapers
Laws and Regulations of the USSR
1926-1990
Languages on websites Interviews
Languages on banknotes Languages of theses
Laws and Regulations of Kyrgyzstan
1929-2021
7
8. Bottom-Up Component: IDs, Practices, Attitudes and Beliefs
Demographic factors (DF), LinID and code-switching Crosstab, Pearson's 2
Language discrimination (LD) Mean (SD)
Language attitudes and beliefs (LAB) Mean (SD)
The effect of DF on LD and LAB Pearson’s 2 and
The effect of DF on the beliefs MANOVA, PERMANOVA
DF, Language use, HEIs and LinID GLM
Association btw DF and LAB MLR
Difference btw students and others Visualization
Significance p-value, max, min
Reliability of key items in the tool Cronbach Alpha
Methodology
8
9. Reliability & Validity
“Triangulation enhances the internal validity" (Meijer et al., 2002).
Responses in the pilot and main studies to identical questions in the
questionnaires were closely related, confirming the reliability of the instrument.
Data collection procedures were standardized, and the same research
instrument was used across groups.
After creating the database, a basic exploratory factor analysis was performed to
eliminate unreliable variables.
The internal consistency of the tool was checked using cronbach.alpha.
Variables that reduced the Alpha from 0.7 were removed.
Methodology
9
10. In
Declarations
In
Practice
Discussion of Findings: The LP of the USSR
1. No mention of status planning in the
constitutions of the USSR.
2. Equality of all citizens, freedom to
use their native language in private and
public, and education and court.
1. Introduction of the Cyrillic script
in the 1930s.
2. Strengthening the Russian language
in the education domain in the 1930s
and 1950s.
RQ1:
What
LP
has
been
implemented?
10
11. Discussion of Findings: An illustration of LP
Free Mountains, 1924
The Red Kirgizstan, 1927
Soviet Kyrgyzstan, 1956
Kyrgyz Flag, 1993
RQ1:
What
LP
has
been
implemented?
11
12. Discussion of Findings: L. use in HEI and scholars
Most top universities (16 out of 20) did not have information in the Kyrgyz
language on the landing page to the same extent as in Russian.
The number of dissertations in Russian was 5-6 times greater than the
number of dissertations in Kyrgyz.
RQ1:
What
LP
has
been
implemented?
12
13. Discussion of Findings: LP Models enacted in Kyrgyzstan
2010-2021 – Vague LP
1993-2010 – Overt BiP
1978-1993 – Revitalization Policy
1936-1978 – Covert LP
1929-1936 – Overt BiP
A vague distinction between the roles and
statuses of the Kyrgyz and Russian languages
U-turn to bilingualism: Elevation of the
functions of the Russian language
Attempts to maintain the status and functions
of the Kyrgyz language through legislation
Removal of any mentions of status planning
from official documents
Overt assignment of the state language status
to the Kyrgyz and Russian languages
RQ1:
What
LP
has
been
implemented?
13
14. LP
of
USSR
LP
in
Kyrgyzstan Summary of findings for RQ1
Overt or De jure LP Covert and De facto LP
1993-2010 – Overt BiP
1978-1993 – Revitalization Policy
1929 – 1936 – Overt BiP
2010-2021 – Vague LP
1936-1978 – Covert LP
14
~ 50 years
~ 30 years
16. Discussion of Results: Perception of LinID
2 (1, 503) = 2.8, p = 0.099 2(2, 460) = 66, p = 5e-15
2(4, 419) = 66, p = 1.4e-13
Kyrgyz Speaker
Russian Speaker Other L. Speaker
2(2, 737)=129, p = 1e-28
Sex
HEI
RegID
EthID
RQ2:
How
the
LP
affected
the
TG?
16
17. Discussion of Results: Students' Language Behavior
FamL PubL = Kyrgyz PubL = Russian df 2 p N
Kyrgyz L .68 .33
1 81 *** 464
Russian L .10 .90
RQ2:
How
the
LP
affected
the
TG?
17
18. Discussion of Results: Language Discrimination
L. based discrimination: 2(2, 503) = 42, p = 7e-10
Sex & Discrimination (among students): 2(2, 503) = 1.4, p = .48
Nationality & Discrimination (students and others: 2(6,593)=9, p =.16.
Dialect based discrimination : 2(4, 334) = 20, p = 0.0006
RQ2:
How
the
LP
affected
the
TG?
18
19. Factors that influence LinID (GLM Test Results)
Note. N = 355; ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05; Ref. category of DV: LinID = Russian.
Category Est. (Kyrgyz) SE z p Ref. Cat.
Sex Male -.14 .39 -.35 .73 Female
FamL Kyrgyz 1.75 .46 3.83 *** Russian
PubL Kyrgyz 2.20 .37 5.93 *** Russian
Region
Rural (North) .66 .40 1.66 .09
Bishkek
Rural (South) .96 .48 2.01 *
HEI
Arabaev Univ. .34 .63 .53 .59
National
University
Medical Academy -1.72 .49 -3.5 ***
Humanitarian Univ. -1.47 .57 -2.6 **
Technical University -.55 .63 -.87 .39
RQ2:
How
the
LP
affected
the
TG?
19
20. Discussion of Results: Language Attitudes and Beliefs (LAB)
RQ3.
What
LAB
prevail
among
students?
LinID M (SD) n df 2 p
Kyrgyz Speaker 2.74 (.45) 367
2 6.3 .04
Russian Speaker 2.58 (.56) 136
Students’ beliefs in the importance
of the SL for children
Students’ attitudes toward
minority languages
LinID M (SD) n df 2 p
Kyrgyz Speaker 1.92 (.92) 367
2 19 .00
Russian Speaker 2.32 (.88) 81
ID En Ru Ky Cn De Tk Ar
Ky Speaker .27 .26 .21 .11 .09 .04 .02
Ru Speaker .27 .22 .14 .18 .10 .03 .05
Bishkek .29 .24 .14 .14 .10 .04 .05
North .35 .35 .31 .16 .10 .05 .02
South .27 .26 .22 .03 .09 .04 .01
Hierarchy of languages
in students’ beliefs
Pearson’s correlation test results:
LinID on LB: (503)=.57, p = .43
RegID on LB: (340) = .73, p = .27
SexID on LB: (2, 511) = .99, p = .008 20
21. Discussion of Results: Differences of Students from Other Groups
RQ3.
What
LAB
prevail
among
students?
Language hierarchy
En Ru Ky Cn
Students (Ky, Mus) .27 .24 .18 .14
Turkic Groups .29 .26 .17 .14
Non-Turkic Gr. .28 .25 .16 .21*
Kyrgyz (Christian) .24 .24 .21* .11
Public Policy SL and Patriotism
EP LP No Yes
Students .57 .40 .42 .46
Others .69 .28 .72 .21
LP and sociolinguistic preferences
Beliefs in the importance of passing on the State Language to children
21
22. Factors that influence language beliefs (MLR test results)
RQ3.
What
LAB
prevail
among
students?
DV1: English DV2: Kyrgyz p Ref. Cat.
Male Student .39 (.34) .44 (.36) * Female Student
Russian Speaker 1.7 (.37) .11 (.52) Kyrgyz Speaker
Rural Student (North) .95 (.40) 3.9 (.48)
*
Urban Student
(Bishkek)
Rural Student (South) 1.1 (.46) 3.0 (.53)
Humanitarian University 7.3 (.71) 0 *
National
University
Medical Academy 1.9 (.47) 2.4 (.48) *
Arabaev University 1.2 (.50) 1.1 (.48) *
Technical University .71 (.57) .94 (.55) *
Note. N=478; *p < .05; McFadden=.22; DV3: Russian. 22
23. Suggestions for Implications
Conclusion
The MLR test results showed encouraging students to use Kyrgyz on
campus, admitting more enrollees from peripheral regions
(especially from the South) rather than from Bishkek, and improving
LP in some universities would help the government increase the
number of Kyrgyz speakers.
A focus on language behavior on campus would help reduce
language discrimination.
Primary efforts in promoting the SL should be directed at ethnic
Kyrgyz. Other minorities should have broad rights to preserve their
native languages while not restricting their access to learning the SL.
23
24. Direction for Further Research
Conclusion
More research is needed to determine why some groups do not see the need to learn the
SL. Some reasons may include (1) poor campus-level LP; (2) the need for qualified
teachers; (4) Culture or religion being imposed in schools and textbooks under the notion
of teaching the state language.
Studying the linguistic landscape of universities can provide additional data on the LP of
universities.
Besides Russian soft power policies, it would be an asset to investigate any evidence of
similar Anglo-American, Arab, and Chinese efforts to influence language attitudes.
24
25. 25
The full text of the dissertation can be downloaded:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360778986_Attitudes_Toward_Language_Policy_Models
https://www.academia.edu/101285154/Language_Policies_Attitudes_and_Beliefs_in_Kyrgyzstan
Thanks!