This document defines and describes the different types of cohesion that contribute to coherence and flow in writing. It discusses five major types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. For each type, it provides examples and explains how they tie together old and new information between sentences.

2. Outline
 What is cohesion ?
 Types of cohesion
 Reference

3. Cohesion
 Cohesion is the sense of connection and flow
as one sentence leads into the next.
 It involves the tying together of old
information and new.

4. Types of Cohesion
There are five major types of cohesion in English Language:
 Reference
 Substitution
 Ellipsis
 Lexical Cohesion
 Conjunction

5. Reference
Linguistic forms which identify or refer
something.
Yesterday I bought a book
I will give it to my sister

6. Reference can be categorized
into three major types:
Personal Reference: I ,me, mine,it,he,she,her etc.
I talked to marry. She is very friendly
Demonstrative Reference: This, that, those etc.
how do you like a cruise in that yacht?
Comparative Reference: Refers by means of identity or
similarity through the use of such words as same, equal
etc.
It’s the same flower as we saw at campus

7. Substitution
Substitution is the replacement of a word or
phrase with a ‘‘filler’’ word to avoid repetition.
I never saw a purple cow
I hope to see one

8. Types of Substitution
Nominal substitution: The element of nominal substitution are
one, ones and some.
Nominal substitution also include some indefinite pronouns .
My pen is too blunt, I must get a sharper one
Verbal substitution: Replacement of a verb element by a verbal
substitute.
Does Jean sing?- No , but Mary does sing.

9. Types of Substitution
Clausal Substitution: Replacement of a clause
by clausal substitute.
Do you think the question will be hard?
Yes , I think so.
No, I think not.

10. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words
from a sentence.
What percentage was left?
“20”(20 percentage)

11. Types of Ellipsis
Nominal Ellipsis: Ellipsis within nominal group.
 Noun and potentially accompanying modifiers are omitted
from a noun phrase.
I heard Mary's dog, and you heard Bill's dog.
Verbal Ellipsis: Ellipsis within the verbal group.
She won't laugh, but he will laugh.

12. Types of Ellipsis
Clausal Ellipsis: Ellipsis or omission of a
modal element or proposition element in a
sentence.
Has she taken her medicine?
- yes

13. Lexical Cohesion
 Achieved by the selection of vocabulary
 Created by the general noun or repetition of same lexeme
Reiteration: Repetition of a lexical item.
I took leave and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb
is perfectly easy
Collocation: The association of lexical item.

14. Conjunction
 A word or group of words used to connect
words, phrase or clauses.
 They express certain meaning which
presuppose the presence of other components
in the discourse

15. Types of Conjunction
Additive: It is structurally coordinate and used to add more
information.
(and, also, moreover, in addition) and negative (nor).
jonny wants to learn French and he has also some basic
knowledge on it.
Adversative: It is conjunction which relates two clauses
that state contras each other .
(but, yet, on the other hand, however)
Jonny wants to learn French but he has no enough time.

16. Types of Conjunction
Clausal : Clausal relations include the specific ones of
result, reason and purpose.
(yet, still, though, despite this, however, even so, all the
same, nevertheless).
It was raining and I didn’t get any transport. So I returned
home.
Temporal :Refers to the phenomenon of new information to
what has already been given in terms of time.
For preparing the presentation I went through many books
on this topic. Then I started preparing my slides.