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Second Urbanisation.pptx
- 2. When was It? From the 6th century BCE onwards, cities emerged in India for the second time the period of second urbanisation in India. This development was focused on the Gangetic plains. As the IVC declined, it was mostly villages in the subcontinent – in this settled agricultural society, land and cattle were the markers of wealth. Chieftains would have wanted an expansion of both – either through raids or by clearing forest lands. Archaeological evidences show that many agricultural settlements emerged between in the 8th – 6th centuries BCE. This was also the period of the development of iron tools.
- 3. Use of Iron Implements: Iron axes were better suited for clearing forests, and iron ploughs for agriculture. There was a much higher agricultural output. In the Gangetic valley paddy cultivation became the main agricultural produce. Larger food production made it possible to sustain larger populations. In North India, this period is associated with a type of pottery called Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). It is a wheel-made pottery with a glossy surface. Many of the pottery found from sites in this period are black, but other colours were present as well.
- 5. There are mentions of 16 powerful states (solanka mahajanapadas) that flourished in the 6th century BCE. “Janapada”: referred to a region with urban and rural settlements. Literally, it meant the footholds of a tribe, or jana. There were two kinds of states in the list of Mahajanapadas: 1. Rajyas or monarchies 2. Ganas or Sanghas, which had other forms of governments. Sometimes, they are called “republics,” though they were more oligarchies than republics. The most powerful states in the 6th century were Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti.
- 7. The Monarchies 1. Kashi 2. Kosala 3. Anga 4. Magadha (becomes important later on) 5. Chedi 6. Vatsa (or Vamsa) 7. Kuru 8. Panchala 9. Surasena 10. Assaka (or Asmaka) 11. Avanti 12. Gandhara 13. Kamboja
- 8. The Republics 1. Vajji (or Vrijji) 2. Malla 3. Matsya These were more like oligarchies, ruled by a group of families or clans.