General HSE Training (Level 1 & 2)

HSE GENERAL
Ciel Consulting
www.cielgr.com
YOU ARE WELCOME!

Aims and Objectives
• The aims and objectives of this course is
to provide competence training in health,
safety and environment through
identification of hazards and control
measures.

Introduction to Health Safety
and Environment (HSE)
Definitions
• Health: Is a state of total well being of a person not merely the
absence of disease.
• Safety: Is the state of been free from danger or harm
• Environment: the environment is our surroundings which includes
air, land and water.
• PARE. Personnel, Assets, Reputation and Environment
• ALARP: As Low As Reasonably Practicable. This is a term used to
reduce Hazards to the barest minimum.
• Hazard: Is any thing or activity that can cause harm or damage to
PARE

Definitions
• Incident: Is an unplanned event which may
or may not lead to harm or damage.
• Accident: is unplanned event which leads
to harm or damage.
• Near-miss: is unplanned event which did
not lead to harm or damage.
• Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition: an
unsafe act is any action or omission which
does not regard safety rules.e.g making
phone call while driving.

Duties of a Safety Officer
1. To protect PARE
2. To train personnel on HSE matters
3. To ALARP hazards or eliminate hazards
4. To advice management on HSE matters
5. To carry out Pep talk and Toolbox
meetings
6. To carry out monthly HSE meetings

Duties of a Safety Officer (cont.)
• To conduct drills .e.g. fire drills
• To ensure equipments and work
environment are safe
• To determine the necessary personal
protective equipment (PPE) to be used by
workers
• To represent the company on HSE
matters

SAFETY CERTIFICATION
NOW MANDATORY IN
MANY ORGANIZATION!

Task 1
• Question: Why is Safety important?
• Time: 7min

WHY IS SAFETY NOW MANDATORY?
• people are loosing
their lives out of
ignorance.
• Compensation for
death is very
expensive for
companies.

• Organizations
don’t want to
Loose man hours.
Shell looses
N30million every
15 mins work is
shutdown.

• Machines are
usually damaged
by non safety
educated persons
every now and
then.
• Companies spend
heavily on repairs

• A safety ignorant
person can even
set a company
ablaze.
• Company stands
to lose
everything.

• Government fines
and penalties.
• Government can
even shutdown the
company.

Task 2.0
WHY ARE YOU IN THIS TRAINING!

• To learn ways and
methods to keep yourself
safe anywhere any time.
• To learn methods to fight
any unforeseen situations
when it occurs.
YOU ARE HERE:

• To prove to employers that you are ready and
suitable to work within any job condition and
keep yourself safe.
• To give yourself an edge and also increase your
stands in the competitive labor market.
YOU ARE STUDYING THIS COURSE:

• Because you intend to take HSE as a
career.
• Hungry to grow in HSE and to get ready
for the next level in HSE.
• To qualify as a leader.
You are studying this course?

Task 3.0
• What does the letter H.S.E means to you?
Time: 5min

• H = Health
• S = Safety
• E = Environment
WHAT IS HSE?
The HSE acronym stands for

Health and safety at work
• keeping people healthy
and safe at work
• everyone has a
responsibility

Activity 4.0
- write a short definition for each of
the terms presented
Time: 10mins

Definitions
• health
– when you feel well and have no illness or injury
• safety
– when you are protected from harm
• workplace
– anywhere you do your job (inside or outside)

Hazard
• something that can cause harm
• in every workplace – e.g.
fire, electricity, sharp tools,
chemicals, noise, uneven floors

WHEN YOU SAY YOU
ARE HSE COMPETENT
OR CERTIFIED, IT
MEANS

You can:
1. Identify hazards
2. Assess the risks
3. Establish control measures to
prevent incidents
4. Establish Recovery measures to mitigate
the consequences in the event of an
accident.

Task 5.0
• What are some hazards in your
workplace?
Time: 7min

What are some hazards in the work?
• Chemicals
• Radiation
• Fire
• Electrical
• Biological
• Physical
• Slips and trips
• Falling hazard
• Ergonomics
• Thermal
• Noise etc…

Levels of Communication in HSE?
Officer
Level
Supervisor
Level
Manager
Level

• HSE Officers report to a HSE supervisor.
• HSE Supervisor reports to a HSE
manager.
• HSE manager reports to the management
Levels of Communication in HSE?

• Safety signs are means of communicating
important information that can be
understood by all races, by literate and
illiterate people, by all age groups and by
all people, locally or globally.
• Safety signs are vital in all our workplaces
to ensure the safety of our workers.
SAFETY SIGNS

Intrinsic features:
• a) round shape;
• (b) black pictogram on white background,
red edging and diagonal line
TYPE OF SAFETY SIGNS
THE PROHIBITION SIGNS

No access for unauthorized persons No access for industrial vehicles

Do not extinguish with waterNo access for pedestrians

Naked flames forbiddenNo smoking

Intrinsic features:
THE DANGER WARNING SIGNS
(a)triangular shape
(b) black pictogram on a yellow background
with black edging

General danger Danger: Electricity

Industrial vehiclesOverhead load

L[LKJ
Low temperatureDrop / Obstacle

Intrinsic features:
MANDATORY SIGNS
(a) round shape
(b) white pictogram on a blue background

MANDATORY SIGNS
General mandatory Ear protection must be worn

MANDATORY SIGNS
Safety overalls must be wornSafety boots must be worn

Task 6.0
• Why do you think you need to wear face
protection?
• Why is it important to wear safety helmet?
• What is Emergency Exit?
• What is Safety Shower?
• Time: 10mins.

MANDATORY SIGNS
Safety helmet must be wornFace protection

Intrinsic features:
EMERGENCY ESCAPE SIGNS
(a) rectangular or square shape
(b) white pictogram on a green background

Emergency Exit Safety Shower

Stretcher First aid

Intrinsic features:
Firefighting Signs
(a) rectangular or square shape
(b) white pictogram on a red background

Firefighting Signs
Fire Ladder Fire Extinguisher

Firefighting Sign
Fire Escape Direction

SAFETY LEGISLATION
(a) GOVERNMENTAL: Safety legislations
consist of Law enacted by the government
to regulate industrial activities so as to
safeguard lives of people, properties and
the environment.
(b) COMPANY: Written laws prepared by the
employers to ensure the safety of persons
at work and also to save the environment.

SAFETY LEGISLATION
(a) A safety officer needs to understand and
have this laid down laws on his or her
finger tips so as to efficiently fit in as a
mediator between the company and
governmental agencies .
(b) It is the safety officer that enforces the
laws laid down by the management.

SAFETY LEGISLATION
- The factories act 1990
- Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA)
1974
- The minerals oils (safety) regulation 1997
revised
- Petroleum (Drilling and production)
regulation 1969
- Petroleum refining regulation 1967
(transport and storage of petroleum
products)

SAFETY LEGISLATION
- Electricity regulation
- The explosive regulation
- And many others in the book.

RESPONSIBLITIES OF EMPLOYERS
AS REGARDS TO LEGISLATIONS
- Employers should make sure all Factories
(Plant) are registered according to the
standard of the federal Government before
commencing operation.
- Employers must provide personal
protective equipments (PPEs) as
recommended by the authorities.

- Provision of sanitary facilities,
- Adequate ventilation,
- Lightings
- Portable water showers
- First Aid Facilities.
- Provide training for personnel
And many other you can find in the book
RESPONSIBLITIES OF EMPLOYERS AS
REGARDS TO LEGISLATIONS (C0NT.)

RESPONSIBLITIES OF EMPLOYEES
- NOTE: It shall be the responsibility of
everyone employed by the company to
keep regulations and laws stipulated to
help the company keep the federation
laws.
- ACTIVITIES LIKE:
- good house-keeping
- Avoiding acts likely to render safety
devices inefective, in the plant or factory.

RESPONSIBLITIES OF EMPLOYEES
- Prohibited from sleeping , drinking while on
duty or reporting for duty under the
influence of alcohol.
- NOT to Tamper, repair or operate any
equipment that he or she is not qualified
and certified to.
- Report unsafe acts and unsafe conditions
to the supervisor

Task 7.0
• How is Health and Safety law Enforced?
Time: 5mins.

ENFORCEMENT
(A) These are measures put in place by different
federal government arms to make sure
regulations put in place are been obeyed by
companies .
(B) There are also measures put in place by
companies to make sure employees obey laws
set aside.

ENFORCEMENT
(A 1) One of the ways by which government
enforce laws is that defaulting companies
pay heavy fines.
(A 2) Another way is that the defaulting
company is temporally shutdown.

ENFORCEMENT
(B 1) One of the ways by which companies
enforce laws can be reduction of salary
(B 2) quarries or suspension as the case
maybe.

Task 8.0
• List at least 3 penalties you think
should be given for non-compliance
Time: 15mins.

PENALTIES FOR NON-COMPLIANCE
Penalties are for serious
offenders or defaulters:

PENALTIES FOR NON-COMPLIANCE
For companies, penalties for non-compliance might be:
- Sentence to imprisonment as the case maybe.
- Or other tailored serious punishment proposed
by the company safety department / the
management.

HAZARD
- Hazard in a practical term is
any condition or activity that if
left uncontrolled can result in
an injury, illness or death.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- These are basically the kinds of threats gotten
from chemical substances.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- METHOD OF EXPOSURE : INHALATION
(through the nose),
Through inhalation: people, out of ignorance,
inhale poisonous chemicals such as:
- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- smoke from generator,
- car and many other sources
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone,
Phosgene, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ammonia. etc

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- METHOD OF EXPOSURE : SKIN CONTACT
(Absorption)
- Dangerous chemicals burn and rupture the skin
when they come in contact with it.
- Example: exposure to high Amount of Acid.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- METHOD OF EXPOSURE: ABSORPTION
Skin absorption is a route by which substances
can enter the body through the skin.
Also harmful substances pass through this
medium into the body system.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- METHOD OF EXPOSURES: INGESTION
(through the mouth)
Poisonous chemicals enter body through the
mouth into the digestive system, from
contaminated food or water and or any other
means. This can be prevented by not eating or
drinking when handling chemicals.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- METHOD OF EXPOSURE: INJECTION
Harmful chemical can enter into our body or
blood stream through a mechanical medium.
E.g. through cuts from broken glass or sharp
objects.
Note: This could also be deliberate in the case of
hard drugs. However victims are usually not
abreast of the full chemical composition of the
substance entering their body.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
- GENERAL CHEMICAL HAZARD KNOWLEDGE
SYMPTOMS:
Depending on the type of exposure, symptoms can be :
- Abdominal pain
- Breathing difficulty
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Pain where contact is made with the skin
- Weakness
- Unconsciousness

CHEMICAL HAZARD
CONTROL TO CHEMICAL HAZARD
- Label all chemicals.
- Do not eat or drink while handling chemicals.
- Workers must follow the standard operating
procedure (sop) when handling chemicals.
- Use PPE e.g Gloves, coveralls, etc
- Workers must work under supervision
- Wash off immediately if the chemical comes in
contact with skin.
- Follow the safety data sheet (manual) of
chemicals

CHEMICAL HAZARD
PROTECTION Cont:
- Avoid prolonged (even low-level) exposure to chemicals.
- Avoid mixing different products that contain toxic chemicals such
as ammonia and bleach. The mixture can give off hazardous
fumes.
- Buy potentially poisonous substance in safety containers, and buy
only as much as needed.
- Many household products are made of toxic chemicals. It is
important to read and follow label instructions, including any
precautions.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
PROTECTION:
- Never store household products in food or drink containers. Leave
them in their original containers with the labels intact.
- Store chemicals safely immediately after use.
- Use paints, petroleum products, ammonia, bleach, and other
products that give off fumes only in a well-ventilated area.

CHEMICAL HAZARD
FIRST AID:
- Make sure the cause of the burn Is removed
- Flush the chemical off the skin using cool running water
- Treat the person from shock
- Apply wet compresses to release
- Wrap the burned area with a dry sterile cloth
- Protect the burned area from pressure and friction
- Unconsciousness

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- These refer to biological substances that pose
a threat to the health of humans.
- Biological hazards are hazards associated with
living disease causing organisms (i.e
pathogens)

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
- METHOD OF EXPOSURES : Bloodborne Pathogens:
- A pathogen is something that spreads disease
- Bloodborne are diseases that goes through the blood.
Examples are:
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- Hepatitis C
- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- And others

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
METHOD OF EXPOSURES : Bloodborne Pathogens:
NOTE: objects contaminated with the blood of an infected
person will be contagious. Avoid any contact with
equipments.
- Do not handle blood with your bare hands always use
disposable gloves, and apron in severe instance.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
METHOD OF EXPOSURES : Building Related illness:
building-related illness (BRI) refers to recognized diseases,
often infections, eg Legionnaires' disease, caused by being
in a sick building.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
METHOD OF EXPOSURES : Building Related illness:
Buildings become “sick” mostly when :
- There is a Poor ventilation.
- Poisonous Air conditioning.
- Low humidity.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
METHOD OF EXPOSURES : Plant and insect Poison
• many plants and their fruits are poisonous and should not
be eaten.
• Many insects like snakes, spiders, scorpions, ticks and
others transmit deadly poisons
• also, certain aquatic creatures like jelly fish, sea anemones
also transmit poisons.

PHYSICAL HAZARD
Task 9.0
• What could have lead
to the accident and
how could it have
been prevented?
• Can you list recovery
measures to mitigate
the consequences of
this accident?

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
- Physical Hazard are those substances or
conditions which threaten your physical safety.
- THEY ARE:
- Electrical shocks
- Fire / Explosions
- Noise
- Thermal
- Caught in /on between pinch points
- Slips and falls
- Struck by flying objects

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Electric Shock

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Fire Burn

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Noise
Noise-induced hearing loss is an irreversible condition that can have a
terrible impact on a person’s life.
If you are exposed to loud noise continually over a period of time, the nerve
receptors in your inner ear may eventually die, and once damage occurs it
cannot be repaired.
Hearing loss can also result from exposure to sudden loud noises, such as
explosions, gun shots or heavy hammering. These types of noises are
commonly referred to as ‘impact’ noises and, if loud enough, can cause
immediate, permanent damage.
Permanent hearing loss may also be accompanied by tinnitus or ringing in
the ears.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Caught in between
• Note: Do not stand,
walk, drive or work
under suspended
load without
authorization.
• The load may fall and
cause serious injury
or death (fatality)

Task 10.0
• Mention some of the causes of Slip and
Fall.
Time: 5mins

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Slip and Fall
• Wear slip resistant
shoes
• Clean up spills
• Be careful while at
work
Trip and fall hazards are
caused by obstruction
e.g trailing wires on
the floor.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Trip and Fall

PHYSICAL HAZARDS – STRUCK BY

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
- Ergonomics is the study of the relationship
between the worker, and the work environment
- refer to workplace conditions that pose the risk
of injury to the musculoskeletal system of the
worker.

Poor ergonomics can lead to Musculoskeletal disorders e.g backache

Task 11.0
• What are some of the Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) you know of?
Time: 5mins.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
are equipments that will protect the
users against health, safety and
environmental risks.

Things to consider
• What are the hazards in the job?
• What type of PPE is required?
• How to use and maintain the PPE?
• How to store the PPE?

RESPIRATOR (FILTERING DEVICE)
Use: when there's need to
filter, to remove
contaminants present in
the workplace air.
Like: Dust, hash solid particles

RESPIRATOR (AIR FILTERING DEVICE)
NOTE: They should never be
used for protection in situations
with reduced oxygen levels or
Atmosphere with poisonous
Gas.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
RESPIRATOR (OXYGEN DEVICE)
Use: when there's not enough
Oxygen in the atmosphere.
Like: in a confined space
where there is dangerous
vapor/fumes.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
RESPIRATOR (OXYGEN DEVICE)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
EYE PPE
Type: Safety spectacle
goggles
- Safety spectacle is used to
protect against flying objects
- Goggles are further used to
protect against dangerous
lights.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
EYE / FACE PPE
Type: Face Shield
- Use in protecting the eye and
face against flying objects
- Further use, in protecting
chemical splashes and
radiation.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
HEAD PPE
Type: Helmet ( HARD HAT)
A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used
in workplace environments, such as construction
sites, to protect the head from injury by falling
objects, impact with other objects, debris, bad
weather and electric shock.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
HEAD PPE
Type: Helmet ( HARD HAT)
SPECIAL FEATURE
Inside the helmet is a suspension that spreads the
helmet's weight over the top of the head.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
HEAD PPE
Type: Helmet ( BUMP CAP)
A bump cap is a lightweight kind of hard hat with
simplified suspension or padding. It is used where
there is a possibility of scraping or bumping one's
head on equipment or structure projections, but is
not strong enough to absorb large impacts, such as
from a tool dropped several stories.
.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
HEAD PPE
Note Generally: Helmet
88% of brain injuries can be prevented by wearing
a properly fitted helmet. They absorb impact
and minimize violent movement of the brain
within the skull. They distribute impact over a
larger area, reducing the chance of a skull
fracture.
- Helmet protects against hair entanglement.
- Risk of head bumping.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
BODY PPE
Type: Disposable Body Cover
Work wear.
usage
Use on a special occasions, in the lab, production
Factories and special work sites
-Protects against: chemical splashes
- mud

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
BODY PPE
Type: Coverall or over all.
usage
- Basically used to protect against dirt
- use as a uniform and identification
- as reflective signaling garment
- to proof substances
- As fire protection

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
TYPES of COVER ALL
Fire proof cover all
Cover all with reflection
General

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
HANDS AND ARMS
Type: armlet, glove, gauntlets, Mitts,
Use to protect against
- abrasion
- temperature extremes
- cuts and punctures
-Impacts, chemicals
- skin infection disease or contamination

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
FOOT AND LEG
Type: GAITER, LEGGINGS, SPATS
Use to protect against
- Wet electrostatic build-up
- slipping
- cuts and punctures
-Falling objects
- metal and chemical splash , abrasion

Leggings
The leggings are specifically designed to protect the lower part of the wearer's
legs and feet,

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
NOTE! NOTE!

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
FOR SAFETY OFFICERS:
The personal protective equipment (PPE) should
be:
- Properly assessed before use to make sure it is
fit for purpose.
- It should be maintained and stored properly
- Provided with instructions on how to use it
safely and how to use it correctly.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
FOR SAFETY OFFICERS:
Mandatory, even management should know
- when PPE is necessary
- Why they must wear PPEs
- Proper care, maintenance, useful life and
disposal.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
JHA is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a
way of identifying hazards before the incidents /
accident occurs.
- It focuses on the relationship between the
works, the task, the tools and the work
environment.
- It helps safety officers identify potential hazards
and give them clues on how to eliminate it or
reduce it to the acceptable risk level.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
TYPICAL JHA QUESTIONS ARE:
- What can go wrong?
- What are the consequences?
- How could it arise?
- What are other seemingly contributing factors?
- How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
A CORRECT JHA TELLS:
- Where it can happen (Environment)
- Who or what it can happen to (exposure)
- What can precipitates the hazard
- The outcome that would occur should it happen
- And any other contributing factor

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
JHA demonstrates that all the credible hazards
inherent in the job have been identified and
measures to put them under control is on
ground already.
REMEMBER:
RESEARCH > IDENTIFY > ASSESS > CONTROL
/ RECOVER

- Job in which one simple human error could
lead to a severe accident or injuries.
- Complex jobs that should require written
instruction.
- Job where accident frequently occurs
- Jobs which many workers are not familiar
with
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
WHAT JOB NEEDS JHA MORE?

- Identify the scope and JHA objectives.
- Breakdown task into basic steps.
- For each step identify the hazards and its
threats
- Define control and recovery measures
- Record results
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
STEPS TO DO A JHA?

To identify potential hazard study the job
systematically and answer these questions:
- Can the tools, machines or equipment
present any hazard?
- Can the work suffer slip, trip or fall?
- Is there a danger from falling objects?
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
IDENTIFYING A POTENTIAL HAZARD

- Can weather condition affect safety?
- Is harmful radiations a possibility?
- Can contact be made with toxic, hot or
caustic substances?
- Is lighting poor?
- Can damage to equipment occur?
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
IDENTIFYING A POTENTIAL HAZARD

- Eliminate / substitution
- Isolation
- Lockout and Tagout
- Enclosure guards
- Education/training
- Procedures
- Work design and schedules
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
(JHA)
CONTROLS / RECOVERY MEASURE

Example of an Enclosure Guards

Question
• Now what is Job Hazard
Analysis?

155
Accident Reporting
Fatality
Doctor ?
Phone Number
Address ?
City Hospital ?
Office Notification
Cell Phone
Ambulance ?
112 ?
Blood loss Broken Bones
Accident Report
Witness Statement
Boo-Boo
Response

156
ACCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURE
A. LIFE THREATENING SITUATION
1. Get to the nearest emergency room for proper medical attention.
2. Notify the main office as soon as possible
B. NON-LIFE THREATENING
1. Notify your supervisor
2. Call and make arrangements with the company doctor.
3. Assist your supervisor with details to fill out the “First Report of Injury”
4. All accidents must be reported and investigated. It is YOUR
responsibility to report all accidents or incidents (near misses) without
regard to severity.

157
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS
Safety Coordinator:
Poison Control:
First Aid:
Fire Department:
Ambulance:
Police:
Medical Clinic:
Clinic Address:

158
Emergency Medical Treatment
If you sustain a severe injury requiring emergency treatment:
Call for help and seek assistance from a co-worker.
Use the emergency telephone numbers and instructions posted next to the
telephone in your work area to request assistance and transportation to
the local hospital emergency room/clinic etc.
Provide details for the completion of the accident investigation report.

159
Non-Emergency Medical
Treatment
For non-emergency work-related injuries requiring professional medical
assistance, management must first authorize treatment
If you sustain an injury requiring treatment other than, first aid:
Inform your supervisor.
Proceed to the posted medical facility. Your supervisor will assist
with transportation, if necessary.
Provide details for the completion of the accident investigation
report.

160
Minor First-Aid Treatment
If you sustain an injury or are involved in an accident requiring minor first aid treatment:
Inform your supervisor.
Administer first aid treatment to the injury or wound.
If a first aid kit is used, indicate usage on the accident investigation
report.
Access to a first aid kit is not intended to be a substitute for medical
attention.
Provide details for the completion of the accident investigation report.

161
As a general rule, all accidents, no matter how minor, should be reported
immediately and investigated as soon as possible.
Employees must be made aware of their responsibility, to report the incident
as soon as possible after it occurs. They must also be aware that when/if
they report an incident, the incident will be discussed with them, as to
When-Where-Who-What-Why-How. They will be expected to cooperate with
the investigation, as the goal is to develop the root cause of the incident and
abate it so it does not occur again.
REMEMBER: Failure to comply with a company policy, such as the
requirement to report ANY/All accidents/incidents equals violating company
policy. That could result in disciplinary actions up to and including
termination. Since companies are different, check your company policies to
be sure!
In numerous businesses, when there is an incident, there is also a drug test
as part of policy. Employees should know this and expect this as a routine
occurrence.
Reporting of Accidents/Incidents

Task 12.0
• Mention some accidents you have seen in
your workplace?
Time: 5mins

164
ACCIDENTS don’t just happen…
“THEY ARE CAUSED!!!”

166
ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY:
• Unsafe Acts
• Unsafe Conditions

167
What Causes Injuries?
Task 13.0
Unsafe Conditions
20%
Acts of God
2%
Unsafe Acts
78%

168
MOST ACCIDENTS WERE CAUSED BY BOTH:
• UNSAFE ACTS, and
• UNSAFE CONDITIONS

169
UNSAFE CONDITION (Hazard):
Is a physical condition or circumstance that
permits, or is likely to cause an accident.

170
UNSAFE ACT (Work Practice):
Is any violation of (or departure from) an accepted
normal, or correct, procedure or practice.

Task 14.0
• Why should we investigate an accident?
Time: 5mins.

172
Accident: An unplanned, undesired event, not necessarily resulting in
injury,but damaging to property and/.or interrupting the activity in process.
Incident: An undesired event that may cause personal harm or other
damage. (OSHA specifies incidents of a certain severity be recorded.)
With proper hazard identification and evaluation, management
commitment and support, preventive and corrective procedures,
monitoring, evaluation and training, unwanted events can be
prevented.
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

173
The ultimate purpose of investigations is to prevent future incidents.
•Investigations must produce factual information leading to corrective
actions that prevent or reduce the number of incidents.
•Investigations must be FACT FINDING not FAULT FINDING

174
The investigation concentrates on the fact surrounding the incident. After
the incident is fully investigated, responsibility will be fixed where
personal fault has caused the injury.
No person should be excused from the
consequences of their actions.
Disciplinary actions must not be from the investigating individual or
committee, but from management, for violating company
policies/procedures.

175
As a rule of thumb, use the “5-W” principle!
Simply ask “Why” five (5) times.
1. Why did you slip and Fall in the hall by the water cooler ? <answer> Because the
floor was wet.
2. Why was the floor wet? <answer> Because there was water on it.
3. Why was their water on the floor? <answer>I don’t know. It was coming out from
underneath the water cooler.
4. Why was water coming out from under the water cooler?
<answer> I don’t know. Let’s look. There is a hole in the
drain pipe.
5. Why is there a hole in the drain pipe? <answer>It appears as if it rusted out.
Was this an UNSAFE ACTIVITY or UNSAFE CONDITION?

176
It was an Unsafe Condition, caused by an Unsafe Activity.
The rusted pipe was caused by lack of preventative maintenance,
which was an unsafe activity. If there is “blame” where does it lie?
Was there a preventative maintenance program?, Who was in
charge of it. Why was it not checked? Should this be subject to
disciplinary actions?

177
ACCIDENTS
• Injuries
• Illnesses
• Property Damage
• Near-Misses

178
ACCIDENTS
An undesired event that could
involve:
Workers
Materials
Tools
Equipment
Environment

179
What is a properly performed
accident investigation?
* Does not seek to blame or find fault
* Finds underlying causes
* Gathers factual information
* Develops corrective action

180
Five Steps to Incident
Investigation
* Manage the Incident Site* Collect Information
* Analyze the Facts * Recommend Corrective
Action
* Corrective Action Follow-up

181
MANAGE THE ACCIDENT SITE
1. Assist the Injured Employee(s)
2. Eliminate or Control the Risk of Further
Injury
3. Preserve the Accident Scene
a. shut down equipment
b. barricade the site

182
COLLECT INFORMATION
1. Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How
2. Physical Evidence
3. Witness Statements
4. Documentation

183
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
1. Photographs
2. Physical Conditions of Equipment and the
Environment
3. Sketch of Site
4. Records
5. Witness Statements

184
WITNESS STATEMENTS
1. Explain the Purpose of the Investigation
2. Listen Attentively
3. Ask Open Ended Questions
4. Safely Reenact the Incident
5. Get Signed Witness Statements
6. Solicit Recommendations

185
DOCUMENTATION
1. Training Records
2. Maintenance Records
3. Job Descriptions
4. Job Safety Requirements

186
Recommend Corrective Action
Follow-up
1. Identify corrective actions
2. Assign responsibility
3. Establish deadline for actions and follow-
up
4. Obtain management approval
5. Communicate results

Often times people do not give accurate
information to the safety officer due to:
- Fear of discipline
- Concern about the safety record
- Fear of medical treatment
- Poor understanding of the importance of
accident investigation.
SET BACK OF AI

Task 15.0
• What is First Aid?
Time: 5mins

DEFINITION
• First aid is the skilled emergency
treatment given to an injured or sick
person before the arrival of a
doctor/medical personnel or before taking
the victim to the hospital, using available
materials at the scene.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. To save or preserve life
2. To prevent illness or injury becoming
worse.
3. To promote recovery by relieving pain as
far as possible
4. To provide reassurance and comfort to
the casualty

Qualities of a first aider
• Observant
• Carefulness
• Resourceful
• Tactful
• Sympathetic
• Persevering
• explicit

General rules for first aiders
• Stay calm
• Use your common sense
• Do not attempt to do too much if you are
unsure of what to do
• Reassure victim all the time
• Do not move victim unless absolutely
necessary
• Do not leave the victim unattended to until
the doctor takes charge
• Do not give him anything to eat or drink

Emergency action principles
1. Survey the scene
2. Do a primary survey of the victim
3. Phone the emergency medical service
(EMS) or look for help
4. Do a secondary survey of the victim when
appropriate

Assess the situation
Immediately observe the scene and take in
much information as possible using the
“DRS-ABCD” Principle

An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable
device that checks the heart rhythm and can send an
electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal
rhythm. AEDs are used to treat sudden cardiac
arrest (SCA).

First Aid Treatment
1. remove or treat any cause of
unconsciousness.
2. Ensure the airway is clear.
3. Examine him and treat any serious
injuries
4. Place victim in a recovery position unless
when injuries do not permit eg spinal inj.
5. Keep him protected from cold

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

“3Bs” of First Aid
1. Breathing
2. Bleeding, and
3. Bones

FIRST AID “ABC” PRINCIPLE
This is the first action taken by a first aider
to,
• A: ensure an open airway
• B: breathe by inflating the lungs
• C: circulate the blood by compressing the
chest

Conditions that often require first aid
Bone fracture
Choking
Burns
Cardiac arrest
Drowning or asphyxiation
Electric shock
Battle field
Poisoning
Seizures
Bone dislocation
Cuts
Cramps in muscles
Childbirth
Toothache
Insect or animal bite
Wounds and bleeding

TYPES OF POLLUTION
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land/soil pollution

Sources of pollution
• Oil/chemical spill/leakage
• Sewage discharge into water bodies
• Indiscriminate discharge of waste into
water
• Bush burning
• Release of combustion gases into the
atmosphere

Effect of Environmental Pollution
• Health problems
• Ozone layer depletion
• Global warming
• Flooding and erosion
• Deforestation
• Reduced soil fertility, etc

Waste control
• Waste control or management is the
deliberate effort at putting away waste
without re-contaminating the environment
Definition:
Waste is any material resulting from any
activity which has no immediate economic
benefit and must be disposed of.

Coincident or Not ?
If,
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Z
Equals,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
Then,
K + N + O + W + L + E + D + G + E
11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96%
H + A + R + D + W + O + R + K
8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98%
Both are important, but the total falls just short of 100%
But, A + T + T + I + T + U + D + E
1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100%
Safety really is about attitude. Make 100% Safe Behavior your choice
both ON and OFF the job

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