The document summarizes an OECD workshop on biodiversity and development cooperation. It discusses two papers presented at the workshop on financing for biodiversity and mainstreaming biodiversity into development. Key findings include that over 80% of biodiversity-related ODA from 2007-2013 was concentrated in a few sectors. ODA to capacity building has increased from 24% to 44% in that period. The document also identifies good practices, research gaps, and challenges around managing trade-offs and synergies, monitoring and evaluation, and alignment between country priorities and ODA targeting.

1. Biodiversity, development and
development co-operation: an overview
Workshop on Biodiversity and Development
18 February 2015, OECD, Paris
Anna Drutschinin and Juan Casado-Asensio
OECD DAC Secretariat

2. OECD scoping work on biodiversity and
development co-operation
Aim:
To understand the state-of-play of development co-operation support
in promoting the integration of biodiversity into development.
Paper 1: Financing for Development in Support of
Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services
• Trends in bilateral official development assistance to biodiversity
• ODA’s role in leveraging & catalysing other forms of finance
Paper 2: Biodiversity and Development Co-operation
• Mainstreaming biodiversity into development co-operation
• Managing for results, including addressing trade-offs and synergies
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Effective development co-operation: alignment and harmonisation

3. Biodiversity-related ODA is concentrated in few sectors
• ODA is concentrated: Over 80% of biodiversity-related ODA in 2007-13
was in general environment protection, agriculture, forestry, fishing,
rural development, and water supply & sanitation
• ODA to capacity building-type activities has increased: from approx.
24% of total bilateral biodiversity-related ODA in 2005-07 (USD 0.9 bn per
year) to approx. 44% in 2011-13 (USD 2.4 bn per year).
37%
18% 16%
4%
2% 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
General Environmental
Protection
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
and Rural Development
Water Supply and Sanitation Multisector Energy
ShareoftotalODAcommitments
tosectortargetingbiodiversity
USDbillion
Principal Significant Share of total ODA commitments
Forestry
45%
Agriculture
41%
Rural
Development
8%
Fishing
6%
OECD DAC Statistics, February 2015
Top 5 sectors receiving biodiversity-related ODA
Annual average 2007-13, bilateral commitments, USD billion, constant 2012 prices

4. Good practice for supporting biodiversity
mainstreaming
• More case studies of success
• Assess the effectiveness of providers’ screening measures
• Assess the effectiveness of providers’ recent biodiversity
strategies and policies
Research gaps identified
• Sustained support for 10-15 years
• Support development of strong scientific and economic
evidence base
• Include all stakeholders from beginning
• Ensure ownership of mainstreaming process by all stakeholders
• Develop and implement feedback loop
• Streamline and simplify process for partner countries to apply
for support

5. Managing trade-offs and synergies
• Build the evidence base for how the ex-ante tools and the overarching
good practices are being used to identify and manage trade-offs and
synergies
Research gaps identified
• Identify objectives and how they will be measured
• Several ex-ante tools to identify & manage trade-offs & synergies
• Many overarching good practices to minimise trade-offs (“safeguard”
against social and environmental damage) and maximise synergies:
– Open, multi-stakeholder dialogues
– Adopting landscape or ecosystem approaches
– Adopting a precautionary approach
– Involving and compensating local and indigenous communities
– Building strong governance, institutions and legal frameworks
– Pursuing policy coherence

6. Monitoring and Evaluation
• Methodological and practical challenges for M&E in
biodiversity, e.g.,
– Theories of change and baselines
– Scale of biodiversity vs. projects approach
– Time frames
• Application of DAC Evaluation criteria
(relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact,
sustainability) not always rigorous/constrained
• In-depth understanding of methodological
challenges and good practice
• Country examples of M&E approaches
Research gaps identified

7. Alignment and harmonisation of biodiversity-
related ODA
• Rough indication of alignment between top sectoral priorities
identified in Kiribati’s NBSAP and top sectors targeted by providers
• Harmonisation: biodiversity included in Joint Assistance Strategies,
Sector-Wide Approaches, other co-ordination institutions
• In-depth case studies on alignment and harmonisation missing
• Using other indicators, over time and with higher granularity
Country Priorities Sectors targeted: volume,
2004-12
Sectors targeted: number of
activities, 2004-12
Kiribati
1. Capacity building
2. Fishing
3. Forestry
4. Agriculture
5. Water supply and
sanitation
Research gaps identified

8. OECD DAC CRS Rio marker statistics, analysis & access to data
http://oe.cd/RioMarkers
Biodiversity-related statistics and analysis
http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/biodiversity.htm
Rio markers training workshop:
www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/training-
workshop.htm
OECD Environment and Development Homepage
www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development
Rio Markers: Stephanie.Ockenden@OECD.org and Valerie.Gaveau@OECD.org
Biodiversity and Development: Anna.Drutschinin@oecd.org and Juan.CasadoAsensio@oecd.org