4. LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
ï 1.1 Explain about acids and bases
ï 1.1.1 Acids and bases according to the
following theories:
a. Arrhenius
b. Bronsted-Lowry
ï 1.1.2 Equations depicting the behavior of
acids and bases in water
ï 1.2 Discuss the acid-base reactions
ï 1.2.1 Equations to illustrate acid-base reactions
ï 1.2.2 Conjugate acid-base pairs
4
5. ARRHENIUS ACID-BASE
ïŹAcids produce H+ in aqueous solutions
water
HCl H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
ïŹBases produce OH- in aqueous solutions
water
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
5
6. 6
Acids are hydrogen ion (H+) donors
Bases are hydrogen ion (H+) acceptors
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
donor acceptor
Bronsted-Lowry Acids
10. 1. They are liquids.
2. They are solutions of compounds in water.
3. If concentrated they can be corrosive.
4. Acids taste sour (for example, vinegar).
5. Turn blue litmus paper red - this is an easy test for an acid!
6. Usually react with base to form salts.
7. Acids contain hydrogen ions.
8. Turn Universal Indicator from green to red, and have a pH less than 7.
10
PROPERTIES OF ACID
12. They have a bitter taste.
They have slippery touch.
They conduct electrically.
It turns red litmus to blue.
It turns colorless phenolphthalein to pink
12
PROPERTIES OF BASE
15. 15
Learning Check
Match the formulas with the names:
A. ___ HNO2 1) hydrochloric acid
B. ___ Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid
C. ___ H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide
D. ___ HCl 4) nitrous acid
E. ___ NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide
16. 16
Learning Check
Acid, Base Name
or Salt
CaCl2 ______ _________________
KOH ______ _________________
Ba(OH)2 ______ _________________
HBr ______ _________________
H2SO4 ______ __________________
17. So what did you learn today?
(each student need to give 1 point)
17
18. LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
ï 1.3 Distinguish the degree of ionization and the
strength of acids and bases
1.3.1 Strengths of acids and bases by
referring to the degree of ionization
(dissociation) and concentration
ï 1.4 Determine the pH values of solutions
1.4.1 Definition of pH mathematically
1.4.2 pH values of solutions
18
21. 21
HA
Letâs examine the behavior of an acid, HA, in aqueous solution.
What happens to the HA
molecules in solution?
22. 22
HA
H+
A-
100% dissociation of HA
1. Would the
solution be
conductive and
why?
2. How about the
concentration of
hydrogen ion?
â complete donation of
proton to water!
24. 24
HA
H+
A-
Weak Acid HA ï H+ + A-
At any one
time, only a
fraction of the
molecules are
dissociated!
25. 25
Strong acids/bases â 100% dissociation into ions
HCl NaOH
HNO3 KOH
H2SO4
Weak acids/bases â partial dissociation,
both ions and molecules
CH3COOH NH3
26. pH
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
neutral @ 25oC
(H+) = (OH-)
distilled water
acidic
(H+) > (OH-)
basic or alkaline
(H+) < (OH-)
natural waters
pH = 6.5 - 8.5
normal rain (CO2)
pH = 5.3 â 5.7
acid rain (NOx, SOx)
pH of 4.2 - 4.4 in
Washington DC area
0-14 scale for the chemists
fish populations
drop off pH < 6 and
to zero pH < 5
28. Ă pH
The negative of the common logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
pH = - log [H+]
Ă pOH
The negative of the common logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration
pOH = - log [OH-]
Calculating pH & pOH
29. Ă For acids
Ă For bases
Ă when [H+] = [OH-] the substance is neutral
Water breaks apart to hydrogen and hydroxide ions:
Ă H2O ïï H+ + OH-
Ă pH + pOH = 14
H+1 > OH-1
OH-1 > H+1
30. More About Water
H2O can function as both an ACID and a BASE.
In pure water there can be AUTOIONIZATION
Equilibrium constant for water = Kw
K = [H O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oC
31. Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oC
In a neutral solution [H3O+] = [OH-]
and so [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M
More About Water
OH-
H3O+
Autoionization
34. ĂDetermine the pH of a 1 x 10-4 M solution of HBr.
ĂDetermine the pH of a 0.003 M solution of H2SO4.
ĂDetermine the pOH of a 0.0005 M solution of KOH.
ĂDetermine the pH of a 0.00074 M solution of
NaOH.
34
PRACTICE
35. ĂA pH meter is the most accurate
way to measure pH.
ĂMeasures voltage difference between two electrodes
ĂIt will determine the exact pH of a solân.
ĂThere are also colored dyes that will change in a
predictable way according to a standard chart. These
are called indicators.
Using Indicators to Measure pH
37. ĂpH affects solubility of many substances.
ĂpH affects structure and function of most proteins - including enzymes.
ĂMany cells and organisms (esp. plants and aquatic animals) can only survive in a
specific pH environment.
ĂImportant point -
ĂpH is dependent upon temperature
IMPORTANT OF pH
38. If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H+] = ???
Because pH = - log [H+] then
- pH = log [H+]
Take antilog (10x) of both
sides and get
10-pH = [H+]
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
*** to find antilog on your calculator, look for âShiftâ or â2nd functionâ and then
the log button
pH calculations â Solving for H+
39. ĂCalculate the pH and pOH values for:
a. 0.08 M HCl b. 0.5 M HNO3
c. 0.25 M H2SO4
ĂFind the pOH and pH values for:
a. 0.25 M NaOH b. 0.5 M KOH
c. 0.25 M Ba(OH)2
PRACTICE
40. What is the pH of a 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?
HNO3 is a strong acid â 100% dissociation.
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3
- (aq)
pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0.002) = 2.7
Start
End
0.002 M
0.002 M 0.002 M
0.0 M
0.0 M 0.0 M
What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?
Ba(OH)2 is a strong base â 100% dissociation.
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
Start
End
0.018 M
0.018 M 0.036 M
0.0 M
0.0 M 0.0 M
pH = 14.00 â pOH = 14.00 + log(0.036) = 12.56
15.4
43. Ă Calculate the pH and pOH values for:
a. 0.07 M HCl b. 0.25 M HNO3
Ă Find the pOH and pH values for:
a. 0.50 M NaOH b. 0.20 M KOH
44.
45. ĂAlkalis are actually bases that dissolve in water.
Examples are Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide
etc.
ĂExample of a base which is not an alkali is Copper
hydroxide.
ĂAll alkali are base but not all base are alkali.
Alkali vs base
46. Consider acetic acid, HC2H3O2 (HOAc)
HC2H3O2 + H2O â H3O+ + C2H3O2
-
Acid Conj. base
Equilibria Involving
Weak Acids and Bases
Ka ïœ
[H3O+][OAc- ]
[HOAc]
ïœ 1.8 x 10-5
(K is designated Ka for ACID)
K gives the ratio of ions (split up) to molecules (donât split up)
49. Question : Write a Ka expression for an above ionization
of weak acid.
chloroacetic acid
hydrofluoric acid
nitrous acid
formic acid
lactic acid
acetic acid
butyric acid
nicotinic acid
propionic acid
hypochlorous acid
50. ĂA solution is made by dissolving 0.030 mol of caproic acid (HCap) in 1.0 L of
water. The solution was found to have a concentration of 6.5 x 10-4 M hydrogen
ions. Determine Ka for the caproic acid.
51. ï Solution
ï Dissociation of caproic acid is shown below:
HCap(aq) H+ + Cap-(aq)
Initial Concentration : 0.030 M 0 M 0 M
Concentration at equilibrium : 0.030 â x) M x M x M
At equilibrium
Ka = [H+][Cap-]
[HCap]
[H+] = [Cap-]
= 6.5 x 10-4 M
therefore [HCap] =3.0 x 10-2 M - 6.5 x 10-4 M
= 2.9 x 10-2 M
Ka = (6.5 x 10-4) (6.5 x 10-4)
2.9 x 10-2
= 1.5 x 10-5
53. Question : Write a Kb expression for an above ionization
of weak acid.
54. ïCalculate [OH-] in 0.20 M aqueous NH3. (Kb = 1.80 x 10-5)
ïSolution
NH3 + H20 NH4
+ + OH-
Initial Concentration : 0.2 M 0 M 0 M
Concentration at equilibrium: (0.2 â x ) M x M x M
At equilibrium
Kb = [NH4
+][OH-]
[NH3]
= 1.80 x 10-5
= x2 .
0.20 â x
Kb value is very small, as a result 0.20 â x ï» 0.2,
x2 = (1.8 x 10-5)(0.2)
x = [OH-]
= 1.9 X 10â3 M
55. ïIt can be seen that the calculation for weak acid and base is long and
complicated. There is a simple way to calculate that is by using the following
formula.
ïFor weak acid:
[ H+] =
ïFor weak base:
[ OH-] =
ïnote: c represents the concentration of the acid or base
56. Calculate pH :
Ă0.05M CH3COOH, Ka = 1.8 X 10-5M
Ă0.5M HNO2, Ka = 4.5 X 10-4M
Calculate pH for :
Ă0.15 M NH3 Kb = 1.8 x 10-5M
Ă0.5 M CH3NH2 Kb = 3.7 x 10-4 M
Practice
59. ï What is the concentration of hidrogen ions in
ï HCl solution with pH 2.5? b. HOCl solution with pH 5?
[Ka = 3.1 x
10-8)
ï Calculate the pH of the following weak acids and bases :
a. 0.02 M HNO2 (Ka = 4.5 x 10-4)
b. 0.5 M HOCl (Ka = 3.1 x 10-8)
c. 0.03 M anilina (C6H5NH2) (Kb = 3.8 x 10-10)
d. 0.6 M piridina (C5H5N) (Kb = 1.7 x 10-9)
60. LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
ï 1.5 Discover the importance of buffer
solutions
1.5.1 Buffer solutions
1.5.2 Chemical substances that can
function as a buffer in aqueous
solution
60
62. Buffer Solutions
ĂA buffer solution is a mixture that minimises
pH changes on the addition of small amounts of
acid or base.
ĂpH changes are minimised as long as some of
the buffer solution remains.
63. Acidic buffer
solutions
ĂBuffer that have pH less than 7.
ĂWeak acid + conjugate base
ĂA common example would be a mixture of ethanoic
acid and sodium ethanoate in solution.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 63
64. ĂWhen strong acid is added.
ĂHydrogen ions combine with the ethanoate ion
Ăhydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't change very much
64
65. LecturePLUS Timberlake 65
ĂWhen strong base is added.
Ăhydroxide ion is going to collide with ethanoic acid
molecule
ĂHydroxide ion are removed, the pH won't change
very much
66. ĂRemember that there are some hydrogen ions
present from the ionisation of the ethanoic acid.
66
67. Alkaline buffer
solutions
ĂAn alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7.
Ăweak base + conjugate acid
ĂFor example: mixture of ammonia and ammonium
chloride solutions
68. ĂWhen strong acid is added.
ĂHydrogen ions combine with the ammonia
Ăhydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't change very much
68
69. ĂRemember that there are some hydroxide ions
present from the reaction between the ammonia and
the water.
69
70. LecturePLUS Timberlake 70
ĂWhen strong base is added.
Ăhydroxide ions are removed by a simple reaction
with ammonium ions
ĂHydroxide ion are removed, the pH won't change
very much
71. REMEMBER!
ĂOnly most (not ALL) access hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are removed in
reaction of buffer solution.
ĂNo buffer solution can cope with the addition of large concentrations of
acid or alkali.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 71
73. If a strong base is added to a buffer, the weak acid will give up its
H+ in order to transform the base (OH-) into water (H2O) and the
conjugate base: HA + OH- â A- + H2O. Since the added OH- is
consumed by this reaction, the pH will change only slightly.
74. If a strong acid is added to a buffer, the weak base will react with
the H+ from the strong acid to form the weak acid HA: H+ + A- â
HA. The H+ gets absorbed by the A- instead of reacting with
water to form H3O+ (H+), so the pH changes only slightly.
75. Buffers
ĂWhy use them?
ĂEnzyme reactions and cell functions have optimum pHâs for performance
ĂImportant anytime the structure and/or activity of a biological material must be
maintained
76. Factors in choosing a buffer
ĂBe sure it covers the pH range you need
ĂGenerally: pKa of acid ± 1 pH unit
ĂConsult tables for ranges or pKa values
ĂBe sure it is not toxic to the cells or organisms you are working with.
ĂBe sure it would not confound the experiment (e.g. avoid phosphate
buffers in experiments on plant mineral nutrition).